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Development of Electromagnetic Theory

4. Formulated the principle
1. Invention of the first of electromagnetic induction
voltaic cell
3. Demonstrated that a current-carrying

loop acts like a bar magnet
5. Demonstration of
2. Discovered that current electromagnetic waves
produces a magnetic field
Michael Faraday Experiment
Move a magnet into and out of the coil of wire connected to a galvanometer.
This set-up best demonstrates electromagnetic induction, a phenomenon
discovered by Michael Faraday. When a magnet is moved into or out of a coil
of wire, the changing magnetic field induces an electric current in the wire.
The galvanometer detects this induced current, providing a clear
demonstration of Faraday's principle.
Longitudinal waves: The particles of the
medium vibrate parallel to the direction of
wave propagation. Examples include sound
waves and compressional waves.
Transverse waves: The particles of the

medium vibrate perpendicular to the
direction of wave propagation. Examples
include water waves (surface waves) and
electromagnetic waves.
Longitudinal vs Transverse
In longitudinal waves, particles move parallel to the direction of wave propagation,

while in transverse waves, particles move perpendicular to the direction of wave
propagation.
The wavelength of a transverse wave is the distance between two crest or
the distance between two troughs. Wavelength can be defined as "the
distance the wave has traveled during one complete cycle.
Electromagnetic waves are transverse, with electric and magnetic
fields that induce each other, allowing them to travel in a vacuum.
Application of Electromagnetic Spectrum
Radio Waves – wireless telecommunications & GPS (location)
Microwave – wireless telecommunications & cooking
Infrared – night vision googles (detect heat emitted by objects), thermal scanners & promotes local blood circulation
Visible light – vision, photography, illumination, photosynthesis
Ultraviolet rays –money checking (UV-reactive inks), sterilize, disinfectant & vitamin D
X-ray – imaging bone’s structure & security
Gamma ray – treating tumors, radiotherapy, sterilization of medical equipment, food processing and preservation (killing harmful
bacteria and parasites)
Electromagnetic Equation
Electromagnetic Equation
Try to solve the following problems:
1. What is the wavelength of a wave that has frequency of 9.85 𝑥 107 Hz?
2. Calculate the frequency of a wave that has 0.125 m wavelength.

Radio Communications
1. Sound energy is converted to electrical energy by a microphone.

2. Electrical Energy is modulated and amplified.
3. Modulated signal is transmitted by an antenna.
4. Receiver antenna receives the signal and convert it to electrical energy.
Ionizing and non-ionizing radiation are the two broad categories of radiation. Ionizing radiation includes
subatomic particles and the high energy, short-wavelength portion of the electromagnetic spectrum. Non-
ionizing radiation include the visible spectrum and the low energy, long-wavelength part of the spectrum
beyond visible light.
The angle of incidence always equals the angle of reflection.
3m 3m
reflection on the mirror 10:30
-laterally inverted Actual Time

6m
A converging mirror, because it
gathers light rays together to create
a strong, focused beam.
Converging mirrors, also known as concave mirrors, reflect light rays and focus them
to a single point, making them ideal for directing and intensifying light into a bright,
concentrated beam. This property is why concave mirrors are commonly used in
flashlights, spotlights, and car headlights.
Beyond the mirror's
center of curvature.
In this position, the concave mirror forms a real, inverted, and reduced
image.
If the object is placed at the center of curvature, the image formed will be
real, inverted, and the same size as the object.
Try to calculate the image distance (𝑑𝑖 )
𝑑𝑜 =30cm
f=10cm
Convex mirrors always form virtual images, meaning the image
cannot be projected onto a screen and appears behind the
mirror.
The image formed is always upright (not inverted).

The image is also smaller than the actual object, appearing
reduced in size.
Convex mirrors are commonly used in applications like vehicle

side mirrors because they provide a wide field of view and a
reduced-size image of objects, making them appear farther
away.
Virtual, upright, and smaller in

size than the object.
The convex lens will focus the light rays to a single
point, while the concave lens will cause the light
rays to spread out.
Convex lenses (converging lenses) focus parallel light rays to a single point
called the focal point. This is why convex lenses are used in magnifying
glasses, microscopes, and cameras.
Concave lenses (diverging lenses) spread parallel light rays apart. These rays
appear to come from a virtual focal point behind the lens. Concave lenses
are used in devices like corrective eyeglasses for nearsightedness and in
some optical instruments.
Thus, the convex lens focuses light, while the concave lens diverges light.
Convex Lens
1. If an object is placed 15 cm away from a lens with a focal length of
10 cm, the image formed will appear 30 cm from the lens. The image
will be inverted and magnified.
2. If the object is placed 10 cm from a convex lens with a focal length of

5 cm, the image will be located 10 cm from the lens. The image will be
inverted, real, and the same size as the object.
Convex mirrors are often used as security mirrors
because they have the unique property of spreading light
rays, which results in a wider field of view. This allows
security personnel or cameras to monitor a larger area
with just one mirror, enhancing overall surveillance
coverage.
These mirrors create smaller, virtual images that appear

farther away, which allows for a broader area to be
visible at once.
The wide-angle view is particularly useful in places like

convenience stores and supermarkets, where security
needs to monitor multiple aisles or corners
simultaneously.
They allow a wider view so security

can monitor more areas.
Between the F and
2F of the projector
lens.
When an object is placed between the focal point (F) and twice the focal length (2F) of a converging lens
(like a projector lens), the resulting image is enlarged, inverted, and real.
This position produces a magnified image that is useful for projectors, where the image is shown on a
screen and needs to be larger than the object.
Devices that use convex lenses
Telescope : Convex lenses are used in telescopes to gather and focus
light from distant objects, enabling clear and magnified views of distant
stars or planets.
Microscope : Convex lenses are used in microscopes to magnify small

objects and allow detailed observation.
Camera : Cameras use convex lenses to focus light onto the film or
image sensor, capturing clear images.
Electric motor
An electric motor is used to convert electrical energy into mechanical energy.
appliances use an electric motor:
1. Food processor
2. Blender
3. Refrigerator
An electric motor is the device that converts electrical energy from a battery
into mechanical energy to power the fan blades. The motor uses the
electrical current to create a magnetic field, which causes the rotor (the part
that spins) to turn, thus spinning the fan blades.
Generator
Electric generators are devices that use alternating magnetic fields to
create a current through a wire circuit.
To design a generator, you need to create a mechanism that converts

mechanical energy into electrical energy. Bicycle wheel, Copper, and
Light bulb are materials to design a small-scale generator.
Hydroelectric generator works is:
1. Falling water hits the turbine.
2. The turbine rotates and so with the shaft connected to it.
3. As the shaft rotates, the armature between the magnets also rotates.
4. The magnetic field is cut by the rotating armature.

Direction of Energy Conversion
Electric motors convert electrical energy into mechanical energy (motion).
Electric generators convert mechanical energy into electrical energy.

The primary difference between the two lies in the direction of energy conversion:
Motors take electrical energy and use it to create motion.

Generators take mechanical energy (from a moving part, such as a turbine or hand crank)
and convert it into electrical energy.
While wiring, materials, and energy sources might differ in specific designs, the direction of
energy conversion is the most relevant factor in distinguishing between a motor and a
generator.

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50/50

Development of Electromagnetic Theory

3. Demonstrated that a current-carrying

Transverse waves: The particles of the

In longitudinal waves, particles move parallel to the direction of wave propagation,

Radio Waves – wireless telecommunications & GPS (location)

Microwave – wireless telecommunications & cooking

Visible light – vision, photography, illumination, photosynthesis

X-ray – imaging bone’s structure & security

Try to solve the following problems:

2. Calculate the frequency of a wave that has 0.125 m wavelength.

1. Sound energy is converted to electrical energy by a microphone.

-laterally inverted Actual Time

The image formed is always upright (not inverted).

Convex mirrors are commonly used in applications like vehicle

Virtual, upright, and smaller in

2. If the object is placed 10 cm from a convex lens with a focal length of

These mirrors create smaller, virtual images that appear

The wide-angle view is particularly useful in places like

They allow a wider view so security

Microscope : Convex lenses are used in microscopes to magnify small

To design a generator, you need to create a mechanism that converts

1. Falling water hits the turbine.

2. The turbine rotates and so with the shaft connected to it.

4. The magnetic field is cut by the rotating armature.

Electric generators convert mechanical energy into electrical energy.

Motors take electrical energy and use it to create motion.

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