Chromatography, technique for separating the for example.

It is capable of separating all the

components, or solutes, of a mixture on the components of a multicomponent chemical
basis of the relative amounts of each solute mixture without requiring an extensive
distributed between a moving fluid stream, foreknowledge of the identity, number, or
called the mobile phase, and relative amounts of the substances present. It is
a contiguous stationary phase. The mobile versatile in that it can deal with molecular
phase may be either a liquidor a gas, while the species ranging in size from viruses composed
stationary phase is either a solid or a liquid. of millions of atoms to the smallest of all
Kinetic molecular motion continuously molecules—hydrogen—which contains only two;
exchanges solute molecules between the two furthermore, it can be used with large or small
phases. If, for a particular solute, the distribution amounts of material. Some forms of
favours the moving fluid, the molecules will chromatography can detect substances present
spend most of their time migrating with the at the attogram (10−18 gram) level, thus making
stream and will be transported away from other the method a superb trace analytical technique
species whose molecules are retained longer by extensively used in the detection of
the stationary phase. For a given species, the chlorinated pesticides in biological materials and
ratio of the times spent in the moving and the environment, in forensic science, and in the
stationary regions is equal to the ratio of its detection of both therapeutic and abused drugs.
concentrations in these regions, known as Its resolving power is unequaled among
the partition coefficient. (The term adsorption separation methods.
isotherm is often used when a solid phase is
involved.) A mixture of solutes is introduced into
the system in a confined region or narrow zone
(the origin), whereupon the different species are History
transported at different rates in the direction of
fluid flow. The driving force for Early developments
solute migration is the moving fluid, and the
resistive force is the solute affinity for the The first purely pragmatic application of
stationary phase; the combination of these chromatography was that of the early dye chemists,
forces, as manipulated by the analyst, produces who tested their dye mixtures by dipping strings or
the separation. pieces of cloth or filter paper into a dye vat. The
Chromatography is one of dye solution migrated up the inserted material by
several separation techniques defined as capillary action, and the dye components produced
differential migration from a narrow initial bands of different colour. In the 19th century, several
zone. Electrophoresis is another member of this German chemists carried out deliberate experiments
group. In this case, the driving force is to explore the phenomenon. They observed, for
an electric field, which exerts different forces on example, the development of concentric coloured
solutes of different ioniccharge. The resistive rings by dropping solutions of
force is the viscosity of the nonflowing solvent. inorganic compounds onto the centre of a piece of
The combination of these forces yields ion filter paper; a treatise was published in 1861 by
mobilities peculiar to each solute. Friedrich Goppelsröder describing the method and
Chromatography has numerous applications giving it the name “capillary analysis.”
in biological and chemicalfields. It is widely used The discovery of chromatography, however, is
in biochemical research for the separation and generally attributed to the Russian botanist Mikhail
identification of chemical compounds of S. Tsvet (also spelled Tswett), because in 1901 he
biological origin. In the petroleum industry the recognized the physicochemical basis of the
technique is employed to analyze complex separation and applied it in a rational and organized
mixtures of hydrocarbons. way to the separation of plant pigments, particularly
As a separation method, chromatography has a the carotenoids and the chlorophylls. Tsvet described
number of advantages over older techniques— a technique that is used today in essentially the same
crystallization, solvent extraction, and distillation, form. He packed a vertical glass column with an
adsorptive material, such as alumina, silica, or to amino acid and peptide separations with far-
powdered sugar, added a solution of the plant reaching impact on biochemical studies.
pigments to the top of the column, and washed the The initial partition-chromatography system
pigments through the column with an organic presented difficulties because of lack of
solvent. The pigments separated into a series of reproducibility in the properties of the silica gel and
discrete coloured bands on the column, divided by lack of uniformity in the packing of columns. Partly
regions entirely free of pigments. Because Tsvet for this reason, Martin and his coworkers worked out
worked with coloured substances, he called the a new procedure in which the stationary medium was
method chromatography (from Greek words meaning a sheet of filter paper. The paper was thought of as
colour writing). Tsvet’s development of water bonded to cellulose, providing another partition
chromatographic procedures was generally unknown method. The technique gave the desired
to chemists in the Western world because he reproducibility, and beginning in the 1940s paper
published either in German botanical journals or in chromatography found wide application in the
Russian works. In 1931 chromatography emerged analysis of biologically important compounds, such
from its relative obscurity when the German as amino acids, steroids, carbohydrates,
chemist Richard Kuhn and his student, the French and bile pigments. In this field it replaced, to a large
chemist Edgar Lederer, reported the use of this extent, the column technique initiated by Tsvet.
method in the resolution of a number of biologically Motivated probably by the same drawbacks
important materials. In 1941 two British to column chromatography, two Soviet
chemists, Archer J.P. Martin and Richard L.M. pharmacists, Nikolay A. Izmaylov and Maria S.
Synge, began a study of the amino Shrayber, distributed the support material as a thin
acidcomposition of wool. Their initial efforts, in film on a glass plate. The plate and support material
which they used a technique called liquid- could then be manipulated in a fashion similar to that
liquid countercurrent distribution, failed to give them of paper chromatography. The results of the Soviet
adequate separation; they conceived, therefore, of studies were reported in 1938, but the potential of the
an alternativemethod, in which one liquid was firmly method was not widely realized until 1956, when the
bound to a finely granulated solid packed in a glass German chemist Egon Stahl began intensive research
tube and a second liquid, immiscible with the first, on its application. This system became known
was percolated through it. Silica gel served as the as thin-layer chromatography (TLC).
granular solid, and Martin and Synge pictured the gel Still another chromatographic technique, gas
as composed of water tightly bonded to the crystals chromatography, was first carried out in Austria in
of silica; the mobile phase was chloroform. Their 1944 by the chemist Erika Cremer, who used a solid
work with this technique was remarkably successful. stationary phase. The first extensive exploitation of
Although their method was mechanically identical the method was made by Martin and James in 1952,
with Tsvet’s approach, it was innovative in that it when they reported the elution gas chromatography
involved the concept of a stationary liquid (water) of organic acids and amines. In this work, small
supported on an inert solid (silica), with the result particles of support material were coated with a
that the solute molecules partitioned between the nonvolatile liquid and packed into a heated glass
stationary liquid and a separate mobile liquid phase tube. Mixtures injected into the inlet of the tube and
(chloroform). The technique came to be driven through by compressed gas appeared in well-
called partition chromatography. At that time, Martin separated zones. This development was immediately
and Synge suggested that the moving phase could recognized by petroleumchemists as a simple and
well be a gas. It is a historical oddity that this idea rapid method of analysis of the complex hydrocarbon
was overlooked for nearly a decade, possibly because mixtures encountered in petroleum products. British
of the war, until Martin in collaboration with the Petroleum and Shell Oil Company laboratories
British chemist Anthony T. Jamesinitiated studies of immediately began basic research in their own
gas-liquid partition chromatography. In 1952 Martin laboratories. Instrument companies, sensing an
and Synge were awarded the Nobel Prize for their extensive market, also made major contributions.
work, perhaps not so much for the newness of the
technique but for a model that suggested other
systems, a mathematical theory, and an applicability
M1 ACLON, Aicon F1 ABATA, Princess 11 – STEM D
M2 APILIS, Anri F2 ANDRES, Cj
M3 BASAN, Ej

Tema: “Bioteknolohiya: Pambansang Hamon, Pambansang Solusyon.

“TUGON SA BIOTEKNOLOHIYA”
Intro: Chorus:
Dito sa mundong nagiisat ating ginagalawan Kung ginamit ng husto makakamit lahat ng benepisyo,
Alam na ba nating laha’t ang ating mga kakayahan Kung hindi inaabuso makakamit, tagumpay ng Pilipino
Ngayon ay teknolohiya ang ating kasangkapan Kayat mga kabataan ihandog ating kaalaman,
Sa paglinang ng kaunlaran at magandang kinabukasan Sama sama tugonan at solusyonan mga hamon ng ating
bansa

Verse 1:
Verse 3:
Ang mga layunin ng biotechnology ay walang hanggan
Bioteknolohiya daan patungong kaunlaran
May pag-unlad sa pananaliksik, siyensiya’t teknolohikal
Sa Agrikultura’y may pagpapahalaga sa'ting kapaligiran,
Iba't ibang larangan ay ginagawan ng mga pamamaraan
Paggawa ng mga bago’t kalidad na produkto
Mapa pagkain, kemikal, pang-industriya, medikal at iba pa
Patungo sa maunlad na pamumuhay at magandang
kinabukasan
Chorus:
Kung ginamit ng husto makakamit lahat ng benepisyo,
Chorus:
Kung hindi inaabuso’y makakamit tagumpay ng Pilipino
Kung ginamit ng husto makakamit lahat ng benepisyo,
Kayat mga kabataan handogan natin ng kaalaman,
Kung hindi inaabuso makakamit, tagumpay ng Pilipino
Sama sama tugunan at solusyonan, mga hamon ng ating
Kaya mga kabataan ihandog ating kaalaman,
bansa
Sama sama tugonan at solusyonan mga hamon ng ating
bansa
Verse 2:
Bioteknolohiya ating sandata patungong kaunlaran,
Outro:
Sa larangan ng medisina’y paggawa ng gamot, bakuna’t iba
Dito sa mundong nagiisat ating ginagalawan
pa
Alam na ba nating laha’t ang ating mga kakayahan
Nagpapagaling ng karamdaman at nangiiwas ng mga sakit
Ngayon ay teknolohiya ang ating kasangkapan
Patungo sa maunlad na pamumuhay at magandang
kinabukasan Sa paglinang ng kaunlaran at magandang kinabukasan