A2.

Fluids and Fluid Dynamics [74 marks]

1. (a) [2]

Markscheme

incompressible ✓
non-viscous ✓
laminar/streamlined flow ✓

(b) [3]

Markscheme

radius of sphere¿ 0.012 « m » ✓ weight of sphere¿ 6 πηrv + ρVg OR

( 1.26 ×10−2−915 ×7.24 ×10−6 ) ×9.81 –1
v= −3 −2
✓ v=6.84 « m s » ✓ Accept use of
6 π ×37.9 ×10 × 1.2×10
g=10 leading to v=7.0 « m s – 1 » Allow implicit calculation of radius for MP1 Do not
allow ECF for MP3 if buoyant force omitted.

(c) [2]

Markscheme

F=mg− ρVg OR F=( 0.0126 × 9.81 )−( 915 × 7.24 ×10−6 × 9.81 ) ✓
−2 −2
F=5.86 ×10 « N » ✓ Accept use of g=10 leading to F=6.0 ×10 N

(d) [1]

Markscheme

energy stored 100

Q=« 2 π × =2 π × =» 63 ✓
energy lost 10

(e) [2]

Markscheme

drag force increases OR damping increases OR more energy lost per cycle ✓ Q
will decrease ✓
2. (a) [3]

Markscheme

air speed at A greater than at B/speed at B is zero

OR
total/stagnation pressure «PB» – static pressure «PA» = dynamic pressure ✔ so PA
is less than at PB (or vice versa) «by Bernoulli effect» ✔ height of the liquid column
is related to «dynamic» pressure difference «hence lower height in arm B» ✔

(b) [3]

Markscheme
2
« ρliquid gh=0.5 × ρair v »
2
difference in pressure PB −P A =8.7 ×10 ×9.8 × 0.06=510 «Pa» ✔
1 2
correct substitution into the Bernoulli equation, eg: ×1.2 v =510 ✔
2
v=29 «ms–1» ✔

3. (a) [1]

Markscheme

flow must be laminar/steady/not turbulent ✔ fluid must be incompressible/have

constant density ✔ fluid must be non viscous ✔
(b) [1]

Markscheme

«continuity equation says» Av = constant «and the areas are the same» ✔
(c) [2]

Markscheme

1 2 1 2
Bernoulli: « ρ v x + 0 + Px = ρ v y + pgH + Py » gives Px − Py = pgH ✔
2 2
Px − Py = 720 × 9.81 × 1.2 = 8.5 «kPa» ✔ Award [2] for bald correct answer.
Watch for POT mistakes.
(d) [2]

Markscheme

the fluid speed at Y will be greater «than that at X» ✔

 reducing the pressure at Y
OR
the formula used to show that the difference is increased ✔

4. (a) [1]

Markscheme

Both forces must be suitably

labeled. Do not accept just ‘gravity’ Award [0] if a third force is shown.

(b) [2]

Markscheme

«as the ball falls» there is a drag force ✔

when drag force+buoyant force/upthrust =«-» weight

OR

When net/resultant force =0 ✔

«terminal speed occurs»

OWTTE

Terminal speed is mentioned in the question, so no additional marks for reference

to it.

(c) [2]

Markscheme

any evidence (numerical or algebraic) of a realisation that

6 πηrv + ρgV =W ✔
−3 −3
6.16 × 10 −4.366 ×10
«η= »
6 π × 0.005 ×0.280
η=0.0680«Pas»✔
5. (a) [2]

Markscheme

ice displaces its own weight of water / OWTTE

OR
melted ice volume equals original volume displaced / OWTTE ✔

no change will take place ✔

(b) [2]

Markscheme

continuity equation says v × A1 = u × A2 ✔

«and» A1 = 4A2 ✔
«giving result»
(c) [2]

Markscheme

Bernoulli:
1 2 1 2
« ρ v + ρgH + Patm = ρ u +0+ Patm » give
2 2
2
1 u 1 2
s ×1000 × +1000 ×9.8 ×5.0= ×1000 ×u ✔
2 16 2
u = 10.2 «m s–1» ✔ Accept solving directly via conservation of energy.
6. (a) [1]

Markscheme

in laminar flow, the velocity of the fluid is constant «at any point in the fluid»
«whereas it is not constant for turbulent flow» Accept any similarly correct
answers. [1 mark]
(b) [3]

Markscheme

PS = PT «as both are exposed to atmospheric pressure» then VT = 0 «if the

surface area ofthe reservoir is large»
1 2
« ρ v + ρgzS = ρgzT»
2 s
1 2
v = g(zT – zS) = gH
2 S
and so vS = √ 2 gH
MP1 and MP2 may be implied by the correct substitution showing line 3 in the
mark scheme.
Do not accept simple use of v = √ 2 as.
[3 marks]
(c) [1]

Markscheme
3
59.4 ×0.6 × 1× 10
R= −3 = 2.72 × 107
1.31 ×10
Accept use of radius 0.3 m giving value 1.36 × 107. [1 mark]
(d) [1]

Markscheme

as R > 1000 it is not reasonable to assume laminar flow [1 mark]

7. (a) [3]

Markscheme

1 2
ρ v = pY − pX =ρgΔh
2 X
vX = √ 2× 9.8 ×(0.32−0.10)
vx = 2.08 «ms–1» [3 marks]

(b) [1]

Markscheme
3
vrρ 2.1 ×0.25 ×10
R=« = −4 » 5.9 × 105
η 8.9 × 10
[1 mark]

(c) [1]

Markscheme

(R > 1000) flow is not laminar, so assumption is invalid OWTTE [1 mark]

8. (a) [1]

Markscheme

«nuclear» fusion
Do not accept “burning’’

(b) [2]

Markscheme

L
brightness depends on luminosity and distance/b = 2
4πd
Vega is much further away but has a larger luminosity Accept answer in terms of
Jupiter for MP2

(c) [1]
 Markscheme

a group of stars forming a pattern on the sky AND not necessarily close in
distance to each other
OWTTE

(d) [2]

Markscheme

the star’s position is observed at two times, six months apart, relative to distant
stars
parallax angle is half the angle of shift

Answers may be given in diagram form, so allow the marking points if clearly
drawn

(e) [2]

Markscheme

1
= 7.7 «pc»
0.13
so d = 7.7 x 3.26 = 25.1 «ly»
9. (a) [2]

Markscheme

density = 785 «kgm−3»

4 3
« π ( 0.03 ) × 785× 9.8 =» 0.87 «N»
3
Accept answer in the range 784 to 786

(b) [2]

Markscheme

0.87
4 3
π ( 0.03 ) ×1080 × 9.8
3
OR
0.87
−4
1080× 1.13 ×10
OR
785
1080
0.727 or 73% Allow ECF from (a)(i)

(c) [2]

Markscheme

4 3
use of drag force to obtain π r x 0.04 x g = 6 x π x 0.0011 x r x v
3
v = 0.071 «ms–1»
10. (a) [2]

Markscheme

ALTERNATIVE 1 pressure in a liquid increases with depth so pressure at bottom

of bubble greater than pressure at top ALTERNATIVE 2 weight of liquid displaced
greater than weight of bubble [2 marks]

(b) [2]

Markscheme

weight
¿
(
V ρa g ρa 1.2
= =
bouyancy V ρl g ρl 1200
=10
−3
)
since the ratio is very small, the weight can be neglected Award [1 max] if only
mass of the bubble is calculated and identified as negligible to mass of liquid
displaced. [2 marks]

(c) [2]

Markscheme

4 3
evidence of equating the buoyancy and the viscous force « ρl π r g=6 πηr v t »
3
2 1200 ×9.81 2
vt = « ( 0.25 ×10−3 ) =¿» 0.16 «ms–1»
9 1× 10 −3

[2 marks]
11. (a) [2]

Markscheme

1 1
Δp = « ρ ( v T −v L ) = ×1.20 × ( 28.4 −16.6 )=¿ » 318.6 «Pa»
2 2 2 2
2 2
−2
2.50 ×10
F = «318.6 × =¿» 1.99 «N»
4

Allow ECF from MP1. [2 marks]

(b) [1]

Markscheme

downward arrow of any length or position Accept any downward arrow not just

vertical. [1 mark]

(c) [1]

Markscheme
 flow is laminar/non-turbulent
OR
Bernoulli’s equation holds
OR
pressure is uniform on each hemisphere
OR
diameter of ball can be ignored /ρgz = constant [1 mark]

12. (a) [3]

Markscheme

i
Fweight = «ρgVcube = 210×9.81×0.153 =» 6.95«N»

ii
Fbuoyancy = 6.95 = ρgV gives V = 9.8×10−4
−4
9.8 ×10
=0.29 so 0.71 or 71% of the cube is above the gasoline
( 0.15 )3
Award [2] for a bald correct answer.

(b) [3]

Markscheme

«from continuity equation» v is greater at B

OR
area at B is smaller thus «from continuity equation» velocity at B is greater
increase in speed leads to reduction in pressure «through Bernoulli effect»
pressure related to height of column
OR
p= ρ gh

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