Ohm'S Law, Work and Power: What An Electric Circuit Is?

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OHMS LAW, WORK AND POWER

What an Electric circuit is?
Any combination of a conductor and a source of electricity connected together to permit electrons to travel around in a continuous stream. The conditions required to set up and maintain the flow of an electric current in a circuit are as follows: There must be a source of potential difference or voltage to provide the energy which forces electrons to move in a disciplined way in a specific direction. 2. There must be a continuous (complete) external path for the electrons to flow from negative terminal to the positive terminal of the source of voltage. This external path is usually made up of two parts: the conductors, or wires, and the load to which the electric power is to be delivered to accomplish some useful purpose or effect. As long as this electrical pathway remains unbroken at any point, it is a closed circuit and current flows. But if the pathway is broken, it becomes an open circuit and no current flows. 1.
This moving stream of electrons maintains a constant density throughout its entire length. The number of electrons entering the positive terminal of a battery from a wire is always exactly balanced by the number of electrons which the battery forces to move onto its own negative terminal, and hence, out into the wire. When a resistance of any kind is inserted into the circuit loop, it acts to restrict the number of electrons flowing and hence, reduces the current. Since all circuits have some resistance, the flow of current is restricted by this resistance.
Current, voltage and resistance are present in any electric circuit where electrons move around a closed loop. The pathway for current flow is actually the circuit, and its resistance controls the amount of current flow around the circuit.
DC AND AC CIRCUITS
In direct current (dc) circuits, the current always flows in the same (one) direction. In alternating current (ac) circuits, the direction of current flow reverses periodically- in one instant, it will flow in one direction and in the next instant, in the opposite direction.
The Relationship of Voltage, Current and Resistance

OHMS LAW. This is originally formulated by George Simon Ohm in 1826. He proved that: The current is directly proportional to the impressed voltage and inversely proportional to the resistance. In equation form, where V is the impressed emf , I is the current and R is the proportionality constant which is also the resistance. 1 volt = 1 ampere x 1 ohm Rule 1: Use correct units CURRENT is always expressed in AMPERES VOLTAGE is always expressed in VOLTS RESISTANCE is always expressed in OHMS Rule 2: Always sketch a rough diagram of the circuit you are considering, before you start making calculations based on the values in the circuit which are already known to you. This rule is absolutely essential when circuits become complex.
ENERGY AND WORK

In mechanical terms: Work is the accomplishment of motion against the action of a force which tends to oppose the motion. From this, the SI unit for work, the joule, is defined as the work accomplished in moving (or the energy required to move) an object through a distance of one meter against an opposing force of one Newton. That is, 1 joule = 1 newton x 1 meter from W = F x d The work is performed whenever energy is converted from one form to another (e.g. conversion of electric energy into heat energy or light energy. We can also express both electric energy and work and heat energy and work in joule. The joule is the SI unit of electric energy and work. One joule of electric energy is required to raise one coulomb of electric charge through a potential difference of one volt. 1 joule = 1 volt x 1 coulomb from W = V x Q
POWER
Power is the rate of doing work. The letter symbol for power is P. The watt is the SI unit of electric power. The unit symbol for watt is W. One watt is the rate of doing work when one joule of work is done in one second. In equation form, where P is the power in watts, W is work in joules, and 1 watt = 1 joule/second t is time in seconds
POWER FORMULAS
From the definition of potential difference, or And from the definition of current, or Substituting W and t in gives
therefore
P=VI
where P is the power in watts, V is the voltage drop in volts, and I is the current in amperes Also since V = I R from Ohms Law, P = VI = (I R)(I) = I R where P is power in watts, I is current through the resistance in amperes, and R is the resistance in ohms. Since I = V/R P = VI = V ( V/R ) = V /R Where P is the power in watts, V is the voltage drop across the resistance in volts, and R is resistance in ohms.
2 2
EFFICIENCY
Efficiency is the ratio of the effective or useful output energy to total input energy The letter symbol for efficiency is the Greek letter (eta).
or
Conversion:
1 horsepower = 746 W = 0.746 kW
THERMAL UNITS
The amount of heat required to raise the temperature of one gram of water one degree centigrade is the gramcalorie. It has been found out that 1 g-cal equals 4.2 watt-sec, or joules. W = 0.24 I Rt gram-calorie 2 Heat in Btu is q = 0.057 I Rt
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ELECTRICAL ENERGY
W P = ------therefore W = Pt t If P is power in watts and t is time in seconds, then W must be work in watt-seconds or joules. Since The kilowatthour is the practical unit of electric unit of electric work orenergy. The unit symbol for kilowatthours is kWh. The kilowatthour is the product of power in kilowatts and time in hours. Since 1 kW = 1000 W and 1 hour = 3600 seconds 1 kWh = 1000 W x 3600 seconds = 3600000 joules = 3.6 MJ
COST OF ELECTRIC ENERGY

The amount of electric energy consumed by a residence or business is measured by a kilowatthour meter. Cost of Energy/month = ( kW-hr used in 1 month ) (Rate)
INTERRELATIONSHIP OF BASIC ELECTRICAL UNITS
Function Voltage
Defining Equation V = W/Q
Unit and Unit Symbol Volt V Ampere A Ohm Watt W Joule J
Definition of Unit Joules per coulomb
Current
I = Q/t
Coulombs per second
Resistance
R = V/I
Volts per ampere
Useful Derived Equations V = IR V = P/I V = PR I = V/R I = P/V I = P/R R = V2/P R = P/I2 P = VI P = I2R P = V2 /R W = Pt
Power Work and Energy
P = W/t W = Fd
Joules per second Newton meters

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5

OHMS LAW, WORK AND POWER

The Relationship of Voltage, Current and Resistance

ENERGY AND WORK

1 horsepower = 746 W = 0.746 kW

COST OF ELECTRIC ENERGY

INTERRELATIONSHIP OF BASIC ELECTRICAL UNITS

Defining Equation V = W/Q

Unit and Unit Symbol Volt V Ampere A Ohm Watt W Joule J

Definition of Unit Joules per coulomb

Coulombs per second

Volts per ampere

Power Work and Energy

Joules per second Newton meters

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