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    The Rise of Nationalism in Europe

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    pujal dabas
    1) Nationalism emerged as a powerful force in 19th century Europe, driven by the French Revolution's ideals of citizenship and sovereignty residing with the people rather than the monarchy. 2) German and Italian unification in the late 19th century established them as nation-states under Prussian and Piedmontese leadership respectively, though nationalism had roots in language and cultural movements earlier in the century. 3) Britain formed through the political unions of England, Scotland, and Ireland, though it lacked the same nationalist awakening as elsewhere, relying more on shared economic and imperial power.

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    The Rise of Nationalism in Europe

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    1) Nationalism emerged as a powerful force in 19th century Europe, driven by the French Revolution's ideals of citizenship and sovereignty residing with the people rather than the monarchy. 2) German and Italian unification in the late 19th century established them as nation-states under Prussian and Piedmontese leadership respectively, though nationalism had roots in language and cultural movements earlier in the century. 3) Britain formed through the political unions of England, Scotland, and Ireland, though it lacked the same nationalist awakening as elsewhere, relying more on shared economic and imperial power.

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    1) Nationalism emerged as a powerful force in 19th century Europe, driven by the French Revolution's ideals of citizenship and sovereignty residing with the people rather than the monarchy. 2) German and Italian unification in the late 19th century established them as nation-states under Prussian and Piedmontese leadership respectively, though nationalism had roots in language and cultural movements earlier in the century. 3) Britain formed through the political unions of England, Scotland, and Ireland, though it lacked the same nationalist awakening as elsewhere, relying more on shared economic and imperial power.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    56 views8 pages

    The Rise of Nationalism in Europe

    Uploaded by

    pujal dabas
    1) Nationalism emerged as a powerful force in 19th century Europe, driven by the French Revolution's ideals of citizenship and sovereignty residing with the people rather than the monarchy. 2) German and Italian unification in the late 19th century established them as nation-states under Prussian and Piedmontese leadership respectively, though nationalism had roots in language and cultural movements earlier in the century. 3) Britain formed through the political unions of England, Scotland, and Ireland, though it lacked the same nationalist awakening as elsewhere, relying more on shared economic and imperial power.

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    THE RISE OF NATIONALISM IN EUROPE

    The Rise of Nationalism in Europe


    Frédéric Sorrieu vision of World
    Frédéric Sorrieu, a French artist, in 1848 prepared a series of four prints
    visualising his dream of a world made up of democratic and Social Republics.

    1. The first print shows the people of Europe and America marching in a
    long train and offering homage to the Statue of Liberty as they pass it.
    The torch of Enlightenment was carried by a female figure in one hand
    and the Charter of the Rights of Man in the other.
    2. On the earth in the foreground lie the shattered remains of the symbols of
    absolutist institutions.
    3. In Sorrieu’s utopian vision, the people of the world are grouped as
    distinct nations, identified through their flags and national costume.
    4. The procession was led by the United States and Switzerland, followed
    by France and Germany. Following the German people are the people of
    Austria, the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, Lombardy, Poland, England,
    Ireland, Hungary and Russia.
    5. From the heavens above, Christ, saints and angels gaze upon the scene.
    They have been used by the artist to symbolise fraternity among the
    nations of the world.

    During the nineteenth century, nationalism emerged as a force which brought


    huge changes in the political and mental world of Europe. The end result of
    these changes was the emergence of the nation-state.

    The French Revolution and the Idea of the Nation

    1. In 1789 Nationalism came with French Revolution and the political and
    constitutional changes led to the transfer of sovereignty from the
    monarchy to a body of French citizens. Various measures and practices
    were introduced such as the ideas of la patrie (the fatherland) and le
    citoyen ( the citizen). A new French flag, the tricolour was chosen to
    replace the former one.
    2. Democracy destroyed in France by Napoleon and the Civil Code of 1804
    known as Napoleonic Code did away with all privileges based on birth,
    established equality before the law and secured the right to property.
    The Making of Nationalism in Europe
    Germany, Italy and Switzerland were divided into kingdoms, duchies and
    cantons whose rulers had their autonomous territories.
    The Aristocracy and the New Middle Class
    The Aristocracy was the dominant class on the continent politically and
    socially. The majority of the population was made up of the peasantry.
    Industrialisation began in England in the second half of the eighteenth century.
    New social groups came into being: a working-class population and middle
    classes made up of industrialists, businessmen, professionals.
    What did Liberal Nationalism Stand for?

    1. The term ‘liberalism’ derives from the Latin root liber, meaning free. The
    right to vote and to get elected was granted exclusively to property-
    owning men. Men without property and all women were excluded from
    political rights.
    2. In 1834, a customs union or zollverein was formed at the initiative of
    Prussia and joined by most of the German states. The union abolished
    tariff barriers and reduced the number of currencies from over thirty to
    two.

    A New Conservatism after 1815

     In 1815, European governments were driven by a spirit of conservatism.


    Conservatives believed in monarchy, the Church, social hierarchies,
    property and that the family should be preserved.
     A modern army, an efficient bureaucracy, a dynamic economy, the
    abolition of feudalism and serfdom could strengthen the autocratic
    monarchies of Europe.
     In 1815, representatives of the European powers – Britain, Russia,
    Prussia and Austria met in Vienna to draw up a settlement for Europe.
     The Bourbon dynasty was restored to power and France lost the
    territories it had annexed under Napoleon.
     The major issues taken up by the liberal-nationalists, who criticised the
    new conservative order, was freedom of the press.
    The Revolutionaries

    1. In 1815, secret societies were formed in many European states to train


    revolutionaries and spread their ideas. Revolutionary opposed
    monarchical forms, fight for liberty and freedom.
    2. The Italian revolutionary Giuseppe Mazzini, born in Genoa in 1807,
    founded two more underground societies, first, Young Italy in Marseilles.
    3. Secondly, he founded Young Europe in Berne, whose members were
    like-minded young men from Poland, France, Italy and the German
    states.

    The Age of Revolutions: 1830-1848


    In July 1830, Bourbon Kings were overthrown by liberal revolutionaries who
    installed a constitutional monarchy with Louis Philippe at its head. The July
    Revolution sparked an uprising in Brussels which led to Belgium breaking away
    from the United Kingdom of the Netherlands. In 1821, Greeks struggled for
    independence.
    The Romantic Imagination and National Feeling

    1. Culture played an important role in creating the idea of the nation: art and
    poetry, stories and music helped express and shape nationalist feelings.
    2. Romanticism, a cultural movement which sought to develop a particular
    form of nationalist sentiment. Language also played an important role in
    developing nationalist sentiments.
    3. Russian language was imposed everywhere and in 1831 an armed
    rebellion against Russian rule took place which was ultimately crushed.

    Hunger, Hardship and Popular Revolt


    Europe faced economic hardships in the 1830s. The first half of the nineteenth
    century saw an enormous increase in population all over Europe. The rise of
    food prices or a year of bad harvest led to widespread pauperism in town and
    country. In 1848, food shortages and widespread unemployment brought the
    population of Paris out on the roads.
    The Revolution of the Liberals
    In 1848, a revolution led by the educated middle classes was underway. Men
    and women of the liberal middle class demanded creation of a nation-state on
    parliamentary principles – a constitution, freedom of the press and freedom of
    association.
    A large number of political associations came together in Frankfurt to vote for
    an all-German National Assembly. On 18 May 1848, 831 elected
    representatives marched to take their places in the Frankfurt parliament
    convened in the Church of St Paul.
    The Constitution drafted for German nation was headed by a monarchy, subject
    to a Parliament. The Crown was offered to Friedrich Wilhelm IV, King of
    Prussia but he rejected it and joined other monarchs to oppose the elected
    assembly. The Middle Class dominated the Parliament and a large number of
    women participated in liberal movement.
    Women formed their own political associations, founded newspapers and took
    part in
    political meetings and demonstrations, but they were still denied suffrage rights
    during the election of the Assembly.
    In the years after 1848, the autocratic monarchies of Central and Eastern Europe
    began to introduce the changes that had already taken place in Western Europe
    before 1815. Thus, serfdom and bonded labour were abolished both in the
    Habsburg dominions and in Russia.

    The Making of Germany and Italy


    Germany – Can the Army be the Architect of a Nation?
    Nationalism in Europe moved away after 1848 and Germany and Italy came to
    be unified as nation-states. Prussia took over the leadership of the movement for
    national unification. The architect of this process was its chief minister, Otto
    von Bismarck, carried out with the help of the Prussian army and bureaucracy.
    In January 1871, the Prussian King, William I, was proclaimed German
    Emperor. An assembly was held to proclaim the new German Empire. The
    process of nation-building demonstrated the dominance of Prussian state power.
    The currency, banking, legal and judicial system in Germany were modernised.

    Italy Unified
    Italy was divided into seven states, in the middle of the nineteenth century, and
    among all the seven states, Sardinia-Piedmont, was ruled by an Italian princely
    house. All the regions were dominated by different kings. In the 1830’s
    Giuseppe Mazzini formed a secret society called Young Italy.
    The movement was led by Chief Minister Cavour. In 1859, Sardinia-Piedmont
    defeated Austrian forces. In 1860, they marched into South Italy and the
    Kingdom of the Two Sicilies and succeeded in winning the support of the local
    peasants. In 1861 Victor Emmanuel II was proclaimed king of united Italy.
    The Strange Case of Britain
    Great Britain was the model of the nation and prior to the eighteenth century
    there was no British nation. The nation became powerful as it steadily grew in
    wealth, importance and power.
    The Act of Union (1707) between England and Scotland resulted in the
    formation of the ‘United Kingdom of Great Britain’ meant, in effect, that
    England was able to impose its influence on Scotland. In 1801, Ireland was
    forcibly incorporated into the United Kingdom. The symbols of the new Britain
    – the British flag (Union Jack), the national anthem (God Save Our Noble
    King), the English language – were actively promoted.

    Visualising the Nation


    In the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries artists represented a country as a
    person and nations as female figures. During the French Revolution, female
    figures portray ideas such as Liberty, Justice and the Republic. Liberty is
    represented as a red cap, or the broken chain, Justice a blindfolded woman
    carrying a pair of weighing scales.

    Nationalism and Imperialism


    Nationalism no longer retained after the last quarter of the nineteenth century.
    After 1871, the most tensioned area was called the Balkans a region comprising
    modern-day Romania, Bulgaria, Albania, Greece, Macedonia, Croatia, Bosnia-
    Herzegovina, Slovenia, Serbia and Montenegro.
    Ottoman Empire made the Balkans region explosive and all through the
    nineteenth century they strengthened themselves through modernisation and
    internal reforms. Due to various conflicts the Balkan became an area of intense
    conflict.
    During this period, intense rivalry built among the European powers over trade
    and colonies as well as naval and military might which led to a series of wars in
    the region and finally the First World War.
    In 1914, Europe was disastered because of Nationalism, aligned with
    imperialism. Anti-imperial movements were developed but they all struggled to
    form independent nation-states. But the idea of ‘nation-states’ was accepted as
    natural and universal.

    Frequently asked Questions on CBSE Class 10 History Notes Chapter 1: The


    Rise of Nationalism in Europe

    What is nationalism?
    The desire/wish of a group of people who have similar race, culture, language to
    form a country.

    How to induce patriotism in a person?


    Children and young adults must be taught at a young age about the importance
    of patriotism. Love for one’s own country must be instilled in every child’s
    mind and heart.

    How to protect our Nation from criticism?


    1. Do not speak ill of your country 2. Do not misuse your national
    flag 3. Be polite and convey your positive thoughts about your
    country to other nationals

    हमारी टीम इन चुनाव में हिस्सा क्यों ले रही है

    1 पर्दिशता :- जैसा के आप जानते है तीन चार महीने पहले ही हमारी सोसाइटी


    में लगभग लाख रपये इक्कठे हुए है और पहले का भी फण्ड
    सोसाइटी के पास था। यह फण्ड गेट ,पार्क और सोसाइटी के पेंट के लिये
    इकठा हुआ था। जिसमे से गेट और पार्क का काम पूरा हो गया है लेकिन
    सोसाइटी के आम लोगो को यही पता नहीं है की गेट के लिये कितना पैसा
    लगा और पार्क के लिये कितना पैसा खर्च हुआ न ही AGM में किसी को ये
    बताया गया के किस मद में कितना पैसा खर्च होगा। जो अपने पैसा दिया है वो
    पैसा आपके गाढ़ी कमाई का है अगर हम managing committee में आये तो हम
    हर चीज़ का हिसाब आपके घर तक पहुचायेंगे।

    2 जवाबदेही :-हमारी टीम हर वक़्त आपके लिये उपलब्ध रहेगी आपके सुख
    और दुःख में। हम यह निश्चित करेंगे की आपकी समस्या का समाधान जल्द
    से जल्द हो। हम आपको विश्वास दिलाते है की हम बीच राह में न ही
    इस्तीफा देंगे और जो भी प्रश्न आप हमसे करेंगे हम उसका जवाब आपको देंगे।

    3 proxy :- हमारी टीम के सदस्य खुद ही काम करेंगे और हम आशा करते है


    की आप भी M C में वही सदस्य चाहते जो चुने जाने के बाद आपसे मिल
    सके ।

    4 लिफ्ट:- हमारी सोसाइटी में बहुत सारे बुजुर्ग second और third फ्लोर पर रहते
    है जिनको सीढ़ी चढ़ने और उतरने में बहुत ही परेशानी होती है। हमारे टीम
    FIRST AND SECOND फ्लोर वाले साथियो को विस्वास में लेकर इसका
    समाधान करने की कोशिश करेगी।

    हमारी सोसाइटी में बहुत ही काबिल लोग रहते


    है जैसे की DOCTORS , ENGINEERS, REAL ESTATE AGENT ,
    BUILDERS AND OTHERS लेकिन हमको उनके बारे में पता ही नहीं है।
    हमारी टीम उन सब लोगो को साथ में लेकर सोसाइटी की भलाई करने का
    प्रयास करेगी।

    साथियो हमारी टीम आपको गारंटी देती है की


    हम हारे या जीते हम सदैव आपके साथ रहेंगे और आपके अधिकारों की लिये
    हमेशा आवाज़ उठाते रहेंगे

    जय हिन्द जय भारत

    जो

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