10 1.

1)
Using the Schrcidinger equation ,
wehave

tttcx ) = E 4 (X)

ht
_

24( X ) t UCX ) TCX ) = ET ( X )

zmgx

gxztcx > +2 า (E- Um ) 4m = อ

.

In §L have
region ot ×
,
we

มา4
2
cx ) +
4C× 1 = o

whioh the solution be

4 (× 1 =
Asin ( kx ) + Bcos( kx ) .

Imposing the boundary conditions

,

4 (อ ) = B

o = 13
,

and 4 (L ) =
Asin ( k L)
0 =
Asin Ck LI
ก 1T
k =
ก L )

thesolutioneventuallybe.tn
where
1,2
n = . .
.

, ,

CXI = Asin (
ทIX

L
) .

1. 2) Usingthenormalization ,
we have

e =
[ Hncxs Fdx
=
[ si (
"
E) dx

€[ ) dx
"
=
+ - cos ( ×

=
A
2 G- ) o

=
A =
/ L

1.3) From the solution

Esin ( [ )
"
×
#× ะ =
n
,

wetake it into the

Schridinger equation

Esin ( ×
) +2¥ ป # in GE ) × = o

(E) ป£ sin (2 ) ะ Esin ( [ × )

" "
-
× + = o

(ฑื๋[
ะ
En =
2T
ก้
ญิ๊
ห้
ว้
ด้
ญั๋
ฑั๋
ญั๋
ตฺหั๋
ก้
 -

1. 4)
µ× ว =
JEsin ( [ ×) FE ^

o n

14า (× 112 =
[ sin
2
( IL ) ×

n n

E- .

อ L

ICX ) = Esin ( × ) n n

0 L

[ si ( [ )
"

172C× ว F
×
=

n n

0 L

Fsin ( [
"
×
น (× า =

n
n

0 น

[ ( [ xh
3
143C XJF = si
n

o n

Thephysioal meaning ะ Hnn Fare theprobabilitydensitytofindapartide at position × _

1. 5) <× > =
% _
(× ง × # cx ) dx

=
[
2ft
oxsi (¥× ) dx

=
¥[ × -
xcos G ) dx
×

¥ [In EE
L

1 dx )
I ( E- £ (¥× 1. + ×
× sin
=
☐ 2

<× > =
[
ก้
หุ๋
ก้
ก้
ษู๋
ษั๋
 For
p
wefind 4
Cp by using Fwriortransform asfollows
,

L
¥p ×

ftcxse dx
t
_

าh CP =
ป 2Eh o
1

[ Esin ( ¥ )
P×
=
× dx
<

solvethe
We
integral as

¥P
Isin ([
×

I =
×
)อ dx

¥P
L

Eettcos ( ) ftos ( ¥
×

= -
×
.
-

¥p ¥ ×
) dx

= _

# %os ×
) อ ¥ -
p ¥ [¥
"
sin
(¥ × ) [+ ¥ Ep %¥ Ein (¥
"
×
) dx ]
[ #E)]
± - ± = -

¥1.
#
a)
htTLL ¥ P↳
I =

ltak ( p ↳
2 ( 1) เ

ttence we have
¥"
,
ป IL [3
( + 1)
4C
p) E. pn
=
_ .

Andthen wefind ี
,

<
p
> =
Etr
^
f4 pp 4cm dp
้ิ
¥" ¥
PY dp
ิ

ITLET (£# ptf P (

1
1
2 + + e.
=

ร ⇐☐
-
_

Iิ
ไ# g (
LF ง

=
4 ptf P
3 Gzp) # _
0
dp
,
-
9 I 4 ht

which ot odd tunction

is an
integrating .
So
,

อ
<p> = .

Theresult tellsus that theaverageposition whatuseshouldgetifwemeasure.is#.Itisobviousifwe consider

thefigurein 1. 4) .
Moreover the average momentnm is o because themomentum of particle can be
,

negative ( apartide directions )

positive and moves
along ±× -

%
*

1. 6) < Hh = 7+ ( X) Ithc× ) dx

fosin ]
-
2
µ
=
[ (¥ ×) = 2m *
ะ sin
( [ ×) dx

2 2 L

%
2 [☐
=
L 2 ต
Si
( [ ) dx ×

#
< lt > =
zm
1
.

thatthe for ๆ c × 1 of นาย × ว

Theresulttells us
average ltamiltonian
is
theenergy .
ว้
ร้
ย้
ชู้
ยั
อั
ยั๋
ฝื๊
ญั๋
ษื่
อั
ษั๋
ญ่
น้
ษิ้
ก้
น้
 1. 7) We draw Hn CXIF for 1 as °
"
can

""
n =

% n
- .

14เ อ (× 112 [= si × ) 2 .e e

0 L

1. 8) In classical limit
,
wewanttofindpartidewhichspendthetime.to travel + round T

can be written as
st
P =

#
2 SX / VCXI
=
T
-

Because the
velocity is aconstant whichyeilds probability density as

%↳ =
£ย
=
[
In 1. 7) ,
wecan
seethataverage probability intherange to × ×+ dx isoloseto [ . If we take

n > a ( classical limit) the

average probability intherange × to ×+ dx wi /1 become to L
i
,

£2
1. 9 En =
2mL
2

ท
2
£2
{ m v2 =
2M L
2

n =
MV TT.TL
ท =
1.8 ✗ 1033

weobviously see that thegreatvalue n will has olassicalproperties .

of produet ot
1. 10 Thereisa minimum value
uncertainty in
position and momentumas

AXAPI [ .

The
momentwmwillbeexactlyzerowhenwedontthe.info rmation ot position .

sothemomentwmisnotexactlyzero.lt
knowthat inside the box
In this
particleis
case
,
we a
,

theenergy
enceg
is not zero .
อึ
ท้
ท้ญู่
หิ้
อ้
หิ้
L­
 ② 2. 1) The
Hamiltonianforfreepartiole 2
is
p
HE 2ต

Applying into the

Schrcidingereqwation ,
we have

Hrtcxts =
Etcx.tt
tt 22#×µ
_

2ต 2×2
=
ihgztcxt) .

Let rtcx ↳
,
=
fcmgct ,
we have
is
1
htaafcxy =
GC↳ c
] 12ทาง×
2
gctjgt
±
.

The solutions can befownd as fdlows

× ) =
-
2ต cfcx )
#

fcx)
ipx _

¥ PX
=
+ e

where p
= ป 2m E
,

gtgct
2
= -

Encgct)
e-¥
ct
gcti =
-

knowthat
Andwe c = E. We
eventaully have

¥( px -
EH ¥ ( pxt EH
tcxgtl = Cte + ci
which be the
plane wave eqnation .

2. 2) We consider the normalization

,

1 =
f -
4% ×
yd
µ Tcx ↳ dx ,
-

f( ¥ (P Etl EH lp× Etl ¥ (p Et)

×
¥ (p × +

อ
× +
-
-

1 =
+ µ ) (qe + ci , dx
,

+ =
ic.F-iio.it cicze "×
+
G e
¥
2
px
dx

นา ¥" ×

1 =
เอา Rtica Ft 2 ย dx
-

Let c. =
ca = c we then have
, •
Epx
Ffae ( Enx)
_

= 4 lc cos dx
1

[โ
2

1 =
41 cf
cos
(PE ) × dx

1 = 2 lc F [ a
1- cos G¥ ) × dx
I

whatweseethatitcannotbenormalized.Th.at means wecannotprediot whereapartide Iocates

with howamount of probability .

In graphically ,
we can see that a
partide can locatesat
any position ,
but wedont know itsprobability .

^ / 4C× , ts 12

> X
ยิ๋
ยิ๋
ฮื่
ย๋
ผุ๋
ย๋
ทิ้
ษี
ยั
 2. 3 The localized wavefunction canbe expressed as

2
×
2
2☒✗
Tcx อ) =
Ae
, -

We do Furiertransformation asfollows
2
PX
f [[
A 2
443 o ) = dx
ป 21T ht
.

ป¥
ค
axi b ×
น
-
_

dxe
Using Guassian integral ,
=

,
we
get that
2

¥22A
×
-

A
tlp ,
อ ) =
e AX 2 IE
jem
2
4 ^×

AAXJ}
-

= e-
2 i
2- Et
e-
¥ 2
^×
-
ht
> 443t) = A 1× e

2
it
- P} ^×
2
t
2Mt )
✓¥
☐
= AA× e
.

Wedo inverse Furiertransformation

4=[ ฑื๋n ) #
A ^×
+ ×

fdxe
→

Tcxgt) =
AAXFE -

[
- ง
2
×
-

(^ ำE
JEEEEI
4 I
AX ×
A e
-

µ⇐
2
×
-

A✗ 2

A
4
(^ × + itt)
✓ 1×2 + itte
-
=

2M

We do narmalization as fdlows
•

1 =
fdx a
1 #×
µ 12
2A ×
2
-

2
×
ง

f
-

2
Cax )
(E)
4
t = A dxe
2
(^ -
× +

✓ 1×4 +
( กะ - a

F
ป
(^ ✗ #)
2
✓
2
^ × + (±
-
4
1 = A 2
-

µ atot
+ffษ
4 2

⇐ ×

A =
รE้ ×
2
×
-

2
4
(^ E )
้

# £✓
× +
4(
Xgt )
^×
-

E
-

=
2 ett
AX +
2M
ณ่
อิ้
ญ็
หิ้
ฏื๊
ยั่
ญํ่
ตุ่
ต้
ทั๋
 ะ
fdx
2

2. 4) <×> = × 14<×µ 1

2A ×
_ 2
×
ค

fgdx อ ([ก2)
4
=
×
^✗
- /21T 2
(^
-
✗ +

✓ 1×4 +
( ฐy
2

weareintegratingtheoddfunction.lt ence
,
(× > = อ .

<
p>
=

Ldx 4 µ(
.it#itcxDX2Ax2
อ
ใ
2 4

Lad
X A✗
-
^✗ 12☒ 2
(^
_
× + ([ )
×

F)
=
ป ^×
(± [
4

(÷
4 +
( ก×
-

_
+

wearealsointegratingtheoddfunction.lt enoe
,
( p> = อ .

2
×
_

function fcxs 4 # the be

From the Guassian = e variance คน .

, ,
We then have the variances ofx andp written as

ป 1×2 + itt 1-
AX = and AP =
2ต
'

2J axa it
t
42 2m ht

t
ltence
AXAP
=

, 2 u
ทุ
ภี้
ผิ๋
 ③ From H> = a 1 ×> +
bly > we write as
Iy >
,
r n
'
>
ly 14 > = cos อ 1 × > + sino
Iy >
±
.

1 77 Moreover we have
1 ,

(อ -01 เy'>
" '

1 > cos G- 011 × > + sin

Y)
1 ×>
=

>

(sinocoso ) Iy >
"
(cosocosotsinosin 011 ×
'
0 =
sinocoso
> 1×>
> + -

asfdlows
Weconsidertheunitary operator
1 > = U 14>
'

( sinay > ) + ( sinolx

' '
cos 01 × > si ทอ '
sin อบ
coso -
> +
cosely > =
cosอบ 1 × > +
Iy> .

We then have
'
UIX >
'
coso 1 × > sin 0 >
ly
-
=

cosoty >
'
sine 1 × > v1
y>
=
+ .

written inmatrixform
They are as

foso
sino

) (µ บก
-

5in 0 cos 0 .

Hence
,

( e)
coso sin
U
-

sin ⑦ cos0

,
which be the passive rotationmatrix _

And we oheck

( ) ( :::-.:::)
cos 0 sino
บ =

-
sin0 .. . .

cosoiesi
( )
= 0 -
cososine + sinecos 0

sinocosetcososine si 0 tco 50

Utu =
11
_
1
ท้
ท้
บ๋
ษ่
บ่
 ④ 4.1 Because innerprodwct has to conserveunder time translation ,

<rtct 1 Hct า >

' " =
< ntctt 1 UEL "
- E) UGL" E) Hcti >
-

,
we have

UEt E) UGL E)
"
-
"
- = 11
_

satisfying < 4 Ct า
"
ntct " า > = < 4C tำ 14 Cts > .

4.2 Weuse Taylors expansion and high orderterm fdlows

ignore as

1 + ( ttsts > =
UCS tmtcti >

14 Ct 1) Stt GlsE) Ulst) Hcti >

ptct) >
=
+

Hcti > -
¥ I 14Cti > st = ucstmtcts >

(1- EIS t ) 1 #↳ > =

ucst) Hcti >

ltence
,

Ucsti = 1- ¥ Ist _

4.3 Let t" - t = NS t as N → ค we canwrite

,

Hct
"
-
↳> = lim บนt) Hcti > .

N →ค

We can find thetimeevolution operator asfollows

Uct
"
- tว =
eim stา
ค
N →

N
=
lim G- ¥ Ist)
N →ต

N
t" E)
( a- ¥ IC )
-

=
lim
N
N→ค

¥ ICt E)
"
-

U # ts = e-

4. 4 Weuse the
Schrcidingerequation and
apply the time evolutionoperatoras follows

itryzmct า > = Ict ว µ(E) >

i.tk#UCt-E))I4cEI7=Ict)U(t-E)Hct'nit2tUlt-t')=iIctiuct-t'
"" "
า

I ctsdt
d Ult E)
itf 5
-

Ut E) -

utity

UH E)
"
- =
5 Ectidt
หื๋
ฐั่
หั๋
หี
ษื่
 For ltamiltonian dorit oommute

westartfromduct.tl
,

Et
= _
EIHIUCt.tl
tu

" t"
UCt , E)

fduct,tำ =
-

¥ f IHNH tydt ,

t
uctits
"
t

dh.tt#f.,t'Fromthis,
,
''
uct E)
= 11
_
-

/ Ictyct#

dtz.E.t #M2tt1t'SubstitntingUct, EIintoUlE',E),wehave

t.u-h.tl = แ
_
-

Ttltdulta E) ,

lt.fdtaitctitIctsluctz.lt
"
t

uct , E)
"
= ±+ fdtrti
E
+ t E)
t
'
t
) .

After do N have
steps ,
we

t1

dtfdtz [
"

N n t "

uct , E)
"
= ± + <
ท
t¥
1 t.dtnIIct.IE↳ . . .
1- - -

Icti
,
=
t
where t
"
= t
,
+
tzt . . .
+
tntt
'
.

It isbetter if we take Limit N → a because

thepreviousequation is approximation ,
t1

[
"
ง t " "

dtfdtz
"

UH , E)
"
= ± + <
+
fi ะ
. . .
dtn Ict 1 Ictal
,
- - -

Icti .

n =
t t
'

introduce the time

orderingoperator
"
Next we
"
as
,

T [ ICHIHa) . . .

Ictnl] =
IIcti.IH.ltii. Iltw ) - -

where tin > tir > - - -

> tน
.

We oonsider zndterm of UCt

"

,
E)

t
" t" t,
↳

ม =
fdlafdtaltcti Icti
ti t
=
fdt ti
า dta T [ Ictp Icti]
t t
2 ^ 2 ^
" "
t t
-
-

OT L

"
=
µ

11 1 7 t 1 7 t
" "
t t
" " "
The
integration region E.< t.at
and Ettzft ,
The
integration region Eetzet andtzt t.tt
บ้
บ้
ฏุ๋
หั่
 Then
,
" "
t t

fdtzfdt
"
t tา

ม =
fdt.fdt.IEcti Icti
ti t
=
, Icti Ectzl _
tู > tz
t t
2

Then we relabel t →
tz and tz → ↳ which yields
, ,
,
" "
t t t
" t"

วะ =
fdtifdta Icti Icti fdtifdta
E
tเ
=

t' t,
T [ Ictn Icti]
,
tz > t1

which is
theintegration halfabove
region .

So we can write " t"

ft

t.dk/dtzTLIctiEctzDt'f3ForJ3,wecanshreoLa
,

2
=
±

aube to 6
parts
"
t -

tt
=
3

tู =
↳
"
t
, > ta

E
t" _
%
L
"
t
ty
"
t"

| dtafdts
t

so
,
23
=
ม fdt '
,
T [ Icti Icti Ict;] .

t E
E

Hence t
"
t" t"

dtf fdtn
a

¥ ! (E)]
,
UC
tgtg =
± +
t t
dtz - - -

E
T [EHNIH . . .

Icy ]
t"

Uct" E)
,
=

Texpf ¥ [Ictidt ) .
ทู้