CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL EXAMINATIONS

International General Certificate of Secondary Education

MARK SCHEME for the May/June 2013 series

0610 BIOLOGY
0610/31 Paper 3 (Extended Theory), maximum raw mark 80

This mark scheme is published as an aid to teachers and candidates, to indicate the requirements of
the examination. It shows the basis on which Examiners were instructed to award marks. It does not
indicate the details of the discussions that took place at an Examiners’ meeting before marking began,
which would have considered the acceptability of alternative answers.

Mark schemes should be read in conjunction with the question paper and the Principal Examiner
Report for Teachers.

Cambridge will not enter into discussions about these mark schemes.

Cambridge is publishing the mark schemes for the May/June 2013 series for most IGCSE, GCE
Advanced Level and Advanced Subsidiary Level components and some Ordinary Level components.
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Mark schemes will use these abbreviations

• ; separates marking points

• / alternatives
• R reject
• A accept (for answers correctly cued by the question)
• I ignore as irrelevant
• ecf error carried forward
• AW alternative wording (where responses vary more than usual)
• AVP alternative valid point
• ORA or reverse argument
• underline actual word given must be used by candidate (grammatical variants excepted)
• () the word / phrase in brackets is not required but sets the context
• D, L, T, Q quality of: drawing / labelling / table / detail as indicated
• max indicates the maximum number of marks

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Answer Marks Guidance for Examiners

1 (a)
Only one letter per box; if more than one letter no
structure letter from Fig. 1.1
mark
left lung D
If letter crossed out but not rewritten mark it
bronchus J

diaphragm E
JEHCB
intercostal muscle H

rib C

trachea B [5]

(b) (i) 3750 ; no mark for working alone [1] if the answer is not in the table look for it in the
space for working

(ii) number of breaths (per minute) / different rate of breathing ; A faster, slower, change in frequency
exhaled breath has a higher temperature ; [max 1] ignore depth (as in the table) / heavier

(iii) water vapour / H2O / any named rare or inert gas or pollutant ; [1] names, correct symbols or formulae for any of the
following: H2, Ar, He, Xe, Ne, Rn, Kr, SO2, O3, CO,
NO2, N2O, CH4, NH3, I2

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Answer Marks Guidance for Examiners

(iv) in breathed out air MP2

1 after exercise less oxygen and more carbon dioxide / ora ; oxygen – 17.2 to 15.3% / 1.9%
2 use of data with % to quantify (for either oxygen or carbon carbon dioxide – 3.6 to 5.5% / 1.9%
dioxide) ;
explanation in terms of the following increasing
3 more oxygen, absorbed / is needed / used up ; R inhaled
4 more carbon dioxide, produced ; R exhaled
5 more gas exchange ; R produce energy
6 more respiration ; R more anaerobic respiration
7 more energy required ;
8 repaying / AW, oxygen debt ; [max 3]

2 (a) (i) L = (primary) producer(s) ; ignore (green) plant

N = secondary consumer(s) ; [2] ignore carnivore

(ii) energy, of / at, each trophic level ; R biomass / numbers

A shows that energy, decreases / is lost (at each trophic level) R ‘production of energy’
e.g. ‘L has more energy than M’ [1] ignore energy passed on – shown by the arrows
not the boxes

(iii) idea that

1 no, energy left ;
2 use figures from Fig. 2.1 to show that all energy to O is already
3 little / not enough, energy available from eating, tertiary A ‘needing to eat a lot to get enough energy’
consumers / O / AW ;
4 loss of (90%) energy, at / between, each trophic level / AW ; MP4 no need to use the term trophic level if idea is
implied
5 would be very small population of predators of O ;
6 (population of) predators of O unlikely to survive ;
7 AVP ; e.g. idea that difficult to be a predator of O because O is
likely to be ‘large and fierce’ [max 3]

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Answer Marks Guidance for Examiners

(iv) 1 loss of energy (from, each / all, trophic level(s)) ;

2 (by) respiration ;
3 (to the) environment / atmosphere / surroundings ;
4 as, heat / thermal energy ; [max 2] accept once only

(b) M is the herbivore ignore any changes to decomposers / recycling

1 more (biomass of / energy in), producers / L ; A the argument that more primary consumers will
2 as fewer / no, herbivores / primary consumers / predators (to eat migrate into the ecosystem
L) / M ; ignore predators / organisms unqualified
3 fewer / extinction of, carnivores / secondary consumers / N ;
4 fewer / extinction of, tertiary consumers / O ;
5 as less, food / energy ;
6 more competition ; [max 3]

3 (a)
letter from
function name of organ
Fig. 3.1

production of gametes ovary T;

site of implantation uterus X; ignore lining / endometrium – not an organ

R uterus wall
site of fertilisation oviduct / fallopian tube R; R ‘egg, canal / tube’

dilates during birth cervix V

[3]

(b) (i) ovary / ovaries ; ignore T [1] R follicle – not an organ

(ii) makes (Graafian) follicle, form / develop / mature / be produced ; A egg / ovum / gamete for follicle
causes, secretion / release / production, of oestrogen ; [max 1] R ovulation / described

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Answer Marks Guidance for Examiners

(c) (i)
award the following to max 3 award max 2 for data quotes including changes in concentration over stated
number of days - units must be used at least once in the answer

increase from, day 1 / first day, to day 11 ; 155 / 156 (arbitrary) units on day 11 ;
A peaks at day 11 / increases over first 10/11 days

decreases from day 11 to day 15 ; 54 / 55 (arbitrary) units on day 15 ;

increases to day 20 / peaks (again) at day 20 ; 136 (arbitrary) units on day 20 ;

decreases to, day 27 / last day ; 40 (arbitrary) units on day 27 ;

[max 4]

(ii) release of, egg / egg cell / ovum / oocyte / female gamete ; R ovule

either
from, ovary / follicle
or
into fallopian tube / oviduct ; [2]

(d) 1 sperm cell digests way through, jelly coat / AW ; ignore egg wall / cell wall
2 uses enzymes (from acrosome) ;
3 sperm, attaches to / fuses with, egg / AW ; A fusion of gametes
4 whole sperm cell enters egg / head of sperm enters egg ;
5 (egg membrane changes so that) no other sperm can enter ;
6 haploid / 23 chromosomes ;
7 nuclei, fuse / join ; A ref to chromosomes ‘coming together’
8 diploid / 46 chromosomes ; ignore events after fertilisation
9 zygote ; [max 3]

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Answer Marks Guidance for Examiners

(e) (i) length / molecule / thread / strand, of DNA (and proteins) ;

made of (string of), genes / alleles ; A contains genes R pair of genes
[max 2]

(ii) 46 ; A 23 pairs [1]

4 (a) 1 mark for drawing and 1 mark for labelling

phloem xylem drawing must represent correct position of xylem
and phloem as shown in Fig. 4.1

if cells are drawn, these must be in the correct

positions for xylem and phloem as in the
photograph
[2]

(b) sucrose ; [1] ignore sugar / non-reducing sugar

A phonetic spellings

(c) 1 during growing season / when photosynthesising / when food is A when there is plenty of light
made ;
2 (substances are) transported (down), to the roots or to (named)

3 transported (up) to the, growing points / flowers / fruits / seeds / A move for are transported
new leaves / AW ; MP3 A transported up for either time of year once
only
4 (time of year) when no photosynthesis / when food is not made ;

5 (substances are transported upwards) from, roots / storage organ

/ seed ;

6 (substances transported) from source to sink ; source may be a storage organ or a leaf
[max 4] depending on the time of year

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Answer Marks Guidance for Examiners

(d) 1 evaporation of water, from (surfaces of) mesophyll ;

2 movement / diffusion / loss of, water vapour ;
3 from, leaves ; A (named) aerial / upper, parts ;
4 through / from, stomata / cuticle ; [max 3]

(e) 1 evaporation / transpiration, causes movement of water ; ignore capillarity (except if discussing events at
2 in xylem ; interface between water and air in mesophyll in
3 reduces pressure at the top of the plant / ref to a water potential leaf)
4 transpiration pull ;
5 maintained by cohesion between water molecules ;
6 maintains a continuous column of water / AW ;
7 adhesion of water / AW, to walls of xylem ; [max 4]

5 (a) (i) 1 without enzymes reactions, occur too slowly / not at all ; MP1 A some aspect of metabolism as an
A enzymes speed up reactions alternative to reactions, e.g. digestion
2 reduce, activation energy / energy needed for a reaction ;
3 reactions take place at lower temperatures ;
4 enzymes are catalysts ; [max 3]

(ii) lipase – pancreas ; organs have to be different

protease – stomach / pancreas ; if the answer for lipase is incorrect A pancreas for
amylase – salivary gland / pancreas ; [3] either protease or amylase but not both

(b) (i) control ; R control(led) variable

to show differences in, colour / pH / fat, due to, enzyme / lipase ; A to show what happens without, enzyme / lipase,
and bile salts
to use for comparing, colours / pH ; [max 2]

(ii) acid pH / below pH 5 / lowers the pH / becomes acidic ; R ref to lipase / bile salts being acidic
fat has been, digested / broken down ;
fatty acids (and glycerol) ; [3]

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Answer Marks Guidance for Examiners

(iii) 1 ref to specific, pH / colour in, B / C ;

i.e. B is blue / 8-10 / alkaline
test- contents colour of pH
i.e. C is yellow / 4-5 / slightly acid
tube indicator after
5 minutes at 40 oC
ignore bile salts / lipase is alkaline in B
milk, alkaline
B A solution, lipase and orange
2 no, (chemical) digestion / breakdown (of fat) ; bile salts
3 no fatty acids ;
4 no lipase ; milk, alkaline
B solution, bile salts blue
C and water
5 some, (chemical) digestion / breakdown (of fat) ;
6 fat not emulsified ; milk, alkaline
7 so slower reaction (than A) ; C solution, lipase and yellow
8 fewer fatty acids produced ; water
award for B / C milk, alkaline
9 bile salts emulsify fats ; D blue
solution and water
10 ref to increasing surface area of fat (globules / AW) ;
11 bile salts are not enzymes ; [max 4]

6 (a) 1 cell wall ; R size

2 plasmid ;
3 flagella ; A fimbriae / pili
4 capsule ;
5 loop of DNA / circular chromosome / no chromosome(s) ; ignore ‘thread of DNA’ unqualified
6 no nucleus ;
7 no, organelles / named organelle ; some of these structures are not in all bacteria, but
are often shown in diagrams of bacteria
8 AVP ; e.g. smaller ribosomes [max 2]

(b) (i) A – lag ; please look carefully at spelling of lag and log
B – exponential / log ; [2]

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Answer Marks Guidance for Examiners

(ii) 1 D – ‘birth’ = death ; A rate of growth / reproduction for birth

2 E – death > ‘birth’ ;

for either D or E
3 less / no, food / nutrients ;
4 less / no, oxygen ;
5 accumulation of, wastes / toxins ;

6 limiting factor(s) used in appropriate context ; A limit / limits in context

7 carrying capacity / described ; [max 3]

(c) (i) jointed, legs / limbs / appendages ;

exoskeleton ; [max 1]

(ii) either or

1 idea that bottom of sea, predators / prey, unable to see ; 1 bottom of the sea is covered in white, sand / rock ;
2 camouflage not needed (ref to, avoiding predators / 2 dark coloured crabs, are conspicuous / easily seen,
3 (therefore) no need to make pigment ; by predators / more likely to be predated ;
4 less energy needed (to make pigment) ; 3 no need to make pigment ;
4 less energy needed (to make pigment) ;
5 mutation / change in gene or DNA ;
6 so no pigment made (allow only if MP5 is given) ; 5 mutation / change in gene / DNA ;
7 white crabs / albino crabs, survive and reproduce ; 6 so no pigment made (allow only if MP5 is given) ;
8 pass on their, gene(s) / allele(s) (for no pigment) ; 7 white crabs / albino crabs, survive and reproduce ;
9 ref to (natural) selection in context ; R if artificial 8 pass on their, gene(s) / allele(s) (for no pigment) ;
9 ref to (natural) selection in context ; R if artificial
[max 4]

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