Math

Name: Sayak Bhattacharya
Subject: Engineering Mathematics

Teacher: Krishnendu Mondal Sir
Sem: 1st
Group: CSE B
Class Roll: CSE/23/089
University Roll: 10700123118
 Introduction:
Eigenvalues are associated with eigenvectors in
Linear algebra. Both terms are used in the analysis
of linear transformations. Eigenvalues are the
special set of scalar values that is associated with
the set of linear equations most probably in the
matrix equations. The eigenvectors are also termed
as characteristic roots. It is a non-zero vector that
can be changed at most by its scalar factor after the
application of linear transformations. And the
corresponding factor which scales the eigenvectors
is called an eigenvalue.
 Main Topic:
 Defination:
An eigenvector (also called a characteristic
vector) of a linear transformation (the mapping
between two vector spaces that preserves the
operations of vector addition and scalar
multiplication) is a nonzero vector that changes
at most by a scalar factor when that linear
transformation is applied to it.
Eigenvalues are a special set of scalars
associated with a linear system of equations or
matrices equations. Eigenvalues are also called
characteristic roots, characteristic values, proper
values, or latent roots. Eigenvalues are typically
denoted by a λ (lambda).
 Theory:
Eigenvalues and eigenvectors are concepts from linear
algebra that play a crucial role in various mathematical and
scientific applications. Let's explore the theory behind
eigenvalues and eigenvectors:
Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors:
1.Matrix Transformation:
 Consider a square matrix A of order n×n
 An eigenvector v and its corresponding eigenvalue λ satisfy the
equation Av=λv.
 This equation can be rearranged as (A−λI)v=0, where I is the
identity matrix.
2.Determinant and Trace:
 The eigenvalues of a matrix A are the solutions to the
characteristic equation det(A−λI)=0.
 The sum of the eigenvalues is equal to the sum of the diagonal
elements of A (trace), i.e.,Tr(A)=λ1+λ2+…+λn.
3.Geometric Interpretation:
 Eigenvectors represent directions that remain unchanged under
the linear transformation represented by the matrix A.
 Eigenvalues determine the scaling factor by which the eigenvectors
are stretched or compressed during the transformation.
4.Diagonalization:
 A square matrix A is diagonalizable if it can be expressed as
A=PDP−1, where P is a matrix whose columns are the
eigenvectors of A, and D is a diagonal matrix with the
corresponding eigenvalues on the diagonal.
5.Symmetric Matrices:
 For symmetric matrices, all eigenvalues are real, and the
eigenvectors can be chosen to be orthogonal.
 This property has important implications in various fields,
including physics and optimization.
 Applications:
Eigenvalues and eigenvectors find numerous applications across
various fields due to their ability to simplify and analyze complex
linear transformations. Here are some key applications:
1. Principal Component Analysis (PCA):

 In statistics and machine learning, PCA utilizes
eigenvectors and eigenvalues to transform high-
dimensional data into a lower-dimensional space, retaining
the most significant information.
2. Structural Engineering:
 Eigenvalues are crucial in structural analysis. They help
determine the natural frequencies and mode shapes of
structures, aiding in the design of buildings, bridges, and
other constructions.
3. Quantum Mechanics:
 Eigenvalues of quantum operators correspond to
measurable physical quantities (e.g., energy levels).
Eigenvectors represent the quantum states associated with
these eigenvalues.
4. Image and Signal Processing:
 Eigenvalues and eigenvectors are used in techniques like
Singular Value Decomposition (SVD) to compress and
denoise images, as well as to analyze and filter signals.
5. Control Systems:
 Eigenvalues play a significant role in stability analysis of
control systems. The locations of eigenvalues determine
the stability of the system, with stable systems having all
eigenvalues in the left half of the complex plane.
 Conclusion:
Eigenvalue and eigenvector analysis serves as
a powerful and versatile tool across diverse
mathematical and scientific domains. This
methodology, enabling the decomposition of
matrices into their eigenvalues and eigenvectors,
provides a streamlined approach for problem-
solving in complex scenarios. In mathematical
applications, it aids in solving linear equations and
understanding matrix transformations.
Additionally, in quantum mechanics, it proves
crucial for deciphering complex systems at the
quantum level.
The impact of eigenvalue and
eigenvector analysis extends to data analysis,
particularly in techniques like principal component
analysis, where these concepts identify key
features in datasets, aiding in dimensionality
reduction. In image processing, they contribute to
tasks such as edge detection and compression,
streamlining complex visual information.
 Refercences:
1. Engineering Mathematics book by
MAKAUT
2. Class Teacher
3. Internet
4.“Linear Algebra and Its Applications” by
David C. Lay, Steven R. Lay, and Judi J.
McDonald
5.“Matrix Analysis and Applied Linear
Algebra”by Carl D. Meyer
Thank You!

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Math

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Name: Sayak Bhattacharya

Subject: Engineering Mathematics

1. Principal Component Analysis (PCA):

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