Language Program & Policies in acknowledgment of their differences

Multilingual Societies within a dominant political culture.

4. Multilingual countries in the

1. What do sociolinguists study? world

Sociolinguistics is the study of the Papua New Guinea, an island country

relationship between language and in the southwestern Pacific Ocean, is
society. Sociolinguists are interested in the most multilingual country on Earth.
how we speak differently in varying Russia
social contexts, and how we may also India
use specific functions of language to Zimbabwe
convey social meaning or aspects of South Africa
our identity. (University of Sheffield) Serbia
Switzerland
-it only means that sociolinguists The Netherlands
focused on the connection of language Moldova
and society in orrer to further Singapore
understand how these two affects
each other. 5. Kinds/Types of multilingual

2. The interconnectedness of Bilingualism (2 languages)

language, culture and society Trilingualism (3 languages)
Multilingualism (4 or more languages)
What is the interconnectedness of Polyglot (someone who learns many
language culture and society? languages for fun)

The language that we speak

influences our cultural identities and 6. Kinds/Types of Bilingual
our social realities. We internalize
norms and rules that help us function 1. Compound Bilingual: refers to
in our own culture but that can lead to people who develop two
misunderstanding when used in other languages within a single
cultural contexts. We can adapt to context.
different cultural contexts by purposely Example: A toddler that moves with
changing our communication. their family to a new country will grow
(Maricopa Open Digital Press) up with two linguistic codes that tie
back to one single consolidated set of
3. Multiculturalism concepts. This is the language
structure that classifies a person as a
Multiculturalism refers to (1) the compound bilingual.
state of a society or the world in which
there exists numerous distinct ethnic Example: Compound bilingualism
and cultural groups seen to be refers to learning two languages in the
politically relevant; and (2) a program same context. That means, both
or policy promoting such a society. languages are used at home or at
school.
-The view that cultures, races, and
ethnicities, particularly those of So, a toddler who’s left, say, their
minority groups, deserve special native Romania to go live in England
will grow to be able to express mother tongue to understand the
themselves in both Romanian and second language.
English. (StudySmarterUK)

2. Coordinate Bilingual: refers to 7. The Notion of Language Policy

people who learn two Planning
languages in different contexts. "Danguage planning-policy means the
Example: Let’s say that instead of a institutionalization of language as a
toddler, the child in the family moving basis for distinctions among social
from Romania to England had been a groups (classes). That is, language
teenager. In this case, the child grows policy is one mechanism for locating
with two sets of concepts in their mind, language within social structure so that
each associated with one of the language determines who has access
languages in their language pair, to political power and economic
Romanian and English. resources.”

The typical manifestation, in this case, 8. Language Situations in

would be the adoption of English in Industrially advanced countries
school, while Romanian continues to – Japan and China
be used at home and in the
community. The key characteristic in 9. Status of English in Industrially
coordinate bilinguals is this separation advanced countries – Japan
in the form, purpose, and environment and China
in which each language is used.
10. Language Situations in
Example: Coordinate bilingualism countries where English is an
means learning each language in a official language – Singapore
separate environment. For example and India
one at home, another one at school. In
this case the child keeps languages 11. Status of English in countries
separated in his mind and usually where English is an official
language – Singapore and India
doesn’t switch between them while
speaking in early years.
12. Highlights of Language Policies
in Industrially advanced
3. Sub-coordinate Bilingual: refers countries – Japan and China
to people who learn a second
language using their native
13. Case Studies of Multilingual
tongue.
Policies of South East Asia
Example: Subordinate bilingualism
According to De Swaan (2001),
who presents the organization
This is a kind of bilingualism referring
mostly to adults learning a second of languages and their
language. They have one strong relationships in a global context,
language: their mother tongue, and "[i]t is multilingualism that has
they learn a second language through kept humanity, separated by so
their first language. In other words, the many languages, together...It is
second language is not separated from this ingenious pattern of
the first one and learners use the connections between language
groups that constitutes the
 global language system" He Bilingual education is a term that refers
adds that at the bottom of this to the teaching of academic content in
system are the world's many two languages, in a native and second
small languages that he called language. Varying amounts of each
peripheral languages. language are used depending on the
Peripheral languages constitute outcome goal of the model.
Multilingual Education
98% of the world's languages
Multilingual education (MLE) It refers
and are used by under 10% of
to the use of two or more languages as
the population of the world. medium of instruction. UNESCO
Often these languages have no established the term 'multilingual
written script, and are passed education' in 1999 (cf.
on orally and rely on people
remembering them rather than 15. Language Policies in the
recording them. At the next Philippines
level, connecting peripheral
languages, are central The Language provision in the 1987
languages (e.g., Chinese, Hindi, Constitution of the Republic of the
and Russian). There are about Philippines which are embodied in
Article XIV, Sec. 6 and 7 provide the
100 central languages in the
legal basis for the various language
world and they are acquired as
policies that are being implemented in
second languages by speakers the country.
of peripheral languages. Central
languages are often national or Consistent with the 1987
official languages and are used constitutional mandate and a declared
in politics, courts, education policy of the National Board of
systems, television, textbooks Education (NBE) on bilingualism in the
and newspapers (DE SWAAN, schools (NBE Resolution No. 73-7,
2001, p. 5-6). For Hamel s.1973) the Department of Education,
(2005), multilingualism is not Culture and Sports (DECS)
only requisite for ecological promulgated its language policy.
sustainability, but it is also as
The official languages of the
anindividual and collective
Philippines are English and Filipino.
asset.
English has been the official language
for over a century now; Spanish only
ceased to be an official language in
14. The concept of…. 1973; while Filipino (Tagalog-2 in
Mother tongue education Figure 1) only became an official
Mother tongue refers to the first language in 1941.
language learned at home in childhood
and still understood by the person at 16. The old bilingual education
the time the data was collected. If the Policy
person no longer understands the first In the Philippines, bilingual education
language learned, the mother tongue started in 1974, when the Department
is the second language learned. of Education and Culture mandated
(statique Canada.com) the use of English and Filipino as the
media of instruction in both primary
Bilingual Education and secondary schools.
 In our time, the global expansion of
17. Philippine MTB-MLE English has often been cited as the
The MTB-MLE is a program where the primary example of linguistic
medium of instruction is the mother imperialism.
tongue or the first language (L1) of the
learners. In the teaching-learning 23. Philippine Englishes in fostering
process, both the teacher and the linguistic equality
learners use the mother tongue in It presents glimpses of unequal PhEs
explaining the lesson. through illustrations from a study on
how English language teaching is
18. Philippine official Languages conducted in the context of the Mother
and their level of prestige Tongue-Based Multilingual Education
Filipino and English are the Policy in six public elementary schools
Philippines’ two official languages. in the Visayas and Mindanao and an
Filipino is a native language based on analysis of the current K to 12
Tagalog; English has official status due Curriculum in English. The findings
to the Philippines being a colony of the suggest that learners have uneven
United States between 1898 and 1946. access to PhEs. Amonolingual
paradigm privileging Inner Circle PhEs
Schools and the media largely use is reflected in certain teaching
Filipino; it is the lingua franca that practices and some elements of the
binds the country’s various linguistic English program. It is time to give
communities together. English is PhEs a distinct place in the cradle and
widely used in government, the apex of learning to promote
newspapers, and publications. linguistic equality in the country and
19. The Prospects of Multilingual enjoin all other sectors of society to
Education and Literacy in the acknowledge them.
Philippines
24. Reassessment of the role of
20. A closer look at DepEd English English in the world today
Language Programs
(Elementary, Junior high & 25. The Role of English in the
Senior High School) Philippine Setting
21. Code switching phenomenon
Code-switching is a phenomenon that
happens when a speaker alternates English is constitutionally named as
between two or more languages during one of the Philippines' official
a single conversation, sentence, or languages, and it continues to be an
situation. It is also known as language integral part of local life and culture.
alteration, and it usually occurs when English is the language of business,
two or more multilingual people who science,
know the same languages speak to
each other.

22. Linguistic Imperialism

Linguistic imperialism is the imposition
of one language on speakers of other
languages. It is also known as
linguistic nationalism, linguistic
dominance, and language imperialism.
technology, government, education, and
international communication.

References:

https://www.oed.com/discover/introduction-to-
philippine-english?tl=true#:~:text=Today%2C
%20English%20is%20constitutionally
%20named,%2C%20education%2C%20and
%20international%20communication.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/
Language_policy#:~:text=%22language
%20planning%2Dpolicy%20means
%20the,political%20power%20and
%20economic%20resources.