Chapter 2

Data and Computer
Communications
Tenth Edition
by William Stallings
Data and Computer Communications, Tenth

Edition by William Stallings, (c) Pearson
Education - Prentice Hall, 2013
CHAPTER 2
Protocol Architecture, TCP/IP, and

Internet-Based Applications
The Need for a Protocol
Architecture
1.) The source must either activate
the direct communications path or 2.) The source system must ascertain
inform the network of the identity of that the destination system is
the desired destination system prepared to receive data
To transfer data
several tasks must
be performed:
3.) The file transfer application on the

source system must ascertain that the
4.) A format translation function may
file management program on the
need to be performed by one or the
destination system is prepared to
other system if the file formats used
accept and store the file for this
on the two systems are different
particular user
Functions of Protocol
Architecture
Breaks logic into subtask modules which
are implemented separately
Modules are arranged in a vertical stack
• Each layer in the stack performs a subset
of functions
• Relies on next lower layer for primitive
functions
• Provides services to the next higher layer
• Changes in one layer should not require
changes in other layers
Key Features of a Protocol
A protocol is a set of rules or conventions
that allow peer layers to communicate
The key features of a protocol are:
• Format of data
Syntax blocks
• Control information
Semantics for coordination and
error handling
• Speed matching and

Timing sequencing
A Simple Protocol Architecture
Agents involved: Examples of

• Applications applications include
• Computers file transfer and
• Networks electronic mail
Computers are
connected to network, These execute on
and data to be computers that
exchanged are support multiple
transferred by the simultaneous
network from one
computer to another. applications
Communication Layers
Concerned with the exchange of

Network access layer data between a computer and the
network to which it is attached
Communication tasks are Collects mechanisms in a

organized into three relatively Transport layer common layer shared by all
independent layers: applications
Contains logic to support

Application layer
applications
TCP/IP Protocol Architecture
TCP/IP Protocol Architecture
• Result of protocol research and

development conducted on ARPANET
• Referred to as TCP/IP protocol suite
• TCP/IP comprises a large collection of
protocols that are Internet standards
Physical Layer
Covers the physical interface between
computer and network
Concerned with issues like:
● Characteristics of transmission medium
● Nature of the signals
● Data rates
Network Access/Data Link Layer
Covers the exchange of data between an
end system and the network that it is
attached to
Concerned with:
● Access to and routing data across a network
for two end systems attached to the same
network
Implements
procedures
needed to allow
data to travel
across multiple
Internet Layer
interconnected
networks
Internet Layer
Uses the
Internet
Implemented in
Protocol (IP)
end systems and
to provide
routers
routing
function
Host-to-Host (Transport) Layer
• May provide reliable

TCP
end-to-end service or
merely an end-to-end • Most commonly used
delivery service protocol to provide
without reliability this functionality
mechanisms
Transmission
Control Protocol
Application Layer
Contains the logic needed to support the
various user applications
A separate module is needed for each
different type of application that is peculiar
to that application
TCP/IP Address Requirements
Two levels of addressing are needed:
Each host on a subnetwork must

have a unique global internet address
Each process with a host must have

an address (known as a port) that is
unique within the host
Transmission Control Protocol
(TCP)
TCP is the transport layer protocol for most
applications
TCP provides a reliable connection for transfer
of data between applications
A TCP segment is the basic protocol unit
TCP tracks segments between entities for
duration of each connection
User Datagram Protocol
(UDP)
Alternative to TCP
Does not guarantee delivery, preservation of
sequence, or protection against duplication
Enables a procedure to send messages to other
procedures with a minimum of protocol
mechanism
Adds port addressing capability to IP
Used with Simple Network Management Protocol
(SNMP)
Includes a checksum to verify that no error occurs
in the data
Service Primitives and
Parameters
Services between adjacent layers

Expressed as:
• Primitives
• Specify the function to be performed

• Parameters
• Used to pass data and control information
Table 2.1
Service Primitive Types
Traditional Internet-Based
Applications
Three common applications that have been
standardized to operate on top of TCP are:
Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP)
• Provides a mechanism for transferring messages among separate hosts
File Transfer Protocol (FTP)
• Used to send files from one system to another under user command
• Both text and binary files are accommodated
Secure Shell (SSH)
• Provides a secure remote logon capability

Table 2.2
Multimedia Terminology
Media Types
audio generally encompasses image supports the

sounds that are produced by communication of individual
the human speech mechanism pictures, charts, or drawings
text is information that can be

video service carries
entered via a keyboard and is
sequences of pictures in time
directly readable and printable
Table 2.3
Domains of Multimedia Systems

and Example Applications
Multimedia Applications
Information systems Communication
• Information kiosks, systems
electronic books that include • Support collaborative work,
audio and video, and such as videoconferencing
multimedia expert systems
Entertainment Business systems

systems • Business-oriented
• Computer and network multimedia presentations,
games and other forms of video brochures, and online
audiovisual entertainment shopping
Educational systems
• Electronic books with a
multimedia component,
simulation and modeling
applets, and other teaching
support systems
Multimedia Technologies
Some technologies that are relevant to the
support of multimedia applications are:
Compression Communications/networking Protocols Quality of service (QoS)
Refers to the
Can deal with
JPG for still transmission
RTP priority, delay
images and
constraints,
networking
delay
technologies
variability
that can
constraints,
support
and other
MPG for video high-volume SIP similar
multimedia
requirements
traffic

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Data and Computer

Data and Computer Communications, Tenth

Protocol Architecture, TCP/IP, and

3.) The file transfer application on the

• Speed matching and

Agents involved: Examples of

Concerned with the exchange of

Communication tasks are Collects mechanisms in a

Contains logic to support

TCP/IP Protocol Architecture

• Result of protocol research and

• May provide reliable

Each host on a subnetwork must

Each process with a host must have

Services between adjacent layers

• Specify the function to be performed

• Provides a mechanism for transferring messages among separate hosts

File Transfer Protocol (FTP)

Secure Shell (SSH)

• Provides a secure remote logon capability

audio generally encompasses image supports the

text is information that can be

Domains of Multimedia Systems

Entertainment Business systems

Compression Communications/networking Protocols Quality of service (QoS)

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