1.

Given:

W
thermal conductivity k = 0.029 .
m. K

temperature difference ΔT = 10 K

thickness L = 41 mm

area A = (2 m)2

∆T
Part a) heat flux q'' = k =0.029x10/41
L

q'' = 0.07 W/m 2

Part b) heat transfer rate q = q''. A = 0.07x2 = 0.14 W

2. Given : L = 41ft ; r1 = 2 in ; r2 = 2.4 in ; k = 7.2 Btu/h.ft.°F

Tf = 250°F ; h = 1.25 Btu/h ; T2 = 160°F

a. The heat equation and boundary conditions

Heat conduction equation for this problem will be

∂ T e gen 1 ∂ T
2
1 ∂ r ∂T ¿+ 1 ∂ ∂ T
( ( ¿ + + =
r ∂r ∂ r r ∂∅ ∂∅
2
∂z
2
k ∝ ∂t

1 ∂ ∂T
= (r ¿+ ¿1–D + 1–D + No-gen = steady
r ∂r ∂ r

Or, simply

d
r
dr dr( )
dT
=0

The boundary conditions for this problem :

 q r=r 1=−k dT ¿ ¿
 T ( r 2 )=T 2
 T ( r 1 )=T 1

b. Temperature distribution

Integrating the differential equation twice with respect to r yields

 dT C 1
= … … … … ..(i)
dr r

T (r )=c 1 ln r +c 2 … …..( ii)

Subtituting with the boundary conditions to get the integration constants as next

c1 −hr 1
 −k =h ( T f −T 1 ) , c1= ( T f −T 1 )
r1 k
−hr 1 hr 1

k
( T f −T 1 ) ln r 2 +c 2=T 2 , c2 =T 2 +
k
( T f −T 1 ) ln r 2
−hr 1 hr 1

k
( T f −T 1 ) ln r 2 +c 2=T 2 , c2 =T 2 +
k
( T f −T 1 ) ln r 1

Hence,

hr 1 r1
T 1−T 2 +
k
( T f −T 1) ln =0
r2

2
12.5 x
12 2
T 1−160+
7.2
( 250−T 1) ln 2.4 =0

By solving that, we get T 1=¿244.14

Therefore,

2
−12.5 x
12
c 1= x ( 244.14−160 )=−24.31
7.2

2.4
c 2=175+24.31 ln =204.68
12

Subtituting in Eq 2 to get T (r )=204.68−24.31 lnr

c. Heat loss rate

2
Q=h A 1 ( T f −T 1) =12.5 x 2 ᴨ x x 41x (250 – 244.14 ¿=3017.66 Btu/h
12

3. Given : high = 4.1m ; Wide = 2m ; Thickness = 6mm ; K = 0.78W/m.° C

T2 = 24°C ; T1= -5°C ; h1= 10W/m.°C ; h2= 25 78W/m.°C

Answer :
The total thermal resitance per unit area

R" = R" conv, i + R"g + R" conv,o

1 L 1 1 0.006 1
= + + = + + =0.1477 K . m/W
h 1 kg h 0 10 0.78 25

The area normal to the heat transfer

A = 1.2 x 2 = 2.4m 2

a. The daily rate of heat loss through the window in steady operation

∆ T 2.4 x 24 – (−5)
Q=A = =471.23 W
R¿ 0.1477

b. The temperature of the inside surface,

Q 471.23
T s,i = Tꝏ, i - x R"conv,i = 24 - x 0.1 = 4.37 °C
A 2.4

4. Given :

High = 4.1m; wide = 2m; thick = 2x3mm( k= 0.78W/m°C); wide stagnant air space=12mm(0.026W/m°C)

10W 2
T 2=24 ; T 1=−5 ; h 1= 2
; h 2=25W /m
m

Total resistance per unit area

R" = R"conv,I + R"g.i +R"air + R"g.o + R"conv,o

1 L La Lo 1
= + + + +
hi kg Ka kg h 0

1 0.003 0.012 0.003 1 2

= + + + + =0.1+0.00385+ 0.46154+0.00385+ 0.04=0.60924 K . m /W
10 0.78 0.026 0.78 25

Area normal to heat transfer

2
A=4.1 x 2=8.2 m

Daily rate of heat loss through the window in steady operation

∆T
Q= A
R } =8.2 x {24- left (-5 right )} over {0.60942} = 390.207 ¿

The temperature of the inner surface,

 Q
T i=T ∞ ,i− x R } rsub {conv,i} =24- {390.207} over {8.2} x 0.1=19.25 °¿
A

13.

(i) R1=RA = ( kAL ) = (2 )( 0.12

A
0.01
x 1)
=0.04 °
C
W

R2 = R4 =Rc = ( kAL ) = ( 2) ( 0.04

C
0.05
x1)
=0.06 °
C
W

R3 = Rb = ( kAL ) = ( 8) ( 0.04
B
0.05
x 1)
=0.16 °
C
W

R5 = Rd = ( kAL ) = ( 15) ( 0.06

D
0.1
x 1)
=0.011°
C
W

R6 = Re = ( kAL ) = ( 35) ( 0.06

D
0.1
x 1)
=0.05 °
C
W

R7 = Rf = ( kAL ) = ( 2)( 0.12

f
0.06
x 1)
=0.25°
C
W

0.00012 C
Rs = =0.001 °
0.12 W

1 1 1 1 1 1 1
= + + = + + =0.025° C /W
Rmid , 1 R 2 R 3 R 4 0.06 0.16 0.06

1 1 1 1 1
= + = + =0.034 ° C /W
Rmid , 2 R 5 R 6 0.11 0.05

T ∞ 1−T ∞ 2 300−100
Q= = =571.43 W
Rtotal 0.35

height x length 5x 8
(ii) Qtotal=Q = (571.43 ) =190476.67 W
A 0.12 x 1

C
(iii) Rtotal =R 1+ Rmid ,i=0.04 +0.025=0.065 °
W
 T 1−T 300−T
Q= =571.43=
Rtotal 0.065

T = 262.86°C

∆T
(iv) Q=
Rf

∆ T =Q R f =571 x 0.25=142.75 ° C

14. Given : D1= 3 cm; T = 125°C ; k= 180 W/m°C; D2= 6 cm

T = 2mm ; space between fins = 4.1mm; amount of fins per metre length of the tube= 200fins
2
T ∞=27 ° C ; h=60 W /m ° C

Find the increase in heat transfer from the tube per meter of its length as a result of adding fins

Assumptions :

 Steady operating conditions exisit.

 The heat tranfer coefficient is uniform over the entire fin surfaces.
 Thermal conductivity is constant.
 Heat transfer by radiation is negligible.

In the case of no fins, heat transfer from the tube per meter of its length is determined from Newton's
law of cooling to be,
2
Ano fin=π D1 L=π ( 0.03 ) ( 1 )=0.0942 m

Qno fin =h A no fin (T b −T ∞)

Qno fin =60 x 0.0942 ( 125−27 )=554 W

The efficiency of the circular fins attached to a circular tube is plotted in Figure 3.21. Noting that L =
½(D2– D1) = ½ (0.06 – 0.03) = 0.015m in this case, we have

1
r 2+ t 0.003+ 1 002
2 = 2 ()
=2.07
r1 0.015

( L+ 12 t ) √ kth =(0.015+ 2 ( 0.002 ) ) √ ( 180 ) ( 0.002 )

1 60
=2.07

Hence, n fin=0.95
A fin=2 π ( ( 0.03 )2−( 0.015 )2 ) +2 π (0.03)(0.002)
2
A fin=0.00462 m

Qfin =n fin Qfinmax =nfin h A fin (T b−T ∞ )

Qfin =0.95 ( 60 ) ( 0.00462 ) ( 125−27 )=25.8 W

Noting that the space between the two fins is 3 mm, heat transfer from the unfinned portion of the tube
is
2
Aunfin=π D1 S=π ( 0.03 ) ( 0.0041 )=0.000 38622 m

Qunfin=hA unfin ( T b −T ∞ )=60 ( 0.00038622 ) ( 125−27 )=2.27 W

Noting that there are 200 fins and thus 200 interfin spacings per meter length of the tube, the total heat
transfer from the finned tube becomes

Qtotal , fin=n ( Q fin +Qunfin )=200 (25.8+2.27)=5614W

Therefore, the increase in the heat transfer from the tube per meter of its length as a result of the
addition of fins is

Qincrease =Qtotal , fin−Qno fin =5492−554=4938W ( per m of tubelength )

The overall effectiveness of the finned tube is

Q total ,fin 5492

ε fin, overall= = =9.91
Qtotal , no fin 554

That is, the rate of heat transfer from the steam tube increases by a factor of almost 10 as a result of
adding fins. This explains the widespread use of the finned surface.