Manufacturing Industries Notes - Part 1

Class 10
Geography
Chapter 6 - Manufacturing Industries
I. Importance of Manufacturing:
A. Manufacturing sector is considered the backbone of development in general and

economic development because-
 Manufacturing industries help in modernizing agriculture.

 They reduce the heavy dependence of people on agricultural income by
providing them jobs in secondary and tertiary sectors.
 Helps in eradication of unemployment and poverty.
 Helps in bringing down regional disparities by establishing industries in tribal
and backward areas.
 Exports of manufactured goods expand trade and commerce and bring much-
needed foreign exchange.
 India should convert its raw materials into a wide variety of furnished goods in
order to prosper.
B. Agriculture and Industry go hand-in-hand. For example, in agro-industries,

agriculture helps industries by providing raw materials and industries provide
products such as irrigation pumps, fertilizers, pesticides, etc.
C. We can compete with international markets, if our manufactured products are at

par in quality with international products.
II. Contribution of Industry to National Economy:
The desired growth rate for industry is 12 percent in the coming decade. The National
Manufacturing Competitiveness Council (NMCC) has been set up with this objective.
Government Policy interventions and renewed efforts by the industry for productivity
will help manufacturing achieve its desired growth rate.
III. Industrial Location:

Industries are not found everywhere. They are located at certain places only where
they get favorable conditions to thrive. Industrial Location is governed mainly by the
following factors:
 Raw Materials
 Source of Energy
 Source of Water
 Availability of Capital and Finance
 Demand in Market
 Skilled Labourers and Workers
 Banking and Insurance
 Transport and Communication
Many industries come together at urban centers to make use of the advantages. These
are known as “agglomeration economies”.
IV. Types or Classification of Manufacturing Industries:
A] On the basis of Raw Materials:

1. Agro Based: Those industries where raw materials come from agriculture, e.g.
Cotton, Woolen, Jute, Silk Textiles, Sugar, Tea, Edible Oil
2. Mineral Based: Those industries where minerals are used as raw materials, e.g. Iron
& Steel, Cement, Aluminum, Machine Tools etc.
B] On the basis of their Main Role:

1. Basic Industries: Those industries which provide raw material to other industries
are called basic industries. These industries help the development of other industries,
e.g. Iron and Steel, Copper and Aluminum Smelting
2. Consumer Industries: Those industries which produce goods for consumers are
called consumer industries. Finished goods of these industries are directly sold in the
market for consumers, e.g. Sugar, Toothpaste, Soap, Bread, Paper etc.
C] On the basis of Capital Investment:

1. Small Scale Industries: Those industries where investment of capital is less than
Rupees one crore are called as small scale industries, e.g. Mat, Furniture, Toys, Bread,
Tools etc.
2. Large Scale Industries: Those industries where investment of capital is more than
Rupees one crore are called as large scale industries, e.g. Iron & Steel,
Petrochemicals, Cotton Textiles etc.
D] On the basis of Ownership:
1. Public Sector: These industries are owned, operated and maintained by Govt. e.g.
BHEL, SAIL, IISCO
2. Private Sector: These industries are owned, operated and maintained by individual
or group of individuals, e.g. TISCO, Bajaj Auto Ltd., etc.
3. Joint Sector: These industries are jointly run by Govt. and group of individuals. It is
mixture of public and private sector, e.g. Oil India Ltd. [OIL].
4. Cooperative Sector: These industries are owned, operated and maintained by

supplier of raw materials and workers of the industries, e.g. Sugar industries in
Maharashtra, Coir industries in Kerala.
E] On the basis of Finished Goods [Output]:

1. Heavy Industries: Those industries which use heavy and bulky raw materials and
produce heavy goods in large quantity are called heavy industries, e.g. Iron and Steel,
Copper Smelting.
2. Light Industries: Those industries which use light and small raw materials and
produce light goods are called light industries, e.g. Electrical, Toys, Tools, and
Utensils etc.
V. Agro-Based Industries:
Cotton Textile Industry:

 It is an agro-based and the oldest industry in India.
 First cotton mill was established in 1854 in Mumbai.
 At present, it the largest industry in our country. There are about 1600 cotton
textile mills in our country. Cotton textile mills are mainly concentrated in
Maharashtra and Gujarat due to favorable conditions. Important centers are
Mumbai, Pune, Ahmedabad, Surat, Rajkot etc. Other centers are Agra, Kanpur,
Hugli, Chennai, Madurai etc.
 Cotton textile is produced by three methods in India: a) Handloom, b) Power-
looms and c) Mills
 Cotton textile industry involves ginning, spinning, weaving, dyeing, designing,
tailoring and packaging to produce readymade garments.
 India exports yarn and readymade garments to USA, Japan, UK, France, Nepal,
Sri Lanka etc.
 Cotton textile industries are facing many problems such as: a) scarcity of good
quality cotton, b) main cotton growing area went to Pakistan, c) old machinery,
d) erratic power supply, e) low productivity of labour, f) tough competition
from synthetic fibers.
Jute Textiles and its problems:

 India is the largest producer of raw jute and jute goods. There are about 70 jute
mills in our country.
 First jute mill was setup in Rishra [Kolkata] in 1859.
 Most of the jute mills are located along Hugli River in West Bengal due to
favorable conditions. Jute is used in making rope, bags, carpets etc. Bihar, UP,
Assam and Tripura also have jute mills.
 Jute industries are facing problems like: a) main jute producing area went to
Bangladesh, b) high production cost, c) declining demand of jute in
international market, d) tough competition from synthetic fiber industry.
Jute industries are located mainly along Hooghly River because:

There are 69 jute mills located in a 2 km broad belt along Hooghly River.
This area provides many favorable conditions required for this industry.
a) Raw jute is available for West Bengal. West Bengal is the largest producer of jute.
b) Coal for energy is brought from nearby Raniganj Coalfields.
c) Hooghly River provides water for washing and cleaning jute.
d) Warm and humid climate is very favorable for cultivation of jute.
e) Kolkata is a metro city which provides capital and market.
f) Hooghly River also provides cheap water transport.
Sugar industry:
Earlier UP and Bihar were the main producers of sugarcane. Therefore, most of the
sugar mills were located in these two states only. But now, sugar mills are shifting
towards Maharashtra and Karnataka because:
a) Per hectare production of sugarcane is higher in southern India. Black soil is quite
suitable for cultivation of sugarcane.
b) Sucrose content in the sugarcane is higher in Maharashtra and Karnataka. It means

more sugar can be produced for less sugarcane.
c) Mills and machines are new in southern states. New and modern machines increase
the productivity.
d) Crushing season for sugarcane is longer in southern states.
e) Cooperative sugar mills are running successfully in southern states.
VI Mineral Based Industries:
Iron & Steel Industry and its problems:

 This industry is called as basic industry because it provides raw material to
many other industries such as machine tools, transport equipment, construction
material etc.
 It is also called as heavy industry because raw materials [iron ore, coal,
limestone] are bulky in nature.
 Iron ore mixed with limestone is smelted in the blast furnace using coking coal
to produce pig iron. The ratio of iron ore, limestone and coking coal used in
4:2:1. Pig iron is mixed with manganese, chromium and nickel which make it
more stronger steel.
 Most of the steel plants are located in Chotanagpur region due to its favourable
conditions.
 Important integrated steel plants are Jamshedpur, Durgapur, Bokaro, Bhilai,
Burnpur etc.
 India produces about 33 million tons of steel every year even though per capita
consumption of steel is very low i.e. 32 kg. It is low because India has low
economic and industrial development.
 Today steel industries in India are facing many problems: a) High cost of
production, b) Limited availability of coking coal, c) Low productivity of
labour, d) Irregular supply of energy, e) Raw materials are found in a certain
pockets of India only, f) Poor infrastructure like transport and communication
etc.
VII Industrial Pollution and Environmental Degradation:
a) Air pollution is caused by the emission of CO2, Carbon Monoxide, Sulphur

Dioxide etc. Chimneys of the industries produce heat leading to Global Warming and
Green House Effect. The use of CFC in various industrial products depletes ozone
layer which filters ultraviolet rays of the sun.
b) Dumping of organic and inorganic industrial waste into water bodies pollutes the
water. Industries which produce paper, pulp, chemical, leather, acids, dyes, fertilizers
etc generate lots of toxic waste which kills the aquatic life.
c) High intensity sound generated by running machines, sirens, drilling, fans etc leads
to noise pollution. It causes irritation, hearing impairment, heart attack etc. among the
nearby residents.
d) Mining activity to get raw material for industries also degrades the environment.
Land degradation, deforestation, soil erosion, water logging etc. are the results of
mining activities.
VIII Measurement [Methods] for Controlling Environmental Pollution and

Degradation:
a) Industries should be located with careful planning and better design.
b) Quantity of smoke can be reduced by using oil instead of coal.
c) Non-conventional sources of energy should be used instead of fossil fuels.
d) Modern equipment should be used which controls, filters and separates harmful
materials from the waste.
e) Waste water should be properly treated before discharging into rivers.
f) Land filling method should be adopted for dumping of waste.
g) Polluting industries should be located away from towns and cities.

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Class 10

A. Manufacturing sector is considered the backbone of development in general and

 Manufacturing industries help in modernizing agriculture.

B. Agriculture and Industry go hand-in-hand. For example, in agro-industries,

C. We can compete with international markets, if our manufactured products are at

II. Contribution of Industry to National Economy:

III. Industrial Location:

IV. Types or Classification of Manufacturing Industries:

A] On the basis of Raw Materials:

B] On the basis of their Main Role:

C] On the basis of Capital Investment:

4. Cooperative Sector: These industries are owned, operated and maintained by

E] On the basis of Finished Goods [Output]:

Cotton Textile Industry:

Jute Textiles and its problems:

Jute industries are located mainly along Hooghly River because:

b) Sucrose content in the sugarcane is higher in Maharashtra and Karnataka. It means

e) Cooperative sugar mills are running successfully in southern states.

VI Mineral Based Industries:

Iron & Steel Industry and its problems:

VII Industrial Pollution and Environmental Degradation:

a) Air pollution is caused by the emission of CO2, Carbon Monoxide, Sulphur

VIII Measurement [Methods] for Controlling Environmental Pollution and

b) Quantity of smoke can be reduced by using oil instead of coal.

c) Non-conventional sources of energy should be used instead of fossil fuels.

e) Waste water should be properly treated before discharging into rivers.

f) Land filling method should be adopted for dumping of waste.

g) Polluting industries should be located away from towns and cities.

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