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    Lecture 4

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    The temperature rise of 473°C through the aerated concrete slab is unreasonable because concrete cannot withstand such a high temperature without degradation. The properties used in the calculation may not apply at that temperature range. The reasonable solutions are aluminum, mild steel, stainless steel, and dense concrete since the temperature rises are within reasonable operating ranges for those materials. Aerated concrete has too low of a thermal conductivity to provide an accurate solution with the given conditions.

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    Lecture 4

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    The temperature rise of 473°C through the aerated concrete slab is unreasonable because concrete cannot withstand such a high temperature without degradation. The properties used in the calculation may not apply at that temperature range. The reasonable solutions are aluminum, mild steel, stainless steel, and dense concrete since the temperature rises are within reasonable operating ranges for those materials. Aerated concrete has too low of a thermal conductivity to provide an accurate solution with the given conditions.

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    The temperature rise of 473°C through the aerated concrete slab is unreasonable because concrete cannot withstand such a high temperature without degradation. The properties used in the calculation may not apply at that temperature range. The reasonable solutions are aluminum, mild steel, stainless steel, and dense concrete since the temperature rises are within reasonable operating ranges for those materials. Aerated concrete has too low of a thermal conductivity to provide an accurate solution with the given conditions.

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    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
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    10 views24 pages

    Lecture 4

    Uploaded by

    ssaalleehh340
    The temperature rise of 473°C through the aerated concrete slab is unreasonable because concrete cannot withstand such a high temperature without degradation. The properties used in the calculation may not apply at that temperature range. The reasonable solutions are aluminum, mild steel, stainless steel, and dense concrete since the temperature rises are within reasonable operating ranges for those materials. Aerated concrete has too low of a thermal conductivity to provide an accurate solution with the given conditions.

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    Heat Transfer I

    Lecture 4
    CONTENTS

    Thermal resistance network (multilayer plane walls).

    Generalized thermal resistance networks.

    Thermal contact resistance.

    Thermal diffusivity.

    Solved examples.
    OBJECTIVES

    Develop a good awareness of thermal resistance network in multilayer plane


    walls as well as the generalized thermal resistance networks.

    Develop an intuitive understanding of thermal contact resistance, and


    circumstances under which it may be significant.
    Solve various heat transfer problems encountered in practice.
    Refreshment

    What is the difference between thermal conductivity and thermal


    resistance of a substance?

    What are the factors which affect the value of thermal resistance?

    Is it possible to compare heat transfer to current flow in


    electrical circuits? Explain how !

    The value of the thermal resistance depends on the geometry and the thermal
    properties of the substance in a specific problem.
    Thermal Resistance Network
    Multilayer
    Plane Walls

    The thermal resistance


    network for heat transfer
    through a two-layer plane
    wall subjected to convection
    on both sides.
    Generalized thermal resistance networks

    Thermal resistance network


    for two parallel layers.
    Two assumptions in solving complex
    multidimensional heat transfer problems by
    treating them as one-dimensional using the
    thermal resistance network are:
    1- any plane wall normal to the x-axis is
    isothermal (i.e., to assume the temperature to
    vary in the x-direction only)
    2- any plane parallel to the x-axis is adiabatic
    (i.e., to assume heat transfer to occur in the x-
    direction only) Thermal resistance network for
    combined series-parallel arrangement.
    Thermal Contact Resistance

    Contact resistance occurs in thermal conduction between two attached solids. In such
    case, there is always a gap between the two solids due to surface roughness.
    (No two solid surfaces ever form perfect thermal contact when they are pressed together)
    The only exception is when surfaces in contact are mirror finished.
    The gap between the two surfaces of solids in contact is filled with stagnant air, which is
    a poor conductor of heat.

    Fig.: Heat transfer through the contact plane between two solid (a) Contacting surfaces of two solids, (b)
    surfaces. temperature drop due to imperfect contact
     When two such surfaces are
    pressed against each other,
    the peaks form good
    material contact but the
    valleys form voids filled
    with air.
     These numerous air gaps of
    varying sizes act as
    insulation because of the
    low thermal conductivity of
    air.
     Thus, an interface offers
    some resistance to heat
    transfer, and this resistance
    per unit interface area is Temperature distribution and heat flow lines
    called the thermal contact along two solid plates pressed against each other
    resistance, Rc. for the case of perfect and imperfect contact.
    The contact resistance depends on:

     surface roughness,
     material properties,
     temperature and pressure at the interface of the composite solids,
     type of fluid filling the gap (at the interface).

    Thermal contact resistance is significant and can even dominate the heat
    transfer for good heat conductors such as metals, but can be disregarded
    for poor heat conductors such as insulations.
    The thermal contact resistance can be
    minimized by applying
    o a thermal grease such as silicon oil
    o a better conducting gas such as helium
    or hydrogen
    o a soft metallic foil such as tin, silver,
    copper, nickel, or aluminum

    Effect of metallic coatings on


    thermal contact conductance
    The interfacial conductance, hc, shold be placed
    in series with the conducting materials on either
    side.
    (The coefficient hc is similar to a heat transfer
    coefficient and has the same units, W/m2.K).

    If ∆T is the temperature difference across an interface of area A, then:


    q = A hc ∆T, it follows that:
    q = ∆T/Rth, and the contact resistance is qual to:
    Rth = 1/ hc A (K/W)
    The thermal contact conductance is highest (and thus the contact resistance is lowest)
    for soft metals with smooth surfaces at high pressure.
    Example 5:

    Heat flows thro’ two stainless steel slabs (k = 18 W/m.K) that are pressed together. The
    slab area is A = 1 m2. How thick must the slabs be for contact resistance to be ignored?

    Solution:

    The total equivalent resistance found by adding these resistances, which are in series:

    Rthe quiv = (L/kA) + (1/ hc A) + (L/kA)

    = 1/A[(L/18) + (1/ hc) + (L/18)]

    Using table (1-3), if we take hc = 3000 W/m.K,

    2L/18 must be ˃˃ 1/3000 = 0.00033, thus:

    L must be larger compared to 18(0.00033)/2 = 0.003 m if contact resistance is to be


    ignored.
    Thermal diffusivity

    Thermal diffusivity is a property characterizing the flow of heat thro’


    materials and is related to thermal conductivity. Represents how fast heat
    diffuses through a material.

    Where:
    cp Specific heat, J/kg · °C: Heat capacity per unit
    mass
    cp Heat capacity, J/m3·°C: Heat capacity per unit
    volume
     Thermal diffusivity, m2/s: the ratio of thermal
    conduction to thermal capacitance.

    The thermal diffusivity indicates the ability of a material to transfer thermal


    energy relative to its ability to store it.
    A large value for α indicates that the substance
    is more effective in transferring than in storing
    energy.

    A material that has a high thermal conductivity


    or a low heat capacity will obviously have a
    large thermal diffusivity.
    The larger the thermal diffusivity, the faster
    the propagation of heat into the medium.

    A small value for α indicates that the substance


    has a higher potential to store energy than to
    transfer it.

    A small value of thermal diffusivity means that


    heat is mostly absorbed by the material and a
    small amount of heat is conducted further.
    .
    Example 6:

    The heat flux in 1 cm slab is equal to 5000 W/m2 and the temperature on the cold side
    is equal to 140 °C. Tabulate the temperature drop thro’ the slab if it is made of:

    • 1\ Aluminum

    • 2\ Mild steel (0.5% carbon); (‫)الفوالذ الطري‬

    • 3\ Stainless steel; (‫)الفوالذ المقاوم للصدأ‬

    • 4\ Dense concrete

    • 5\ Aerated concrete

    Discuss your answer; then indicate which situation would be unreasonable and why.
    Solution:

    First we assume one dimensional heat conduction, then using Fourier’s equation and
    the values of thermal conductivities from table (1-1):
    q = – k*dT/dx = – k*∆T/∆x = – k*∆T/L
    | ∆T| = – q*L/k
    L = 1 cm = 0.01 m
    Assume the temperature on the hot side = T

    1\ If the slab is made of aluminum:


    |T – 140| = 5000*0.01/236 = – 0.2
    → T = 140 + 0.2 = 140.2 °C

    Tabulation of the temperature drop thro’ aluminum slab is shown above:


    2\ If the slab is made of mild steel:

    |T – 140| = 5000*0.01/50 = 1

    → T = 140 + 1 = 141 °C

    Tabulation of the temperature drop thro’ mild steel slab is shown below:
    3\ If the slab is made of stainless steel:

    |T – 140| = 5000*0.01/14 = 3.6

    → T = 140 + 3.6 = 143.6 °C

    Tabulation of the temperature drop thro’ stainless steel slab is shown below:
    4\ If the slab is made of dense concrete:

    |T – 140| = 5000*0.01/1.4 = 35.7

    → T = 140 + 35.7 = 175.7 °C

    Tabulation of the temperature drop thro’ dense concrete slab is shown below:
    5\ If the slab is made of aerated concrete:

    |T – 140| = 5000*0.01/0.15 = 333.3

    → T = 140 + 333.3 = 473 °C

    Tabulation of the temperature drop thro’ aerated concrete slab is shown below:

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