The document discusses thermal and hydroelectric power plants. It describes the typical components of a coal-fired thermal power plant including the boiler, turbine, condenser, and cooling tower. It also lists commonly used fuels and their calorific values. Key considerations for selecting a power plant site include proximity to load centers, water availability, land requirements, and transportation access. Advantages include low-cost fuel while disadvantages include air pollution emissions. Pollution control technologies like SCR and FGD are also outlined.
The document discusses thermal and hydroelectric power plants. It describes the typical components of a coal-fired thermal power plant including the boiler, turbine, condenser, and cooling tower. It also lists commonly used fuels and their calorific values. Key considerations for selecting a power plant site include proximity to load centers, water availability, land requirements, and transportation access. Advantages include low-cost fuel while disadvantages include air pollution emissions. Pollution control technologies like SCR and FGD are also outlined.
The document discusses thermal and hydroelectric power plants. It describes the typical components of a coal-fired thermal power plant including the boiler, turbine, condenser, and cooling tower. It also lists commonly used fuels and their calorific values. Key considerations for selecting a power plant site include proximity to load centers, water availability, land requirements, and transportation access. Advantages include low-cost fuel while disadvantages include air pollution emissions. Pollution control technologies like SCR and FGD are also outlined.
The document discusses thermal and hydroelectric power plants. It describes the typical components of a coal-fired thermal power plant including the boiler, turbine, condenser, and cooling tower. It also lists commonly used fuels and their calorific values. Key considerations for selecting a power plant site include proximity to load centers, water availability, land requirements, and transportation access. Advantages include low-cost fuel while disadvantages include air pollution emissions. Pollution control technologies like SCR and FGD are also outlined.
2/7/2024 Professor Dr S M Abdur Razzak, EEE, RUET 2
Commonly used Fuels Fuel type (Solid/Liquid/Gas) Calorific Value (kcal/kg) 1 Lignite 5000 2 Bituminous coal 7600 3 Anthracite coal 8500 4 Heavy Oil 11000 5 Diesel 11000 6 Petrol 11110 7 Natural gas 520 kcal/m3
*One kg Uranium (U235) produces heat equivalent to 4500 tons of high grade coal. Calorific value- amount of heat produced by complete burning of a unit weight of fuel.
2/7/2024 Professor Dr S M Abdur Razzak, EEE, RUET 3
Selection of site • Nearness to the Load Centre • Supply of Water • Availability of Coal- 20,000 tonnes per day for a 2,000 MW station • Land Requirement-For a 2,000 MW plant, the land requirement may be of the order of 200-250 acres. • Type of Land- Total load of the order 7 kg per sq. cm • Transportation Facilities • Ash Disposal- ash pond • Distance from Populated Area
2/7/2024 Professor Dr S M Abdur Razzak, EEE, RUET 4
Advantages of coal based power plant
• The Fuel (coal ) is quite cheap.
• Less initial cost require as compared to other generating stations. • A thermal power plant can be installed at any place where the existence of coal and water. • Fuel ( coal ) can be transported to the plant by rail or road. • It requires less space as compared to the hydroelectric power station. • Power plant depends on coal which is steady in supply.
2/7/2024 Professor Dr S M Abdur Razzak, EEE, RUET 5
Disadvantages • Huge emission of COx, SOx and NOx in the atmosphere. • Exhausted gases harms outside environment badly. • Low overall efficiency. • Thermal engines requires huge amount of lubricating oil that is very expensive. • Need water for cooling purpose. • Requires comparatively larger duration before it supply generated power to the grid. • This type of power station ultimately responsible for raise in sea water level.
2/7/2024 Professor Dr S M Abdur Razzak, EEE, RUET 6
Pollutants control
SCR-Selective catalytic reduction
FGD-Flue gas desulfurization
2/7/2024 Professor Dr S M Abdur Razzak, EEE, RUET 7
Pollutant control technologies • In SCR systems, ammonia vapor is used as the reducing agent and is injected into the flue gas stream, passing over a catalyst. NOx emission reductions over 80-90% are achieved. The optimum temperature is usually between 300°C and 400°C. This is normally the flue gas temperature at the economizer outlet. • Electro Static Precipitators (ESP) are used to knock down the ash particles from the hot flue gas through a high voltage charge creating a transverse motion of the particles and getting attached to the collecting electrode. • Wet scrubbing FGD uses either a slurry of alkaline sorbent, usually limestone or lime, or seawater to scrub gases; Spray- dry scrubbing using similar sorbent slurries; Wet sulfuric acid process recovering sulfur in the form of commercial quality sulfuric acid; Dry sorbent injection systems that introduce powdered hydrated lime (or other sorbent material) into exhaust ducts to eliminate SO2 from process emissions. 2/7/2024 Professor Dr S M Abdur Razzak, EEE, RUET 8 Supercritical Steam Technology • In a Supercritical coal plant the working fluid water works as a supercritical fluid, meaning it is neither a liquid or a gas. • Critical point is reached under high pressures and temperatures, specifically at 22 MPa and 374oC. • The water’s latent heat of vaporization starts to decrease until it reaches zero at the critical point. • Amount of energy needed to change the water into steam becomes less and less. • Instant water's vaporization phase change. • This reduces the amount of heat transfer to the water that is normally needed in a conventional coal plant, therefore, less coal is used to heat the same amount of water. • This increases the plant's thermal efficiency by a considerable amount.
2/7/2024 Professor Dr S M Abdur Razzak, EEE, RUET 9
Efficiency of Steam Power Plants
2/7/2024 Professor Dr S M Abdur Razzak, EEE, RUET 10
Coal-Fired Power Plants Capacity Name Location Coal Type Plant type Year (MW)
Barapukuria Durgapur, 525 Anthracite Power Station Dinajpur Rampal Rampal Ultra Super Upazila, 1320 Sub-bituminous Power Station Critical Bagerhat Maheshkhali Matarbari Ultra Super Upazila, 1200 Sub-bituminous 2024 Power Station Critical Cox's Bazar COD Payra Kalapara Ultra Super done on Thermal Upazila, 1320 Sub-bituminous Critical Dec Power Plant Patuakhali 08,2020
2/7/2024 Professor Dr S M Abdur Razzak, EEE, RUET 11
Diesel engine plants
• Peak load plant
• Mobile plant • Standby unit • Emergency plant • Nursery station • Starting station • Central stations- where the capacity required is small.
2/7/2024 Professor Dr S M Abdur Razzak, EEE, RUET 12
Gas turbine plants Features • Low capital cost • Reliability and flexibility • Quick starting • Wide variety of fuels Components • Compressor • Combustion chamber • Turbine Low weight per unit power, suitable for aviation and navigation
2/7/2024 Professor Dr S M Abdur Razzak, EEE, RUET 13
2/7/2024 Professor Dr S M Abdur Razzak, EEE, RUET 14
Characteristics of ideal working fluid • High critical temperature so that the saturation pressure at the maximum permissible temperature is relatively low. • The saturation pressure at the temperature of heat rejection should be above atmospheric pressure to avoid maintaining vacuum in the condenser. • The specific heat of the liquid should be small so that little heat transfer is required to raise to the boiling point. • The freezing point should be below room temperature to avoid solidification when flowing through pipelines. • Chemically stable, should not contaminate the material. • It should be non toxic, non corrosive, not excessively viscous, and low in cost.
2/7/2024 Professor Dr S M Abdur Razzak, EEE, RUET 15
Binary and Tertiary Cycles • No single fluid meets all the requirements, therefore, two cycles are used for better efficiency • Two cycles with different working fluids are coupled in series • The heat rejected by one being utilized in the other • Water is better than any other working fluid but at high temperature aluminum bromide, diphenyl ether and liquid metals like Hg, sodium, potassium shows better performance. • Examples: Hg-steam binary cycle, Hg for high temperature (topping cycle) and steam for low temperature (bottoming cycle). • Hg-steam-sulphur dioxide tertiary cycles • Rankine-Rankine coupled cycles is an example of binary vapor cycle.
2/7/2024 Professor Dr S M Abdur Razzak, EEE, RUET 16
Combined Cycle power plants
• The maximum steam temperature in a power cycle does
not exceed 6000C although the temperature of the coal furnace is about 13000C. • By superposing a high temperature power plant as a topping unit to the steam plant, a higher efficiency can be achieved. • Therefore combined cycle, two different thermodynamic cycles are combined, e.g. Brayton-Rankine cycles. • Examples: GT-ST combined cycle power plant.
2/7/2024 Professor Dr S M Abdur Razzak, EEE, RUET 17
Advantages of combined cycle
• High overall plant efficiency- exceeding 50%
• Low investment cost- 2/3 of the output is produced in a GT and only 1/3 is produced in ST, investment cost is 30% less than those for a conventional steam power plant. • Small amount of water requirement- 40-50% of the water required for ST plants. • Great operational flexibility- start up time reduces • Phased installation- GT can go into operation while ST is in construction phase. • Low environmental impact.
2/7/2024 Professor Dr S M Abdur Razzak, EEE, RUET 18
GT-ST combined cycle plant
2/7/2024 Professor Dr S M Abdur Razzak, EEE, RUET 19
Hydroelectric Power Plant Impulse turbine • Pelton wheel Reaction turbine • Kaplan turbine • Francis turbine
2/7/2024 Professor Dr S M Abdur Razzak, EEE, RUET 20
Selection of Hydro Plant
• Availability of water • Water storage facility • Water head • Availability of land • Transportation facility • Distance from the load center • Pond requirement
2/7/2024 Professor Dr S M Abdur Razzak, EEE, RUET 21
Kaptai Lake
2/7/2024 Professor Dr S M Abdur Razzak, EEE, RUET 22
2/7/2024 Professor Dr S M Abdur Razzak, EEE, RUET 23 Advantages of Hydro electric Plant • Neat and clean as there is no smoke or ash disposal requirement. • Low operating and maintenance cost • It is very reliable, robust and has a longer life 45 to 60 years. • This plant can start instantly and it can start with fluctuating load demand. • The efficiency does not fall at the age of this plant. • There is no standby loss in this plant. • At the initial time of construction highly skilled engineers are required and after that only few experience persons can run the plant. • This plant also serves to help in irrigation and Flood control • Since this plants are located at remote area, land is available at competitively cheaper rates. 2/7/2024 Professor Dr S M Abdur Razzak, EEE, RUET 24 Disadvantages
• Requires large land area
• High construction cost due to construction of dam. • Skilled engineers are required to build this plant • Long transmission line is required to transmit this hydroelectric power. • It doesn't supply constant hydroelectricity due to the availability of water. • Pond reserve may be necessary in dry session
2/7/2024 Professor Dr S M Abdur Razzak, EEE, RUET 25
Impulse vs reaction turbine
2/7/2024 Professor Dr S M Abdur Razzak, EEE, RUET 26
Comparison of turbines
Pelton wheel Francis Turbine Kaplan/propeller
Flow Tangential, single Radial, single Axial, single stage, stage, impulse stage, reaction reaction Capacity Max 250MW 720MW 225MW Head 100-1750 m 30-550 m 1.3-77.5 m RPM 75-1000 30-550 72-600 Efficiency 85-90% 90-94% 85-93% Specific speed 6-60 50-400 280-1100 No of Jets 1 to 6 Fixed Fixed for propeller, adjustable for Kaplan
2/7/2024 Professor Dr S M Abdur Razzak, EEE, RUET 27
Hydroelectric power Hydraulic Power, P gqh Where, g is 9.81 m/s2 (acceleration due to gravity), ρ is the water density, 1000kg/m3, q is the flow or discharge rate, m3/sec and h is the water head in m.
The electrical energy in kWh can then be expressed as-
W 9.811000 qht 9.81qht Wh P 9.81(qh / t ) 10 3 kW Where, t is operating time in hours and η is the efficiency of the turbine generator
2/7/2024 Professor Dr S M Abdur Razzak, EEE, RUET 28
Problems • An proposed hydroelectric power plant has the following data: available head = 27m, catchment area 430 sq-km, rainfall = 150cm/year, rainfall utilized = 65%, penstock efficiency = 95%, Turbine efficiency = 80%, generator efficiency = 86%, and load factor = 0.45. Calculate the power developed, suggest suitable turbine, peak load capacity, unit capacity if two equal units are proposed, and the capacity of the units. • Solution: Water available per year = 430×106m2×1.50m×0.65= 419.25×106m3 Water available per second, q =13.29m3 Power developed = 0.95×0.8×0.86×1000×13.29×27×9.81×10-3 kW=2300kW Maximum (peak) Power = 2300/0.45= 5111 kW Capacity of each unit = 5111/(2×0.86) = 2971.5kW. Kaplan turbine.
2/7/2024 Professor Dr S M Abdur Razzak, EEE, RUET 29
Problems • The discharge data from a hydroelectric site is tabulated below, find the power developed if the head available is 90m and overall efficiency of generation is 86%. Month Mean discharge Month Mean discharge (Million m3) (Million m3) January 30 July 80 February 25 August 100 March 20 September 110 April 0 October 65 May 10 November 45 June 50 December 30
2/7/2024 Professor Dr S M Abdur Razzak, EEE, RUET 30
Types of Hydroelectric Power Plants
• IMPOUNDMENT
2/7/2024 Professor Dr S M Abdur Razzak, EEE, RUET 31
Types of Hydroelectric Power Plants
• DIVERSION
2/7/2024 Professor Dr S M Abdur Razzak, EEE, RUET 32
Types of Hydroelectric Power Plants
• PUMPED STORAGE •
2/7/2024 Professor Dr S M Abdur Razzak, EEE, RUET 33
2/7/2024 Professor Dr S M Abdur Razzak, EEE, RUET 34
