Chapter 4,5 –Magnetic effects of current and magnetism

TWO MARKS QUESTIONS

Q1. A coil of 200 turns has a cross-sectional area 900mm2. It carries a current of 2A. The
plane of the coil is perpendicular to a uniform field of 0.5T. Calculate (i) the
magnetic moment of the coil and (ii) the torque acting on the coil.
−6 2
Ans. (i) Magnetic moment, m=NIA=200 x 2 x 900 x 1 0 =0.36 A m
m× ⃗
o
( ii ) Torque, τ=⃗ B =mB sin θ=0.36 × 0.5 ×sin 0 =0
Q2 A circular coil of closely wound N turns and radius r carries a current I. Write the
expressions for the following :
(i) the magnetic field at its centre
(ii) the magnetic moment of this coil
Ans. Answer:
(i) The magnetic field at the centre of a circular coil of N turns and radius r carrying
a current, I is
B=μ o∋ ¿ ¿
2r
(ii) Magnetic moment, M =NIA=NIπ r 2
Q3. Two identical coils each of radius R and having number of turns N are lying in
perpendicular
planes, such that they have common centre. Find the magnetic field at the centre of
the coils, if they carry currents equal to I and √ 3I respectively.
Ans. Magnetic fields produced by the two coils at their common
centre are
μ N √3 I
B1=μ0 ∋ ¿ ∧B2= 0 ¿
2R 2R
The planes of the two coils are perpendicular to each other.
So, the fields B1 and B2 will also be perpendicular to each
other, as shown in Fig.
The resultant field at the common centre is
B=√ B1+ B 2=√ ¿ ¿ ¿
2 2

Q4. A uniform magnetic field gets modified as shown in the figure, when two specimens
X and Y are placed in it.

(i) Identify the two specimens X and Y.

(ii) State the reason for modification of the field lines in X and Y.

Ans (i) X- diamagnetic, Y - Paramagnetic/ferromagnetic

 (ii) Diamagnetic materials have permeabilities less than 1 (one) and have negative
susceptibility. Their atoms and molecules do not have permanent dipole moment.
The field lines get expelled in them.
Paramagnetic or Ferromagnetic materials have permeability more than one and
susceptibility positive.Their atoms and molecules have permanent dipole moment.
So the field lines get concentrated in them.
Q5. How can a moving coil galvanometer be converted into an ammeter. A
galvanometer gives a full scale deflection with the current I g . Can it be converted
into an ammeter of range I < I g? Why?
Ans A galvanometer is converted into an ammeter by connecting a low resistance R s
(shunt) in parallel with the galvanometer. If the full scale deflection of the
galvanometer occurs for current I g and ammeter is to have range 0 – I, then
I g Rg
R s=
I −I g
For I < I g, the above formula gives a negative value of R s. Hence it cannot be
converted into an ammeter of range I < I g
THREE AND FIVE MARKS QUESTIONS

Q6. A charge q moving in a straight line is accelerated by a potential difference V. It

enters a uniform magnetic field B perpendicular to its path. Deduce in terms of V an
expression for the radius of the circular path in which it travels.
Ans The kinetic energy gained by charged particle, E=qV
i.e.
1 2
m v =qV
2
v=
√ 2 qV
m
When a charged particle enters in perpendicular magnetic field, it experiences a
magnetic force which provides centripetal force for circular path, so
2
mv mv
=qvB∨r=
r qB
¿r=
qB √
m 2 qV
m
r=
B √
1 2mV
q
Q7. State Ampere’s circuital law. Derive an expression for the magnetic intensity at a
point due to a current carrying straight wire of infinite length.
Ans Ampere’s law states that this integral is equal to μ o times the total current passing
through the surface. i.e. ∮ ⃗
B.⃗dl=μ0 I

Let a long straight conductor of infinite length carry current I.

Now, to find the magnetic intensity at a point ‘P’ due to this
current carrying straight wire let us consider a circular
amperian loop of radius ‘r’ through point ‘P’.
Applying Ampere’s circuital law for this closed circular
surface we get
 μ I
∮ ⃗B . ⃗
dl=μ0 I B∮ ⃗
dl=μ0 I B.2 πr=μ 0 I B= 0
2 πr
Q8. Draw the field lines of (a) a bar magnet and (b) an electric dipole.
What basic difference do you notice between the magnetic and electric field lines?
How do you explain this difference?
Ans

The electric field lines do not form closed loop while the magnetic field lines forms
closed loop.
Q9 Derive a mathematical expression for the force acting on a current carrying straight
conductor kept in a magnetic field. Under what condition is this force (i) zero and
(ii) maximum?
Consider a conductor PQ of length
l, area of cross section A, carrying
current I, along +ve Y-direction.
The field ⃗ B acts along +ve Z-
direction. The electrons drift
towards left with velocity ⃗v d. Each
electron experiences a magnetic
Lorentz force along +ve X-axis,
which is given by
f⃗ =−e ( ⃗v d x ⃗
B)
If n is the number of free electrons per unit volume, then total number of electrons in
the conductor is N=n x volume=nAl
The total force on the conductor is ⃗F =N ⃗f =nAl [ −e ( ⃗v d x ⃗
B ) ]=enA [−l ⃗v d x ⃗
B]
If I l⃗ represents a current element vector in the direction of current, then vectors
⃗ v will have opposite directions and we can take
l∧⃗ d

v =v l⃗
−l ⃗ d d

F =enA v d ( l⃗ x ⃗
∴⃗ B)
F =I ( l⃗ x ⃗
¿,⃗ B ) magnitude of force , F=IlBsin θ
where θ is the angle between the direction of the magnetic field and the direction of
flow of current.
(i) If θ = 0° or 180°, then F=IlB ( 0 )=0
Thus, a current carrying conductor placed parallel to the direction of the magnetic
field does not experience any force.
(ii) If θ = 90°, then F=Ilb sin 90 °=IlB=F max
Thus, a current carrying conductor placed perpendicular to the direction of the
magnetic field does not experience a maximum force.
Q10 (a) Derive an expression for the force acting per unit length between two long
straight parallel metallic conductors, carrying current in the same direction and kept
near each other. Why do such current carrying conductors attract each other?
(b) Two long and parallel straight wires A and B carrying currents of 8.0 A and 5.0
A in the same direction are separated by a distance of 4.0 cm. Estimate the force on
a 10 cm section of wire A.
Ans (a) Consider two long straight conductors P and Q, placed
parallel to each other, at a distance r apart. The currents
through the two conductors are I 1∧I 2 respectively in the
same direction.
The magnitude of the magnetic field due to current I 1 in P,
at any point of Q, is given by
μo I 1
B= … … .(1)
2 πr
The direction of magnetic field is into the plane of the
paper.
The current carrying conductor Q is placed in the magnetic field B. Since Q is placed
perpendicular to the magnetic field B, the force acting per unit length l of Q is given
by
F=B I 2 l
directed towards P. Using eq (1), we get
μo I 1 μo I 1 I 2
F= I 2 l= l
2π r 2π r
F μo I 1 I 2
¿, =
l 2π r
By Newton’s third law, this is also the force on unit length of wire P, and is directed
towards Q. So, the wires will attract each other.
(b) Force per unit length of each wire
F μo I 1 I 2
=
l 2π r
Here I 1=8 A , I 2=5 A , r =4 cm∧l=10 cm
μ I I −7
4 π ×10 × 8 ×5 −2
∴ F= o 1 2 . l= −2
× 10 ×10
2π r 2 π × 4 × 10
−5
¿ , F=2× 10 N
Q12 (a) Derive an expression for the magnetic field at a point on the axis of a current
carrying circular loop.
(b) Two coaxial circular loops L1 and L2 of radii 3cm and 4cm are placed as shown.
What should be the magnitude and direction of the current in the loop L2 so that the
net magnetic field at the point O is zero?
Ans Figure depicts a circular loop carrying a steady
current I. The loop is placed in the y-z plane with
its centre at the origin O and has a radius R. The x-
axis is the axis of the loop.
Consider a conducting element dl of the loop. This
is shown in Fig. The magnitude dB of the
magnetic field due to dl is given by the Biot-Savart
law
μ0 I |d l⃗ x r⃗|
dB= 3
4π r
2 2 2
Now r =x + R . Further, any element of the loop will be perpendicular to the
displacement vector from the element to the axial point.
Hence |d l⃗ x r⃗|=rdl . Thus
μ0 Idl
dB=
4 π x 2+ R 2
The direction of d ⃗ B is shown in Fig. It is perpendicular to the plane formed by d ⃗l∧⃗r
. It has an x-component d ⃗ B x and a component perpendicular to x-axis, d ⃗ B ⊥ . When
the components perpendicular to the x-axis are summed over, they cancel out and
we obtain a null result. Thus, only the x-component survives. The net contribution
along x-direction can be obtained by integrating d B x =dB cos θ over the loop.
Now from above fig,
R
cos θ= 2 2 1/ 2
(x +R )
From above two equations
μ0 Idl R μ0 Idl R
d B x= 2 2 1/ 2
=
4 π x + R ( x 2+ R 2 ) 4 π ( x 2+ R 2) 3/ 2
The summation of elements dl over the loop yields 2πR, the circumference of the
loop. Thus, the magnetic field at P due to entire circular loop is
2
^ μ0 I R
⃗B=B x i= 3 /2
i^
2 ( x 2 + R2 )
(b) Magnetic field at the axis of a circular coil is
2
μ0 ∋R
B= 3/ 2
2 ( x2 + R 2)
Magnetic field at O due to coil L1
−2 2
μ0 ( 3 ×10 ) μ 0 ( 9× 10 )
−4

B 1= =
3
2× 125 ×10−6
2 ( ( 3 ×10 ) + ( 4 × 10 ) )
−2 2 −2 2 2

Magnetic field at O due to coil L2

−2 2
μ0 I 2 ( 4 × 10 )
B 1= 3

2 ( ( 4 ×10 ) + ( 3 × 10 ) )
−2 2 −2 2 2

μ 0 I 2 ( 16 ×10−4 )
¿
2 ×125 ×10−6
For zero magnetic field at ), the currents I1 and I2 should be in opposite direction and
satisfy the condition B1 = B2
 i.e
μ 0 ( 9 × 10 )
−4
μ0 I 2 ( 16 ×10−4 )
=
2× 125× 10−6 2 ×125 ×10−6
9
⇒ I 2= A
16

Q13 Describe the principle, construction and working of a moving coil galvanometer.
Define its current sensitivity and voltage sensitivity.
A galvanometer is a device to detect the presence of
current in a circuit.
Principle: A Weston type moving coil galvanometer is
based on the fact that when a current carrying loop or
coil is placed in the uniform magnetic field, it
experiences a torque.
Construction: A Weston type moving coil galvanometer
is shown in the figure. It consists of a coil wound on a
non metallic frame. The coil is suspended between two
poles of a permanent cylindrical magnet. The motion of
the coil is controlled by a pair of hair springs (usually of
phosphor- bronze). The inner ends of the springs are
soldered to the ends of the coil and the outer ends are
connected to the binding screws. The spring provides the restoring torque and also
serves as current leads. A light aluminum pointer attached to the coil measures its
deflection. There is a cylindrical soft iron core which not only makes the field radial
but also increases the strength of the magnetic field.
Working:
Let
B=Intensity of magnetic field , I =current flowing through the coil , A=area of the coil∧N =number of
When current flows through the coil, it experiences a torque, which is given by
τ =NIABsin θ=NIAB (∵ sin θ=1 )
This torque is called deflecting torque.
As the coil is deflected, the spring gets twisted and a restoring torque is developed,
which is given by ¿ kϕ , where k=restoring torque per unit twist ∧ϕ=deflection .
For equilibrium of the coil, Deflecting torque = Restoring torque
i .e . NIAB=kϕ¿ , I = ( )k
NAB
ϕ=Gϕ
k
where G= is called Galvanometer constant .
NAB
¿I αϕ
Thus, deflection of the coil is directly proportional to the current flowing through it.
Hence a linear scale in the galvanometer can be used to detect the current in the
circuit.
This is equal to the galvanometer constant.
Current Sensitivity: It is defined as the deflection produced in the galvanometer,
when a unit current flows through it. It is given by
ϕ NAB
I s= =
I k
Voltage sensitivity: It is defined as the deflection produced in the galvanometer,
when a unit potential difference is applied across its ends. It is given by,
 ϕ ϕ NAB I s current sensitivity
V s= = = = i . e . voltage sensitivity=
V IR IR R R

Comparison between Para-, dia- and ferro - magnetic substances