Ray Optics (Exampler)

4
Moving Charges
and Magnetism
Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs)
Q. 1 Two charged particles traverse identical helical paths in a completely
opposite sense in a uniform magnetic field B = B 0 k.
$
(a) They have equal z-components of momenta
(b) They must have equal charges
(c) They necessarily represent a particle, anti-particle pair
(d) The charge to mass ratio satisfy
e + e = 0
   
 m 1  m 2
K Thinking Process
The uniqueness of helical path is determined by its pitch which is given by
2 πmv cos θ
Pitch =
qB
Ans. (d) For given pitch d correspond to charge particle, we have
q 2 πv cos θ
= = constant
m qB
Since, charged particles traverse identical helical paths in a completely opposite sense
in a uniform magnetic field B, LHS for two particles should be same and of opposite
sign. Therefore,
e + e = 0
   
 m 1  m 2
Note Consider e in place of q in solution.
Q. 2 Biot-Savart law indicates that the moving electrons (velocity v) produce

a magnetic field B such that
(a) B is perpendicular of
(b) B is parallel to v
(c) it obeys inverse cube law
(d) it is along the line joining the electron and point of observation
58 NCERT Exemplar (Class XII) Solutions
K Thinking Process
Here use of Biot-Savart law play vital role.
Ans. (a) In Biot-Savart’s law, magnetic field B|| i dl × r and idl due to flow of electron is in
opposite direction of v and by direction of cross product of two vectors
B⊥v
Q. 3 A current carrying circular loop of radius R is placed in the x-y plane

with centre at the origin. Half of the loop with x > 0 is now bent so that
it now lies in the y-z plane.
(a) The magnitude of magnetic moment now diminishes
(b) The magnetic moment does not change
(c) The magnitude of B at (0 ,0 , z), z > R increases
(d) The magnitude of B at (0 ,0 , z), z >> R is unchanged
K Thinking Process
The magnetic moment of circular loop and the net magnitudes of magnetic moment of
each semicircular loop of radius R lie in the x-y plane and the y-z plane are compared.
Ans. (a) The direction of magnetic moment of circular loop of radius R is placed in the x-y plane
is along z-direction and given by M = I ( πr 2 ), when half of the loop with x > 0 is now
bent so that it now lies in the y-z plane, the magnitudes of magnetic moment of each
semicircular loop of radius R lie in the x-y plane and the y-z plane is M ′ = I ( πr 2 ) /4 and
the direction of magnetic moments are along z-direction and x-direction respectively.
Their resultant
Mnet = M ′ 2 + M ′2 = 2 M ′ = 2 I ( πr 2 ) / 4
So, Mnet < M or M diminishes.
Q. 4 An electron is projected with uniform velocity along the axis of a current

carrying long solenoid. Which of the following is true?
(a) The electron will be accelerated along the axis
(b) The electron path will be circular about the axis
(c) The electron will experience a force at 45° to the axis and hence execute a
helical path
(d) The electron will continue to move with uniform velocity along the axis of the
solenoid
K Thinking Process
Here, magnetic lorentz force comes into existence when a charge moves in uniform
magnetic field produces by current carrying long solenoid.
Ans. (d) Magnetic Lorentz force electron is projected with uniform velocity along the axis of a
current carrying long solenoid F = − evB sin180° = 0 (θ = 0°) as magnetic field and
velocity are parallel. The electron will continue to move with uniform velocity along the
axis of the solenoid.
Q. 5 In a cyclotron, a charged particle

(a) undergoes acceleration all the time
(b) speeds up between the dees because of the magnetic field
(c) speeds up in a dee
(d) slows down within a dee and speeds up between dees
Moving Charges and Magnetism 59
K Thinking Process
Here, understanding of working of cyclotron is needed.
Ans. (a) The charged particle undergoes acceleration as
(i) speeds up between the dees because of the oscillating electric field and
(ii) speed remain the same inside the dees because of the magnetic field but
direction undergoes change continuously.
Q.6 A circular current loop of magnetic moment M is in an arbitrary

orientation in an external magnetic field B. The work done to rotate the
loop by 30° about an axis perpendicular to its plane is
MB
(a) MB (b) 3
2
MB
(c) (d) zero
2
K Thinking Process
The rotation of the loop by 30° about an axis perpendicular to its plane imply that the
axis of the loop still continues to inclined with the same angle with the direction of
magnetic field .
Ans. (a) The rotation of the loop by 30° about an axis perpendicular to its plane make no
change in the angle made by axis of the loop with the direction of magnetic field,
therefore, the work done to rotate the loop is zero.
Note The work done to rotate the loop in magnetic field W = MB (cos θ 1 − cos θ2). where
signs are as usual.
Q.7 The gyro-magnetic ratio of an electron in an H-atom, according to Bohr

model, is
(a) independent of which orbit it is in
(b) negative
(c) positive
(d) increases with the quantum number n.
K Thinking Process
The gyro-magnetic ratio of an electron in an H-atom is equal to the ratio of the magnetic
moment and the angular momentum of the electron.
Ans. (a) If I is the magnitude of the angular momentum of the electron about the central
nucleus (orbital angular momentum). Vectorially,
e
µl = − l.
2 me
The negative sign indicates that the angular momentum of the electron is opposite in
direction to the magnetic moment.
Multiple Choice Questions (More Than One Options)

Q. 8 Consider a wire carrying a steady current, I placed in a uniform magnetic
field B perpendicular to its length. Consider the charges inside the wire.
It is known that magnetic forces do no work. This implies that,
(a) motion of charges inside the conductor is unaffected by B, since they do not
absorb energy
(b) some charges inside the wire move to the surface as a result of B
(c) If the wire moves under the influence of B, no work is done by the force
(d) if the wire moves under the influence of B, no work is done by the magnetic
force on the ions, assumed fixed within the wire.
Ans. (b, d)
Magnetic forces on a wire carrying a steady current, I placed in a uniform magnetic field B,
a wire carrying a steady current, I placed in a uniform magnetic field B perpendicular to its
length is given by
F = IlB
The direction of force is given by Fleming's left hand rule and F is perpendicular to the
direction of magnetic field B. Therefore, work done by the magnetic force on the ions is zero.
Q. 9 Two identical current carrying coaxial loops, carry current I in an

opposite sense. A simple amperian loop passes through both of them
once. Calling the loop as C,
(a) ∫ B. dl = mµ 0 I
(b) the value of ∫ B. dl = +2µ 0 I is independent of sense of C
(c) there may be a point on C where, B and dl are perpendicular
(d) B vanishes everywhere on C
K Thinking Process
The Ampere’s circuital law is to be applied on given situation.
Ans. (b, c)
Applying the Ampere’s circuital law, we have
∫ B.dl = µ 0 (I − I ) = 0 (because current is in opposite sense.)
c
Also, there may be a point on C where B and dl are perpendicular and hence,
∫ B.dl = 0
c
Q. 10A cubical region of space is filled with some uniform electric and
magnetic fields. An electron enters the cube across one of its faces with
velocity v and a positron enters via opposite face with velocity − v. At
this instant,
(a) the electric forces on both the particles cause identical accelerations
(b) the magnetic forces on both the particles cause equal accelerations
(c) both particles gain or loose energy at the same rate
(d) the motion of the Centre of Mass (CM) is determined by B alone
K Thinking Process
The Lorentz force is experienced by the single moving charge in space is filled with some
uniform electric and magnetic fields is given by F = qE + q(v × B).
Ans. (b, c, d)
The magnetic forces F = q (v × B), on charge particle is either zero or F is perpendicular to v
(or component of v) which in turn revolves particles on circular path with uniform speed. In
both the cases particles have equal accelerations.
Both the particles gain or loss energy at the same rate as both are subjected to the same
electric force (F = q E) in opposite direction.
Since, there is no change of the Centre of Mass (CM) of the particles , therefore the motion
of the Centre of Mass (CM) is determined by B alone.
Q. 11 A charged particle would continue to move with a constant velocity in a

region wherein,
(a) E = 0 , B ≠ 0 (b) E ≠ 0 , B ≠ 0
(c) E ≠ 0 , B = 0 (d) E = 0 , B = 0
K Thinking Process
The Lorentz force is experienced by the single moving charge in space is filled with some
uniform electric and magnetic fields is given by F = qE + q(v × B ).
Ans. (a, b, d)
Here, force on charged particle due to electric field FE = qE.
Force on charged particle due to magnetic field, Fm = q (v × B)
Now, FE = 0 if E = 0 and Fm = 0 if sin θ = 0 or θ° = 0° or 180°
Hence, B ≠ 0 .
Also, E = 0 and B = 0 and the resultant force q E + q (v × B) = 0. In this case E ≠ 0 and B ≠ 0
Very Short Answer Type Questions

Q. 12 Verify that the cyclotron frequency ω = eB /m has the correct
dimensions of [T ] −1 .
Ans. For a charge particle moving perpendicular to the magnetic field, the magnetic Lorentz
forces provides necessary centripetal force for revolution.
mv 2
= qvB
R
On simplifying the terms, we have
qB v
∴ = =ω
m R
Finding the dimensional formula of angular frequency
[ω] =   =   = [T]−1
qB v
∴
 m   R 
Q. 13 Show that a force that does no work must be a velocity dependent force.
Ans. Let no work is done by a force , so we have
dW = F.dl = 0
⇒ F. v dt = 0 (Since, dl = v dt and dt ≠ 0)
⇒ F.v = 0
Thus, F must be velocity dependent which implies that angle between F and v is 90°. If v
changes (direction), then (directions) F should also change so that above condition is
satisfied,
Q. 14The magnetic force depends on v which depends on the inertial frame of

reference. Does then the magnetic force differ from inertial frame to
frame? Is it reasonable that the net acceleration has a different value in
different frames of reference?
Ans. Yes, the magnetic force differ from inertial frame to frame. The magnetic force is frame
dependent.
The net acceleration which comes into existing out of this is however, frame independent
(non -relativistic physics) for inertial frames.
Q. 15 Describe the motion of a charged particle in a cyclotron if the frequency

of the radio frequency (rf) field were doubled.
K Thinking Process
The relationship of radio frequency and charge particle frequency must be equal in order
to accelerate the charge particle between the dees in cyclotron.
Ans. Here, the condition of magnetic resonance is violated.
When the frequency of the radio frequency (rf) field were doubled, the time period of the
radio frequency (rf) field were halved. Therefore, the duration in which particle completes
half revolution inside the dees, radio frequency completes the cycle.
Hence, particle will accelerate and decelerate alternatively. So, the radius of path in the dees
will remain same.
Q. 16Two long wires carrying current I 1 and I 2 are arranged as shown in figure.
The one carrying current I 1 is along is the x-axis. The other carrying
current I 2 is along a line parallel to the y-axis given by x = 0 and z = d .
Find the force exerted at o2 because of the wire along the x-axis.
z
O2
I2
y
O1
x I1
K Thinking Process
Here, the understanding of application of the rule of finding directions of magnetic field
and magnetic force on current carrying wire placed in magnetic field is beautifully tested.
Ans. In Biot- Savart law, magnetic field B is parallel to idl × r and idl have its direction along the
direction of flow of current.
Here, for the direction of magnetic field, At O2 , due to wire carrying I1 current is
B||parallel idl × r or $i × k,
$ but $i × k$ = − $j
So, the direction at O2 is along Y- direction.

The direction of magnetic force exerted at O2 because of the wire along the, x-axis.
F = Il × B ≈ $j × (− $j ) = 0
So, the magnetic field due to l1 is along the y-axis. The second wire is along the y-axis
and hence, the force is zero.
Short Answer Type Questions

Q. 17A current carrying loop consists of 3 identical quarter circles of radius R,
lying in the positive quadrants of the x-y, y-z and z-x planes with their
centres at the origin, joined together. Find the direction and magnitude
of B at the origin.
K Thinking Process
The magnetic field due to arc of current carrying coil which subtends an angle θ at centre
µ I θ
is given by B = 0 .
4π R
Ans. For the current carrying loop quarter circles of radius R, lying in the positive quadrants of
the x-y plane
µ I ( π /2) $ µ 0 I $
B1 = 0 k= k
4π R 4 2R
For the current carrying loop quarter circles of radius R, lying in the positive quadrants of the
y-z plane
µ I $
B2 = 0 i
4 2R
For the current carrying loop quarter circles of radius R, lying in the positive quadrants of the
z-x plane
µ I $
B3 = 0 i
4 2R
Current carrying loop consists of 3 identical quarter circles of radius R, lying in the positive
quadrants of the x-y, y-y and z-z planes with their centres at the origin, joined together is
equal to the vector sum of magnetic field due to each quarter and given by
1 $ $ $ µ 0I
B= (i + j + k) .
4π 2R
Q. 18A charged particle of charge e and mass m is moving in an electric field E

and magnetic field B. Construct dimensionless quantities and quantities
of dimension [T ] −1 .
Ans. No dimensionless quantity can be constructed using given quantities.
For a charge particle moving perpendicular to the magnetic field, the magnetic Lorentz
forces provides necessary centripetal force for revolution.
mv 2
= qvB
R
On simplifying the terms, we have
qB v
∴ = =ω
m R
Finding the dimensional formula of angular frequency
[ω] =   =   = [T]−1
qB v
∴
 m   R 
This is the required expression.
Q. 19An electron enters with a velocity v = v 0 $i into a cubical region (faces

parallel to coordinate planes) in which there are uniform electric and
magnetic fields. The orbit of the electron is found to spiral down inside
the cube in plane parallel to the x-y plane. Suggest a configuration of
fields E and B that can lead to it.
K Thinking Process
The magnetic field revolves the charge particle in uniform circular motion in x-y plane
and electric field along x-direction increases the speed, which in turn increases the radius
of circular path and hence, particle traversed on spiral path.
Ans. Considering magnetic field B = B0 k,$ and an electron enters with a velocity v = v $i into a
0
cubical region (faces parallel to coordinate planes).
The force on electron, using magnetic Lorentz force, is given by
F = −e (v $i × B k$ ) = e v B $i
0 0 0 0
which revolves the electron in x-y plane.

The electric force F = −e E k$ accelerates e along z-axis which in turn increases the radius of
0
circular path and hence particle traversed on spiral path.
Q. 20Do magnetic forces obey Newton's third law. Verify for two current
elements dl 1 = dl $i located at the origin and dl 2 = dl $j located at
(0, R, 0). Both carry current I.
K Thinking Process
Here, the understanding of application of the rules of finding directions of magnetic field
and magnetic force on current carrying wire placed in magnetic field is needed.
Ans. In Biot-Savart’s law, magnetic field B is parallel (II) to idl × r and idl have its direction along
the direction of flow of current.
Here, for the direction of magnetic field, At dl2 , located at (0, R, 0)due to wire d1 is given by
B|| idl × r or $i ×$j (because point (0, R, 0) lies on y-axis), but $i × $j = k$
So, the direction of magnetic field at d 2 is along z-direction.

The direction of magnetic force exerted at d 2 because of the first wire along the x-axis.
F = i (I × B) i.e., F || (i × k ) or along − $j direction.
Therefore, force due to dl1 on dl2 is non-zero.
Now, for the direction of magnetic field, At d1, located at (0, 0, 0) due to wire d 2 is given by
B|| idl × r or$j × −$j (because origin lies on y-direction w.r.t. point (0, R, 0).), but j × −j =0.
So, the magnetic field at d1 does not exist.
Force due to dl2 on dl1 is zero.
So, magnetic forces do not obey Newton's third law.
Q. 21A multirange voltmeter can be constructed by using a galvanometer

circuit as shown in figure. We want to construct a voltmeter that can
measure 2V, 20V and 200V using a galvanometer of resistance 10Ω and
that produces maximum deflection for current of 1 mA. Find R 1 , R2 and
R 3 that have to be used.
R1 R2 R3
G
2V 20 V 200 V
K Thinking Process
A galvanometer can be converted into voltmeter by connecting a very high resistance
wire connected in series with galvanometer. The relationship is given by I g (G + R) = V
where I g is range of galvanometer, G is resistance of galvanometer and R is resistance of
wire connected in series with galvanometer.
Ans. R1 R2 R3
G
2V 20 V 200 V
Applying expression in different situations
For iG (G + R1 ) = 2 for 2V range
For iG (G + R1 + R 2 ) = 20 for 20V range
and For iG (G + R1 + R 2 + R 3 ) = 200 for 200V range
On solving, we get R1 = 1990 Ω, R 2 = 18k Ω and R 3 = 180 k Ω.
Q. 22A long straight wire carrying current of 25A rests on a table as shown in
figure. Another wire PQ of length 1m, mass 2.5 g carries the same
current but in the opposite direction. The wire PQ is free to slide up and
down. To what height will PQ rise?
P Q
K Thinking Process
The force applied on PQ by long straight wire carrying current of 25A rests on a table
must balance the weight of small current carrying wire.
Ans. The magnetic field produced by long straight wire carrying current of 25A rests on a table
on small wire
µ I
B= 0
2 πh
The magnetic force on small conductor is
F = BIl sinθ = BIl
Force applied on PQ balance the weight of small current carrying wire.
µ I 2l
F = mg = 0
2 πh
µ 0I 2l 4 π × 10−7 × 25 × 25 × 1
h= = = 51 × 10−4
2 π mg 2 π × 2 . 5 × 10−3 × 9.8
h = 0.51cm
Long Answer Type Questions

Q. 23 A 100 turn rectangular coil ABCD (in X-Yplane) is hung from one arm of a
balance figure. A mass 500g is added to the other arm to balance the
weight of the coil. A current 4.9 A passes through the coil and a
constant magnetic field of 0.2 T acting inward (in x-z plane) is switched
on such that only arm CD of length 1 cm lies in the field. How much
additional mass m must be added to regain the balance?
A B
D C
K Thinking Process
The magnetic force applied on CD by magnetic field must balance the weight.
Ans. For equilibrium/ balance, net torque should also be equal to zero.
When the field is off ∑ t = 0 considering the separation of each hung from mid-point be I.
Mgl = Wcoil l
500 g l = Wcoil l
Wcoil = 500 × 9. 8 N
Taking moment of force about mid-point, we have the weight of coil
When the magnetic field is switched on
Mgl + mgl = Wcoil l + IBL sin 90° I
mgl = BIL l
BIL 0.2 × 4. 9 × 1 × 10−2
m= = = 10−3 kg = 1g
g 9. 8
Thus, 1g of additional mass must be added to regain the balance.
Q. 24A rectangular conducting loop consists of two wires on two opposite

sides of length l joined together by rods of length d. The wires are
eachof the same material but with cross-sections differing by a factor
of 2. The thicker wire has a resistance R and the rods are of low
resistance, which in turn are connected to a constant voltage source V0 .
The loop is placed in uniform a magnetic field B at 45° to its plane. Find
τ, the torque exerted by the magnetic field on the loop about an axis
through the centres of rods.
K Thinking Process
After finding current in both wires, magnetic forces and torques need to be calculated for
finding the net torque.
Ans. ^
n
B
i1 B
F1 d
^
n F1
l 45°
F2
F2
V0
Front view Side view
The thicker wire has a resistance R, then the other wire has a resistance 2R as the wires
are of the same material but with cross-sections differing by a factor 2.
Now, the force and hence, torque on first wire is given by
V d V ldB
F1 = i1 lB = 0 lB, τ1 = F1 = 0
2R 2 2 2 2R
Similarly, the force hence torque on other wire is given by
V d V ldB
F2 = i 2 lB = 0 lB, τ 2 = F2 = 0
2R 2 2 4 2 R
So, net torque, τ = τ1 − τ 2
1 V0 ldB
τ=
4 2 R
Q.25 An electron and a positron are released from (0, 0, 0) and (0, 0, 1.5R)
respectively, in a uniform magnetic field B = B 0 i,
$ each with an equal
momentum of magnitude p = eBR. Under what conditions on the
direction of momentum will the orbits be non-intersecting circles?
K Thinking Process
The circles of the electron and a positron shall not overlap if the distance between the
two centers are greater than 2R.
Ans. Since, B is along the x-axis, for a circular orbit the momenta of the two particles are in the
y-z plane. Let p1 and p2 be the momentum of the electron and positron, respectively. Both
traverse a circle of radius R of opposite sense. Let p1 make an angle θ with the y-axis p2
must make the same angle.
z
1.5 R
R
Co
Cp
B θ
x
The centres of the respective circles must be perpendicular to the momenta and at a
distance R. Let the centre of the electron be at Ce and of the positron at C p . The coordinates
of Ce is
Ce ≡ (0, − R sin θ, R cos θ)
The coordinates of C p is
3
C p ≡ (0, − R sin θ, R − R cos θ)
2
The circles of the two shall not overlap if the distance between the two centers are
greater than 2R.
Let d be the distance between C p and Ce .
Let d be the distance between C p and Ce .
2
d 2 = (2 R sinθ)2 +  R − 2 R cos θ
3
Then,
2 
92
= 4R 2 sin2 θ + R − 6R 2 cos θ + 4R 2 cos 2 θ
4
9 2
= 4R 2 + R − 6R 2 cos θ
4
Since, d has to be greater than 2R
d 2 > 4R 2
9 2
⇒ 4R 2 + R − 6R 2 cos θ > 4R 2
4
9
⇒ > 6 cos θ
4
3
or, cosθ <
8
Q. 26A uniform conducting wire of length 12a and resistance R is wound up as

a current carrying coil in the shape of (i) an equilateral triangle of side
a, (ii) a square of sides a and, (iii) a regular hexagon of sides a. The coil
is connected to a voltage source V0 . Find the magnetic moment of the
coils in each case.
K Thinking Process
The different shapes forms figures of different area and hence, there magnetic moments
varies.
Ans. We know that magnetic moment of the coils m = nIA.
Since, the same wire is used in three cases with same potentials, therefore, same current
flows in three cases.
(i) for an equilateral triangle of side a,
n = 4 as the total wire of length = 12a
n=3
 3 2
Magnetic moment of the coils m = nIA = 4I  a 
 4 
∴ m = I a2 3
(ii) For a square of sides a,
n=4
A = a2
n = 3 as the total wire of length = 12a
Magnetic moment of the coils m = nIA = 3 I (a2 ) = 3 I a2
(iii) For a regular hexagon of sides a,
n=2
n = 2 as the total wire of length = 12 a
 6 3 2
Magnetic moment of the coils m = nIA = 2 1  a 
 4 
m = 3 3a2 I
m is in a geometric series.
Q. 27Consider a circular current-carrying loop of radius R in the x-yplane with

centre at origin. Consider the line integral
L
ℑ(L) = ∫−L B. dl
taken along z-axis.
(a) Show that ℑ(L) monotonically increases with L
(b) Use an appropriate amperian loop to show that ℑ(∞) = µ 0 I. where I is
the current in the wire
(c) Verify directly the above result
(d) Suppose we replace the circular coil by a square coil of sides R carrying
the same current I.
What can you say about ℑ(L) and ℑ(∞)?
K Thinking Process
This question revolves around the application of Ampere circuital law.
Ans. (a) B ( z) points in the same direction on z-axis and hence, J(L) is a monotonically function of
L.
Since, B and dl along the same direction, therefore B. dl = B. dl as cos 0 = 1
(b) J(L) + contribution from large distance on contour C = µ 0 I
∴ as L → ∞
Contribution from large distance → 0 (as B ∝ 1 / r 3 )
J (∞ ) − µ 0 I
(c) The magnetic field due to circular current-carrying loop of radius R in the x-y plane with
centre at origin at any point lying at a distance of from origin.
–L O –L
µ 0 IR 2
Bz =
2( z + R 2 )3 / 2
2
∞ ∞ µ IR 2
∫−∞ Bzdz = ∫−∞ 2( z2 +0 R 2 )3 / 2 dz
Put z = R tan θ1
⇒ dz = R sec 2 θd θ
∞ µ 0I π /2
∴ ∫−∞ Bzdz = 2 ∫− π / 2 cosθd θ = µ 0 I
(d) B( z)square < B ( z)circular coil
∴ ℑ(L)square < ℑ (L)circular coil
But by using arguments as in (b)
ℑ(∞ )square = ℑ(∞ )circular
Q. 28 A multirange current meter can be constructed by using a galvanometer

circuit as shown in figure. We want a current meter that can measure
10mA, 100mA and 1mA using a galvanometer of resistance 10Ω and that
produces maximum deflection for current of 1mA. Find S 1 , S2 and S 3 that
have to be used.
S3
G
S1 S2
K Thinking Process
A galvanometer can be converted into ammeter by connecting a very low resistance
wire (shunt S) connected in parallel with galvanometer. The relationship is given by
I g G = (I − I g ) S, where I g is range of galvanometer, G is resistance of galvanometer.
Ans. IG .G = (I1 − IG ) (S1 + S 2 + S 3 ) for I1 = 10 mA
IG (G + S1 ) = (I 2 − IG ) (S 2 + S 3 ) for I 2 = 100 mA
and IG (G + S1 + S 2 ) = (I 3 − IG ) (S 3 ) for I 3 = 1 A
gives S1 = 1 W, S 2 = 01
. W
and S 3 = 0.01 W
Q. 29 Five long wires A, B, C, D and E, each carrying current I are arranged to

form edges of a pentagonal prism as shown in figure. Each carries
current out of the plane of paper.
(a) What will be magnetic induction at a point on the axis O? Axis is at a
distance R from each wire.
(b) What will be the field if current in one of the wires (say A) is switched
off?
(c) What if current in one of the wire (say A) is reversed?
A
R
E B
O
D C
K Thinking Process
The vector sum of magnetic field produced by each wire at O is equal to 0.
Ans. (a) Suppose the five wires A, B, C, D and E be perpendicular to the plane of paper at
locations as shown in figure.
Thus, magnetic field induction due to five wires will be represented by various sides of a
closed pentagon in one order, lying in the plane of paper. So, its value is zero.
(b) Since, the vector sum of magnetic field produced by each wire at O is equal to 0.
Therefore, magnetic induction produced by one current carrying wire is equal in
magnitude of resultant of four wires and opposite in direction.
µ i
Therefore, the field if current in one of the wires (say A) is switched off is 0
2π R
perpendicular to AO towards left.
(c) If current in wire A is reversed, then
total magnetic field induction at O
= Magnetic field induction due to wire A + magnetic field induction due to wires B, C, D
and E
µ 2I
= 0
4 πR R
µ 2I
(acting perpendicular to AO towards left) + 0 (acting perpendicular AO towards left)
π R
µ I
= 0 acting perpendicular AO towards left.
πR
5
Magnetism and Matter
Q. 1 A toroid of n turns, mean radius R and cross-sectional radius a carries
current I. It is placed on a horizontal table taken as xy-plane. Its magnetic
moment m
(a) is non-zero and points in the z-direction by symmetry
(b) points along the axis of the toroid (m = m φ)
1
(c) is zero, otherwise there would be a field falling as 3 at large distances outside
r
the toroid
(d) is pointing radially outwards
K Thinking Process
Toroid is a hollow circular ring on which a large number of turns of a wire are closely
wound. Thus, in such a case magnetic field is only confined inside the body of toroid.
Ans. (c) In case of toroid, the magnetic field is only confined inside the body of toroid in the
form of concentric magnetic lines of force and there is no magnetic field outside the
body of toroid. This is because the loop encloses no current. Thus, the magnetic
moment of toroid is zero.
1
In general, if we take r as a large distance outside the toroid, then m ∝ 3 . But this case
r
is not possible here.
Q. 2 The magnetic field of the earth can be modelled by that of a point

dipole placed at the centre of the earth. The dipole axis makes an angle
of 11.3° with the axis of the earth. At Mumbai, declination is nearly
zero. Then,
(a) the declination varies between 11.3° W to 11.3° E
(b) the least declination is 0°
(c) the plane defined by dipole axis and the earth axis passes through Greenwich
(d) declination averaged over the earth must be always negative
Ans. (a) For the earth's magnetism, the magnetic field lines of the earth resemble that of a
hypothetical magnetic dipole located at the centre of the earth.
The axis of the dipole does not coincide with the axis of rotation of the earth but is
presently tilted by approxmately 11.3° with respect to the later. This results into two
situations as given in the figure ahead.
N N
.3°
11
S S
.3
11
°
W E W E
N
N
S S
Hence, the declination varies between 11.3° W to 11.3° E.
Q. 3 In a permanent magnet at room temperature,

(a) magnetic moment of each molecule is zero
(b) the individual molecules have non-zero magnetic moment which are all
perfectly aligned
(c) domains are partially aligned
(d) domains are all perfectly aligned
K Thinking Process
Permanent magnet at room temperature behave as a ferromagnetic substance for a
long period of time.
Ans. (d) As we know a permanent magnet is a substance which at room temperature retain
ferromagnetic property for a long period of time.
The individual atoms in a ferromagnetic material possess a dipole moment as in a
paramagnetic material.
However, they interact with one another in such a way that they spontaneously align
themselves in a common direction over a macroscopic volume called domain. Thus, we
can say that in a permanent magnet at room temperature, domains are all perfectly
aligned.
Q. 4 Consider the two idealised systems (i) a parallel plate capacitor with
large plates and small separation and (ii) a long solenoid of length
L >> R, radius of cross-section. In (i) E is ideally treated as a constant
between plates and zero outside. In (ii) magnetic field is constant inside
the solenoid and zero outside. These idealised assumptions, however,
contradict fundamental laws as below
(a) case (i) contradicts Gauss’ law for electrostatic fields
(b) case (ii) contradicts Gauss’ law for magnetic fields
(c) case (i) agrees with ∫ E. dl = 0.
(d) case (ii) contradicts ∫ H. dl = I en
K Thinking Process
The electric field lines, do not form a continuous closed path while the magnetic field
lines form the closed paths.
Magnetism and Matter 75
q
Ans. (b) As Gauss’ law states, ∫ E ⋅ ds =
ε0
for electrostatic field. It does not contradict for
S
electrostatic fields as the electric field lines do not form continuous closed path.
According to Gauss’ law in magnetic field,
∫ E ⋅ ds = 0
S
It contradicts for magnetic field, because there is a magnetic field inside the solenoid
and no field outside the solenoid carrying current but the magnetic field lines form the
closed path.
Q. 5 A paramagnetic sample shows a net magnetisation of 8 Am −1 when

placed in an external magnetic field of 0.6 T at a temperature of 4 K.
When the same sample is placed in an external magnetic field of 0.2 T at
a temperature of 16 K, the magnetisation will be
32 2
(a) Am–1 (b) Am–1 (c) 6 Am–1 (d) 2.4 Am−1
3 3
K Thinking Process
From Curie law, we know that magnetisation is directly proportional to the magnetic
field induction and inversely proportional to the temperature in kelvin.
Ans. (b) As Curie law explains, we can deduce a formula for the relation between magnetic field
induction, temperature and magnetisation.
B (magnetic field induction)
i.e., I (magnetisation) ∝
t (temperature in kelvin)
I 2 B2 t
⇒ = × 1
I1 B1 t2
Let us suppose, here I1 = 8 Am–1
B1 = 0.6T, t 1 = 4 K
B2 = 0.2 T , t 2 = 16 K
I2 =?
02
. 4 I
⇒ × = 2
0.6 16 8
1 2
⇒ I2 = 8 × = Am–1
12 3

Q. 6 S is the surface of a lump of magnetic material.
(a) Lines of B are necessarily continuous across S
(b) Some lines of B must be discontinuous across S
(c) Lines of H are necessarily continuous across S
(d) Lines of H cannot all be continuous across S
K Thinking Process
According to the properties of magnetic field lines (B), for any magnet, it forms
continuous closed loops. This is unlike the electric dipole where these field lines begin
from a positive charge and end on the negative charge or escape to infinity.
Also, magnetic intensity (H) outside any magnet is H = B / µ 0 and for inside the magnet
H = B / µ 0 µ r , where µ r is the relative permeability of material (magnetic).
Ans. (a, d)
Magnetic field lines for magnetic induction (B) form continuous lines. So, lines of B are
necessarily continuous across S.
Also, magnetic intensity (H) varies for inside and outside the lump. So, lines of H cannot all
be continuous across S.
Q. 7 The primary origin (s) of magnetism lies in

(a) atomic currents (b) Pauli exclusion principle
(c) polar nature of molecules (d) intrinsic spin of electron
Ans (a, d)
The primary origin of magnetism lies in the fact that the electrons are revolving and spinning
about nucleus of an atom, which gives rise to current called atomic current.
This atomic currents gives rise to magnetism. The revolving and spinning about nucleus of
an atom is called intrinsic spin of electron.
Q. 8 A long solenoid has 1000 turns per metre and carries a current of 1 A. It
has a soft iron core of µ r = 1000. The core is heated beyond the Curie
temperature, T c .
(a) The H field in the solenoid is (nearly) unchanged but the B field decreases
drastically
(b) The H and B fields in the solenoid are nearly unchanged
(c) The magnetisation in the core reverses direction
(d) The magnetisation in the core diminishes by a factor of about10 8
K Thinking Process
The magnetic intensity H field = n I, where n = number of turns per metre of a solenoid
and I = current and B = µ 0 µ r nI.
Also, at normal temperature, a solenoid behave as a ferromagnetic substand and at the
temperature beyond the Curie temperature, it behaves as a paramagnetic substance.
Ans. (a, d)
Here, for solenoid H = nI .
⇒ H = 1000 × 1= 1000 Am
Thus, H is a constant ,so it is nearly unchanged.
But B =µ0 µr n I
= µ 0n I µ r
= k (constant) µ r .
Thus, from above equation, we find that B varies with the variation in µ r .
Now, for magnetisation in the core, when temperature of the iron core of solenoid is raised
beyond Curie temperature, then it behave as paramagnetic material, where
and (χ m ) Fero ≈ 103
and (χ m ) Para ≈ 10−5
(χ m ) Fero 103
⇒ = = 108
(χ m ) Para 10−5
Q. 9 Essential difference between electrostatic shielding by a conducting

shell and magnetostatic shielding is due to
(a) electrostatic field lines can end on charges and conductors have free charges
(b) lines of B can also end but conductors cannot end them
(c) lines of B cannot end on any material and perfect shielding is not possible
(d) shells of high permeability materials can be used to divert lines of B from the
interior region
Ans. (a, c, d)
Electrostatic shielding is the phenomenon to block the effects of an electric field. The
conducting shell can block the effects of an external field on its internal content or the effect
of an internal field on the outside environment.
Magnetostatic shielding is done by using an enclosure made of a high permeability
magnetic material to prevent a static magnetic field outside the enclosure from reaching
objects inside it or to confine a magnetic field within the enclosure.
Q. 10Let the magnetic field on the earth be modelled by that of a point

magnetic dipole at the centre of the earth. The angle of dip at a point
on the geographical equator
(a) is always zero (b) can be zero at specific points
(c) can be positive or negative (d) is bounded
K Thinking Process
Angle of inclination or dip is the angle that the total magnetic field of the earth makes
with the surface of the earth.
Ans. (b, c, d)
If the total magnetic field of the earth is modelled by a point magnetic dipole at the centre,
then it is in the same plane of geographical equator, thus the angle of dip at a point on the
geographical equator is bounded in a range from positive to negative value.

Q. 11 A proton has spin and magnetic moment just like an electron. Why then
its effect is neglected in magnetism of materials?
K Thinking Process
Mass of a proton is very larger than the mass of an electron, so its spinning is negligible
as compared to that of electron spin.
Ans. The comparison between the spinning of a proton and an electron can be done by
comparing their magnetic dipole moment which can be given by
eh 1 eh
M= or M ∝ (Q = constant)
4πm m 4π
Mp m
∴ = e
Me mp
Me
= (QM p = 1837 me )
1837 Me
Mp 1
⇒ = << 1
Me 1837
⇒ M p << Me
Thus, effect of magnetic moment of proton is neglected as compared to that of electron.
Q. 12 A permanent magnet in the shape of a thin cylinder of length 10 cm has

M = 10 6 A/m. Calculate the magnetisation current I M .
Ans. Given, M (intensity of magnetisation) = 106 A/m.
l (length) = 10 cm = 10 × 10−2 m = 01
. m
and I M = magnetisation current
I
We know that M= M
l
⇒ IM = M × l
= 106 × 01
. = 105A
Note Here, M = intensity of magnetisation as its unit is given as A/m.
Q. 13 Explain quantitatively the order of magnitude difference between the

diamagnetic susceptibility of N2 (~ 5 × 10 −9 ) (at STP) and Cu(~ 10 −5 ).
K Thinking Process
Magnetic susceptibility is a measure of how a magnetic material responds to an external
field.
Ans. We know that
28 g 28 g
Density of nitrogen ρN 2 = =
22.4 L 22400 cc
8g 8g
Also, density of copper ρCu = =
22.4 L 22400 cc
Now, comparing both densities

ρN 2 28 1
= . × 10−4
× = 16
ρCu 22400 8
χN 2 5 × 10−9
Also given = = 5 × 10−4
χCu 10−5
Magnetisation (M )
We know that, χ=
Magnetic intensity (H)
Magnetic moment (M ) / Volume (V )
=
H
M M Mρ
= = =
HV H (mass / density) Hm
M
∴ χ ∝ρ (Q = constant)
Hm
χN 2 ρN 2
Hence, = = 1.6 × 10−4
χCu ρCu
Thus, we can say that magnitude difference or major difference between the diamagnetic
susceptibility of N2 and Cu.
Q. 14 From molecular view point, discuss the temperature dependence of

susceptibility for diamagnetism, paramagnetism and ferromagnetism.
Ans. Susceptibility of magnetic material χ =
I
, where I is the intensity of magnetisation induced
H
in the material and H is the magnetising force.
Diamagnetism is due to orbital motion of electrons in an atom developing magnetic
moments opposite to applied field. Thus, the resultant magnetic moment of the
diamagnetic material is zero and hence, the susceptibility χ of diamagnetic material is not
much affected by temperature.
Paramagnetism and ferromagnetism is due to alignments of atomic magnetic moments in
the direction of the applied field. As temperature is raised, the alignment is disturbed,
resulting decrease in susceptibility of both with increase in temperature.
Q. 15A ball of superconducting material is dipped in liquid nitrogen and placed

near a bar magnet.
(i) In which direction will it move?
(ii) What will be the direction of its magnetic moment?
K Thinking Process
A superconducting material and nitrogen are diamagnetic in nature.
Ans. When a diamagnetic material is dipped in liquid nitrogen, it again behaves as a
diamagnetic material. Thus, superconducting material will again behave as a diamagnetic
material. When this diamagnetic material is placed near a bar magnet, it will be feebly
magnetised opposite to the direction of magnetising field.
(i) Thus, it will be repelled.
(ii) Also its direction of magnetic moment will be opposite to the direction of magnetic field
of magnet.
Short Answer Type Questions

Q. 16 Verify the Gauss’s law for magnetic field of a point dipole of dipole
moment m at the origin for the surface which is a sphere of radius R.
Ans. Let us draw the figure for given situation,
z
r
r
θ
n dθ
M y
O
We have to prove that ∫ B ⋅ d S = 0. This is called Gauss’s law in magnetisation.

According to question,
Magnetic moment of dipole at origin O is
M = M k$
Let P be a point at distance r from O and OP makes an angle θ with z-axis. Component of M
along OP = M cosθ.
Now, the magnetic field induction at P due to dipole of moment Mcosθ is
µ 2M cos θ $
B= 0 r
4π r3
From the diagram, r is the radius of sphere with centre at O lying in yz-plane. Take an
elementary area d S of the surface at P. Then,
d S = r (r sin θ d θ) r$ = r 2 sin θ d θ r$
µ 0 2 M cos θ $ 2
∫B⋅dS = ∫ 4π r3
r (r sinθ d θ r$ )
µ M 2π
= 0 ∫ 2 sinθ.cos θ d θ
4π r 0
µ 0 M 2π
4 π r ∫0
= sin2 θdθ
2π
µ 0 M  − cos 2 θ 
=  
4π r  2 0
µ M
= − 0 [cos 4 π − cos 0]
4π 2r
µ0 M
= [1 − 1] = 0
4π 2r
Q. 17 Three identical bar magnets are rivetted together at centre in the same
plane as shown in figure. This system is placed at rest in a slowly varying
magnetic field. It is found that the system of magnets does not show
any motion. The north-south poles of one magnet is shown in the figure.
Determine the poles of the remaining two.
N
? ?
60°
60°
? ?
S
Ans. The system will be in stable equilibrium if the net force on the system is zero and net torque
on the system is also zero. This is possible only when the poles of the remaining two
magnets are as given in the figure.
N
S
S
N N
S
Q. 18 Suppose we want to verify the analogy between electrostatic and

magnetostatic by an explicit experiment. Consider the motion of (i)
electric dipole p in an electrostatic field E and (ii) magnetic dipole M in a
magnetic field B. Write down a set of conditions on E, B, p, M so that the
two motions are verified to be identical. (Assume identical initial
conditions).
K Thinking Process
E(r) = cB(r), suppose the angle between p and E is θ. Torque on electric dipole of moment
p in electric field E, τ = pE sinθ.
Ans. Now, suppose that the angle between M and B is θ.
Torque on magnetic dipole moment M in magnetic field B,
τ ′ = MBsinθ
Two motions will be identical, if
pE sinθ = MBsinθ
⇒ pE = MB …(i)
But, E = cB
∴Putting this value in Eq. (i),
pcB = MB
M
⇒ p=
c
Q. 19 A bar magnet of magnetic moment M and moment of inertia I (about

centre, perpendicular to length) is cut into two equal pieces,
perpendicular to length. Let T be the period of oscillations of the
original magnet about an axis through the mid-point, perpendicular to
length, in a magnetic field B. What would be the similar period T ′ for
each piece?
K Thinking Process
I
T = 2π
MB
where, T = time period
I = moment of inertia
m = mass of magnet
B = magnetic field
Ans. Given, I = moment of inertia of the bar magnet
m = mass of bar magnet
l = length of magnet about an any passing through its centre and perpendicular to its
length
M = magnetic moment of the magnet
B= uniform magnetic field in which magnet is oscillating, we get time period of
I
oscillation is, T = 2π
MB
ml2
Here, I= .
12
When magnet is cut into two equal pieces, perpendicular to length, then moment of inertia of
each piece of magnet about an axis perpendicular to length passing through its centre is
m (l / 2 )2 ml2 1 I
I′ = = × =
2 12 12 8 8
Magnetic dipole moment M ′ = M /2
Its time period of oscillation is
I′ I /8 2π I
T′ = 2 π = 2π =
M ′B (M / 2 )B 2 MB
T
T′= .
2
Q. 20Use (i) the Ampere’s law for H and (ii) continuity of lines of B, to
conclude that inside a bar magnet, (a) lines of H run from the N-pole to
S- pole, while (b) lines of B must run from the S-pole to N-pole.
Ans. Consider a magnetic field line of B through the bar magnet as given in the figure below.
C
P Q
S N
The magnetic field line of B through the bar magnet must be a closed loop.
Let C be the amperian loop. Then,

P P B
∫Q H.dl = ∫Q m0 .dl
We know that the angle between B and dI is less than 90° inside the bar magnet. So, it
is positive.
P P B
i.e., ∫Q H.dl = ∫Q µ 0 .dl > 0
Hence, the lines of B must run from south pole(S) to north pole (N) inside the bar magnet.
According to Ampere’s law,
∴ ∫ H.dl = 0
PQP
Q P
∴ ∫ H.dl = ∫ H.dl +
P ∫Q H.dl = 0
PQP
P Q
As ∫Q H.dl > 0, so, ∫ P H.dl < 0 (i.e., negative)
It will be so if angle between H and dl is more than 90°, so that cosθ is negative. It means the
line of H must run from N-pole to S-pole inside the bar magnet.
Long Answer Type Questions

Q. 21Verify the Ampere’s law for magnetic field of a point dipole of dipole
moment M = M k$ . Take C as the closed curve running clockwise along
(i) the z-axis from z = a > 0 to z = R,
(ii) along the quarter circle of radius R and centre at the origin in the first
quadrant of xz-plane,
(iii) along the x-axis from x = R to x = a, and
(iv) along the quarter circle of radius a and centre at the origin in the first
quadrant of xz-plane
K Thinking Process
Let us consider the figure below
z
Q
R
a
P
M T S x
O R
y
Ans. From P to Q, every point on the z-axis lies at the axial line of magnetic dipole of moment M.
Magnetic field induction at a point distance z from the magnetic dipole of moment is
µ 2|M| µ M
|B| = 0 3 = 0 3
4π z 2 πz
(i) Along z-axis from P to Q.
Q Q R
∫P B.dl = ∫P B.dl cos 0° = ∫a B dz
Rµ µ 0 M  −1  1
M 1
= ∫a 2 π0 z3 dz =  − 
2 π  2   R 2 a2 
µ M 1
= 0  2 − 2 
1
4π  a R 
(ii) Along the quarter circle QS of radius R as given in the figure below
z
Q
R A
dθ dl
M S
m sin θ x
O R
y
The point A lies on the equatorial line of the magnetic dipole of moment Msinθ.
Magnetic field at point A on the circular arc is
µ M sinθ
B= 0 ; dl = Rdθ
4π R3
π
µ 0 M sinθ
∴ ∫ B.dl = ∫ B.dl cosθ = ∫02 4π R3
Rdθ
µ0 M µ0 M
Circular arc = (− cos θ)π0 /2
=
4π R 4π R2
(iii) Along x-axis over the path ST, consider the figure given ahead
z
M
T S
x
a R
O x
y
From figure, every point lies on the equatorial line of magnetic dipole. Magnetic field
induction at a point distance x from the dipole is
µ M
B= 0 3
4π x
T a µ M
∴ ∫SB.dl = ∫R − 4 π0x 3 .dl = 0 [Qangle between (− M) and dl is 90°]
(iv) Along the quarter circle TP of radius a. Consider the figure given below
z
P
a
θ
dλ
dθ
M T
m sin θ x
O a
y
From case (ii), we get line integral of B along the quarter circle TP of radius a is
0 µ M sinθ
circular arc TP ∫ B.dl = ∫π / 2 4 π0 a3 ad θ
µ M 0 µ M
= 0 2 ∫ sin θ dθ = 0 2 [− cos θ]0π / 2
4π a π / 2 4π a
− µ0 M
=
4 π a2
Q S T P
∴ ∫ B.dl = ∫ B.dl + ∫ B.dl + ∫ B.dl + ∫ B.dl
PQST P Q S T
µ 0M  1 1  µ0 M µ M
= − + + 0 +  − 0 2  = 0
4  a2 R 2  4 π R 2  4π a 
Q. 22 What are the dimensions of χ, the magnetic susceptibility? Consider an

H-atom. Gives an expression for χ, upto a constant by constructing a
quantity of dimensions of χ, out of parameters of the atom e, m, v, R and
µ 0 . Here, m is the electronic mass, v is electronic velocity, R is Bohr
radius. Estimate the number so obtained and compare with the value of
| χ | ~ 10 −5 for many solid materials.
K Thinking Process
Magnetic susceptibility is a measure of how a magnetic material responds to an external
field. i.e., magnetic susceptibility
I (Intensity of magnetisation)
χm = =
H (Magnetising force)
Ans. As I and H both have same units and dimensions, hence, χ has no dimensions. Here, in
this question, χ is to be related with e, m, v, R and µ 0 . We know that dimensions of
µ 0 = [MLθ−2 ]
From Biot-Savart’s law,
µ 0 I dl sinθ
dB =
4π r2
4 πr dB
2
4 πr 2 f  F 
⇒ µ0 = = × Q dB = qv sinθ 
I dlsinθ I dlsinθ qv sinθ  
L2 × (MLT− 2 )
∴ Dimensions of µ 0 = = [MLQ −2 ]
(QT ) (L) × 1 × (Q) (LT−1 ) × (1)
−1
where Q is the dimension of charge.

As χ is dimensionless, it should have no involvement of charge Q in its dimensional formula.

It will be so if µ 0 and e together should have the value µ 0e 2 , as e has the dimensions of
charge.
Let χ = µ 0e 2 ma v b Rc …(i)
where a, b, c are the power of m, v and R respectively, such that relation (i) is satisfied.
Dimensional equation of (i) is
[M0L0 T0Q 0 ] = [MLQ −2 ] × [Q 2 ][Ma ] × (LT−1 )b × [L]c
= [M1+ a + L1+ b + c T− bQ 0 ]
Equating the powers of M, L and T, we get
0 = 1 + a ⇒ a = − 1, 0 = 1 + b + c …(ii)
0 = − b ⇒ b = 0, 0 = 1 + 0 + c or c = − 1
Putting values in Eq. (i), we get
µ e2
χ = µ 0e 2 m−1v 2 R −1 = 0 …(iii)
mR
Here, µ 0 = 4 π × 10−7Tm A −1
e = 1.6 × 10−19 C
. × 10−31 kg, R = 10−10 m
m = 91
(4 π × 10−7 ) × (16
. × 10−19 )2
χ= ≈ 10−4
. × 10−31 ) × 10−10
(91
χ 10−4
∴ = = 10
χ(given solid) 10−5
Q. 23 Assume the dipole model for the earth’s magnetic field B which is given
µ 0 2m cos θ
by BV = vertical component of magnetic field =
4π r 3
µ sinθm
BH = horizontal component of magnetic field = 0
4π r 3
θ = 90° − lattitude as measured from magnetic equator.
Find loci of points for which (a) | B | is minimum (b) dip angle is zero and
(c) dip angle is 45°.
µ 0 2 mcos θ
Ans. (a) BV = …(i)
4π r3
µ 0 sinθm
BH = …(ii)
4π r3
Squaring both the equations and adding, we get
µ m2
BV2 + BH2 =  0  6 [4cos 2 θ + sin2 θ]
 4π  r
µ m
B = BV2 + BH2 = 0 3 [3cos 2 θ + 1]1/ 2 …(iii)
4π r
π
From Eq. (iii), the value of B is minimum, if cosθ =
2
π
θ = . Thus, the magnetic equator is the locus.
2
(b) Angle of dip,

µ 0 2 mcos θ
⋅
= 4π
BV r3
tanδ = = 2 cot θ …(iv)
BH µ 0 ⋅ sinθ⋅ m
4π r3
tanδ = 2 cot θ
For dip angle is zero i.e., δ = 0
cotθ = 0
π
θ=
2
It means that locus is again magnetic equator.
B
(c) tanδ = V
BH
Angle of dip i.e., δ = ± 45
BV
= tan(±45° )
BH
BV
=1
BH
2 cotθ = 1 [From Eq. (iv)]
1
cotθ=
2
tanθ= 2
⇒ θ = tan−1(2 )
Thus, θ= tan−1 (2) is the locus.
Q. 24Consider the plane S formed by the dipole axis and the axis of earth. Let
P be point on the magnetic equator and in S. Let Q be the point of
intersection of the geographical and magnetic equators. Obtain the
declination and dip angles at P and Q.
Ans. P is in the plane S, needle is in north, so the declination is zero.
N
S ω
11.3° M
GE P
G
Q
ME
S
P is also on the magnetic equator, so the angle of dip = 0, because the value of angle of
dip at equator is zero. Q is also on the magnetic equator, thus the angle of dip is zero.
As earth tilted on its axis by 11.3°, thus the declination at Q is 11.3°.
Q. 25 There are two current carrying planar coil made each from identical wires
of length L. C 1 is circular (radius R) and C 2 is square (side a). They are so
constructed that they have same frequency of oscillation when they are
placed in the same uniform B and carry the same current. Find a in terms
of R.
Ans. C1 = circular coil of radius R, length L, number of turns per unit length
L
n1 =
2 πR
L
C 2 = square of side a and perimeter L, number of turns per unit length n2 =
a 4a
Magnetic moment of C1
⇒ m1 = n1 I A1
Magnetic moment of C 2
⇒ m2 = n2 I A2
L ⋅ I ⋅ πR 2
m1 =
2 πR
L
m2 = ⋅ I ⋅ a2
4a
LIR
m1 = ...(i)
2
LIa
m2 = ...(ii)
4
MR 2
Moment of inertia of C1 ⇒ I1 = ...(iii)
2
Ma2
Moment of inertia of C 2 ⇒ I 2 = ...(iv)
12
I1
Frequency of C1 ⇒ f1 = 2 π
m1B
I2
Frequency of C 2 ⇒ f2 = 2 π
m2 B
According to question, f1 = f2
I1 I2
2π = 2π
m1B m2 B
I1 I m I
= 2 or 2 = 2
m1 m2 m1 I1
Plugging the values by Eqs. (i), (ii), (iii) and (iv)
LI a⋅ 2 Ma2 ⋅ 2
=
4 × LIR 12 ⋅ MR 2
a a2
=
2 R 6R 2
3R = a
Thus, the value of a is 3R.
9
Ray Optics and Optical
Instruments
Q. 1 A ray of light incident at an angle θ on a refracting face of a prism
emerges from the other face normally. If the angle of the prism is 5° and
the prism is made of a material of refractive index 1.5, the angle of
incidence is
(a) 7.5° (b) 5° (c) 15° (d) 2.5°
K Thinking Process
The ray refractive by first surface falls normally on second surface , in order to emerges
from the other face normally.
Ans. (a) Since, deviation δ = (µ − 1) A = (15
. − 1) × 5° = 2.5°
By geometry, angle of refraction by first surface is 5°.
But δ = θ − r , so, we have, 2.5° = θ − 5° on solving θ = 7.5°.
Q. 2 A short pulse of white light is incident from air to a glass slab at normal
incidence. After travelling through the slab, the first colour to emerge is
(a) blue (b) green (c) violet (d) red
K Thinking Process
When light ray goes from one medium to other medium, the frequency of light remains
unchanged.
Ans. (d) Since v ∝ λ, the light of red colour is of highest wavelength and therefore of highest
speed. Therefore, after travelling through the slab, the red colour emerge first.
Q. 3 An object approaches a convergent lens from the left of the lens with a
uniform speed 5 m/s and stops at the focus. The image
(a) moves away from the lens with an uniform speed 5 m/s
(b) moves away from the lens with an uniform acceleration
(c) moves away from the lens with a non-uniform acceleration
(d) moves towards the lens with a non-uniform acceleration
Ray Optics and Optical Instruments 147
K Thinking Process
This problem has link with the formation of image when object is at different positions.
Ans. (c) When an object approaches a convergent lens from the left of the lens with a uniform
speed of 5 m/s, the image away from the lens with a non-uniform acceleration.
Q. 4 A passenger in an aeroplane shall

(a) never see a rainbow
(b) may see a primary and a secondary rainbow as concentric circles
(c) may see a primary and a secondary rainbow as concentric arcs
(d) shall never see a secondary rainbow
Ans. (b) A passenger in an aeroplane may see a primary and a secondary rainbow like
concentric circles.
Q. 5 You are given four sources of light each one providing a light of a single
colour - red, blue, green and yellow. Suppose the angle of refraction for
a beam of yellow light corresponding to a particular angle of incidence
at the interface of two media is 90°. Which of the following statements
is correct if the source of yellow light is replaced with that of other
lights without changing the angle of incidence?
(a) The beam of red light would undergo total internal reflection
(b) The beam of red light would bend towards normal while it gets refracted
through the second medium
(c) The beam of blue light would undergo total internal reflection
(d) The beam of green light would bend away from the normal as it gets refracted
through the second medium
K Thinking Process
This problem is based on the critical angle of total internal reflection.
Ans. (c) According to VIBGYOR, among all given sources of light, the blue light have smallest
wavelength.According to Cauchy relationship, smaller the wavelength higher the
refractive index and consequently smaller the critical angle.
So, corresponding to blue colour, the critical angle is least which facilitates total internal
reflection for the beam of blue light. The beam of green light would also undergo total
internal reflection.
Q. 6 The radius of curvature of the curved surface of a plano-convex lens is

20 cm. If the refractive index of the material of the lens be 1.5, it will
(a) act as a convex lens only for the objects that lie on its curved side
(b) act as a concave lens for the objects that lie on its curved side
(c) act as a convex lens irrespective of the side on which the object lies
(d) act as a concave lens irrespective of side on which the object lies
K Thinking Process
R
By lens maker’s formula for plano-convex lens, focal length is given by f = . This is
µ −1
always positive for µ >1 or optically denser medium of material of lens placed in air.
Ans. (c) R 20
Here, R = 20cm, µ = 15
. , on substituting the values in f = = = 40 cm of
µ − 1 15 . −1
converging nature as f>0. Therefore, lens act as a convex lens irrespective of the side
on which the object lies.
Q. 7 The phenomena involved in the reflection of radiowaves by ionosphere is

similar to
(a) reflection of light by a plane mirror
(b) total internal reflection of light in air during a mirage
(c) dispersion of light by water molecules during the formation of a rainbow
(d) scattering of light by the particles of air
Ans. (b) The phenomenon involved in the reflection of radiowaves by ionosphere is similar to
total internal reflection of light in air during a mirage i.e., angle of incidence is greater
than critical angle.
Q. 8 The direction of ray of light incident on a concave mirror is shown by PQ

while directions in which the ray would travel after reflection is shown
by four rays marked 1, 2, 3 and 4 (figure). Which of the four rays
correctly shows the direction of reflected ray?
1
2 Q
4
C F
3 P
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 4

Ans. (b) The PQ ray of light passes through focus F and incident on the concave mirror, after
reflection, should become parallel to the principal axis and shown by ray-2 in the
figure.
Q. 9 The optical density of turpentine is higher than that of water while its
mass density is lower. Figure shows a layer of turpentine floating over
water in a container. For which one of the four rays incident on
turpentine in figure, the path shown is correct?
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 4
1 2 3 4
K Thinking Process
When a light ray goes from (optically) rarer medium to (optically) denser medium, then
it bends towards the normal i.e., i>r and vice-versa.
Ans. (b) Here, light ray goes from (optically) rarer medium air to optically denser terpentine,
then it bends towards the normal i.e., i>r whereas when it goes from to optically
denser medium terpentine to rarer medium water. then it bends away the normal i.e.,
i<r.
Q. 10A car is moving with at a constant speed of 60 km h−1 on a straight road.

Looking at the rear view mirror, the driver finds that the car
following him is at a distance of 100 m and is approaching with a speed
of 5 kmh−1 .
In order to keep track of the car in the rear, the driver begins to glance
alternatively at the rear and side mirror of his car after every 2 s till the
other car overtakes. If the two cars were maintaining their speeds,
which of the following statement (s) is/are correct?
(a) The speed of the car in the rear is 65 km h −1
(b) In the side mirror, the car in the rear would appear to approach with a speed of
5 kmh −1 to the driver of the leading car
(c) In the rear view mirror, the speed of the approaching car would appear to
decrease as the distance between the cars decreases
(d) In the side mirror, the speed of the approaching car would appear to increase as
the distance between the cars decreases
K Thinking Process
The image formed by convex mirror does not depend on the relative position of object
w.r.t. mirror.
Ans. (d) The speed of the image of the car would appear to increase as the distance between
the cars decreases.
Q. 11There are certain material developed in laboratories which have a

negative refractive index figure. A ray incident from air (Medium 1) into
such a medium (Medium 2) shall follow a path given by
i
i 1 1
(a) (b)
r
r 2 2
i r 1 1
(c) (d)
2 2
Ans. (a) The negative refractive index metamaterials are those in which incident ray from air
(Medium 1) to them refract or bend differently to that of positive refractive index
medium.

Q. 12Consider an extended object immersed in water contained in a plane
trough. When seen from close to the edge of the trough the object looks
distorted because
(a) the apparent depth of the points close to the edge are nearer the surface of the
water compared to the points away from the edge
(b) the angle subtended by the image of the object at the eye is smaller than the
actual angle subtended by the object in air
(c) some of the points of the object far away from the edge may not be visible
because of total internal reflection
(d) water in a trough acts as a lens and magnifies the object
K Thinking Process
This problem is based on the phenomenon of reflection when it goes from denser to rare
medium.
Ans. (a, b, c)
When immersed object is seen from close to the edge of the trough the object looks
distorted because the apparent depth of the points close to the edge are nearer the surface
of the water compared to the points away from the edge.
The angle subtended by the image of the object at the eye is smaller than the actual angle
subtended by the object in air and some of the points of the object far away from the edge
may not be visible because of total internal reflection.
Q. 13A rectangular block of glass ABCD has a refractive index 1.6. A pin is
placed midway on the face AB figure. When observed from the face AD,
the pin shall A B
(a) appear to be near A

(b) appear to be near D
(c) appear to be at the centre of AD
(d) not be seen at all
D C
K Thinking Process
This problem is associated with the phenomenon of total internal reflection.
Ans. (d) For µ = 16. , the critical angle,µ = 1/ sin C, we have C = 387 . °, when viewed from AD, as
long as angle of incidence on AD of the ray emanating from pin is greater than the critical
angle , the light suffers from total internal reflection and cannot be seen through AD.
Q. 14Between the primary and secondary rainbows, there is a dark band known
as Alexandar’s dark band. This is because
(a) light scattered into this region interfere destructively
(b) there is no light scattered into this region
(c) light is absorbed in this region
(d) angle made at the eye by the scattered rays with respect to the incident light of
the sun lies between approximately 42° and 50°
Ans. (a, d)
Alexandar’s dark band lies between the primary and secondary rainbows, forms due to light
scattered into this region interfere destructively.
Since, primary rainbows subtends an angle nearly 41° to 42° at observer's eye, whereas,
secondary rainbows subtends an angle nearly 51° to 54° at observer’s eye w.r.t. incident
light ray.
So, the scattered rays with respect to the incident light of the sun lies between approximately
42° and 50°.
Q. 15A magnifying glass is used, as the object to be viewed can be brought

closer to the eye than the normal near point. This results in
(a) a larger angle to be subtended by the object at the eye and hence, viewed in
greater detail
(b) the formation of a virtual erect image
(c) increase in the field of view
(d) infinite magnification at the near point
K Thinking Process
The problems is about the case when an object is placed between optical centre and
focus of the convergent (magnifying) lens.
Ans. (a, b)
A magnifying glass is used, as the object to be viewed can be brought closer to the eye than
the normal near point. This results in a larger angle to be subtended by the object at the eye
and hence, viewed in greater detail. Morever, the formation of a virtual erect and enlarged
image, takes place.
Q. 16 An astronomical refractive telescope has an objective of focal length

20m and an eyepiece of focal length 2 cm.
(a) The length of the telescope tube is 20.02 m
(b) The magnification is 1000
(c) The image formed is inverted
(d) An objective of a larger aperture will increase the brightness and reduce
chromatic aberration of the image
K Thinking Process
The magnifying power m is the ratio of the angle β subtended at the eye by the final
image to the angle α which the object subtends at the lens or the eye. Hence, in normal
adjustment
β h fo fo
m≈ ≈ =
α fe h fe
In this case, the length of the telescope tube is fo + fe .
Ans. (a, b, c)
The length of the telescope tube is fo + fe = 20 + (0.02 ) = 20.02 m
Also, m = 20 / 0.02 = 1000
Also, the image formed is inverted .

Q. 17 Will the focal length of a lens for red light be more, same or less than
that for blue light?
Ans. As the refractive index for red is less than that for blue, parallel beams of light incident on a
lens will be bent more towards the axis for blue light compared to red.
In other words, µ b > µ r
By lens maker’s formula ,
1  1 1 
= (n21 − 1)  − 
f  R1 R 2 
Therefore, fb < fr .
Thus, the focal length for blue light will be smaller than that for red.
Q. 18The near vision of an average person is 25 cm. To view an object with an

angular magnification of 10, what should be the power of the
microscope?
Ans. The least distance of distinct vision of an average person
(i.e., D ) is 25cm, in order to view an object with magnification 10,
Here, v = D = 25 cm and u = f
But the magnification m = v / u = D / f
D
m=
f
D 25
⇒ f= = = 2.5 = 0.025 m
m 10
1
P= = 40 D
0.025
This is the required power of lens .
Q. 19An unsymmetrical double convex thin lens forms the image of a point
object on its axis. Will the position of the image change if the lens is
reversed?
K Thinking Process
One lens have unique focal length irrespective of its face or geometry taken for use.
Ans. No, the reversibility of the lens maker’s equation.
Q. 20 Three immiscible liquids of densities d 1 > d 2 > d 3 and refractive indices

h
µ 1 > µ 2 > µ 3 are put in a beaker. The height of each liquid column is.
3
A dot is made at the bottom of the beaker. For near normal vision, find
the apparent depth of the dot.
K Thinking Process
The image formed by first medium act as an object for second medium .
Ans. Let the apparent depth be O1 for the object seen from m2 , then
µ h
O1 = 2
µ1 3
Since, apparent depth = real depth /refractive index µ.

Since, the image formed by Medium 1, O2 act as an object for Medium 2.
If seen from µ 3 , the apparent depth is O2 .
Similarly, the image formed by Medium 2 , O2 act as an object for Medium 3
µ
O2 = 3  + O1 
h
µ2  3 
µ 3  h µ 2 h h  µ 3 µ 2 
=  +  =  + 
µ 2  3 µ1 3  3  µ 2 µ1 
Seen from outside, the apparent height is
1 h  1 h h µ3 µ3 
O3 =  + O2  = +  + 
µ3  3  µ 3  3 3  µ 2 µ1  
h 1 1 1
=  + + 
3  µ1 µ 2 µ 3 
This is the required expression of apparent depth.
Q. 21 For a glass prism (µ = 3), the angle of minimum deviation is equal to

the angle of the prism. Find the angle of the prism.
Ans. The relationship between refractive index, prism angle A and angle of minimum deviation is
given by
( A + Dm )
sin 
 2 
µ=

sin 
A
2
Here,
∴Given, Dm = A
Substituting the value, we have
sin A
∴ µ=
A
sin
2
A A
2 sin cos
On solving, we have = 2 2 = 2 cos A
A 2
sin
2
A A
2 sin cos
sin A 2 2 A
∴ µ= = = 2 cos
A A 2
sin sin
2 2
For the given value of refractive index,
we have
A 3
∴ cos =
2 2
A
or = 30°
2
∴ A = 60°
This is the required value of prism angle.
Q. 22A short object of length L is placed along the principal axis of a concave
mirror away from focus. The object distance is u. If the mirror has a focal
length f , what will be the length of the image? You may take
L < < | v − f |.
K Thinking Process
The length of image is the separation between the images formed by mirror of the
extremities of object.
Ans. Since, the object distance is u. Let us consider the two ends of the object be at distance
u1 = u − L / 2 and u 2 = u + L / 2, respectively so that|u1 − u 2| = L. Let the image of the two
ends be formed at v1 and v 2 , respectively so that the image length would be
L′ = |v1 − v 2| ... (i)
Applying mirror formula, we have
1 1 1 fu
+ = or v =
u v f u−f
On solving, the positions of two images are given by
f (u − L / 2 ) f(u + L / 2 )
v1 = , v2 =
u − f − L /2 u − f + L /2
For length, substituting the value in (i), we have
f 2L
L ′ = |v1 − v 2| =
(u − f )2 × L2 / 4
Since, the object is short and kept away from focus, we have
L2 / 4 < < (u − f )2
f2
Hence, finally L′ = L
(u − f )2
This is the required expression of length of image.
Q. 23A circular disc of radius R is placed co-axially and horizontally inside an

opaque hemispherical bowl of radius a figure. The far edge of the disc is
just visible when viewed from the edge of the bowl. The bowl is filled
with transparent liquid of refractive index µ and the near edge of the
disc becomes just visible. How far below the top of the bowl is the disc
placed?
α
a O a M
d α
i
α
90–
A R C R B
K Thinking Process
This problem involves the wide application of geometry and Snell’s law.
Ans. Refering to the figure, AM is the direction of incidence ray before liquid is filled. After liquid
is filled in , BM is the direction of the incident ray. Refracted ray in both cases is same as
that along AM.
Let the disc is separated by O at a distance d as shown in figure. Also, considering angle
α
a O a M
d α
i
α
90–
N
A R C R B
N = 90°, OM = a, CB = NB = a − R, AN = a + R
Here, in figure
a−R
sin t =
d + (a − R )2
2
a+ R
and sin α = cos(90 − α) =
d 2 + (a + R )2
But on applying Snell’s law,
1 sin t sin t
= =
µ sin r sin α
On substituting the values, we have the separation
µ ( a2 − b 2 )
d=
(a + r )2 − µ (a − r )2
Q. 24 A thin convex lens of focal length 25 cm is cut into two pieces 0.5cm
above the principal axis. The top part is placed at (0,0) and an object
placed at (– 50 cm, 0). Find the coordinates of the image.
K Thinking Process
There is no effect on the focal length of the lens if it is cut as given in the question.
50.0
0.5
O O′
Ans. If there was no cut, then the object would have been at a height of 0.5 cm from the
principal axis OO’.
Applying lens formula , we have
1 1 1
− =
v u f
1 1 1 1 1 1
∴ = + = + =
v u f − 50 25 50
∴ v = 50 cm
v 50
Mangnification is m = =− = −1
u 50
Thus, the image would have been formed at 50 cm from the pole and 0.5 cm below the
principal axis. Hence, with respect to the X-axis passing through the edge of the cut lens, the
coordinates of the image are (50 cm, –1 cm ).
Q. 25 In many experimental set-ups, the source and screen are fixed at a

distance say D and the lens is movable. Show that there are two
positions for the lens for which an image is formed on the screen. Find
the distance between these points and the ratio of the image sizes for
these two points.
K Thinking Process
This is also one of the methods for finding the focal length of the lens in laboratory and
known as displacement method.
Ans. Principal of reversibility is states that the position of object and image are interchangeable.
So, by the versibility of u and v, as seen from the formula for lens.
1 1 1
= −
f v u
It is clear that there are two positions for which there shall be an image.
On the screen, let the first position be when the lens is at O. Finding u and v and substituting
in lens formula.
Given, −u + v = D
⇒ u = − (D − v )
Placing it in the lens formula
1 1 1
+ =
D−v v f
On solving, we have
v + D−v 1
⇒ =
(D − v )v f
⇒ v 2 − Dv + Df = 0
D D2 − 4Df
⇒ v= ±
2 2
Hence, finding u
D D2 − 4Df 
u = − (D − v ) = −  ±
2 2 
 
u O u
D D2 − 4Df
When, the object distance is +
2 2
D D − 4Df
2
the image forms at −
2 2
Similarly, when the object distance is
D D2 − 4Df
−
2 2
D D2 − 4Df
The image forms at +
2 2
The distance between the poles for these two object distance is
D D2 − 4Df D D2 − 4Df 
+ − − = D2 − 4Df
2 2 2 2 
 
Let d = D2 − 4Df
D d D d
If u = + , then the image is at v = − .
2 2 2 2
D−d
∴ The magnification m1 =
D+d
D−d D+d
If u = , then v =
2 2
D+d
∴ The magnification m2 =
D−d
2
m2  D + d 
Thus, = .
m1  D − d 
This is the required expression of magnification.
Q. 26 A jar of height h is filled with a transparent liquid of refractive index µ

figure. At the centre of the jar on the bottom surface is a dot. Find the
minimum diameter of a disc, such that when placed on the top surface
symmetrically about the centre, the dot is invisible.
d
h
i i
K Thinking Process
The problem is based on the principle of total internal reflection and area of visibility.
Ans. Let d be the diameter of the disc. The spot shall be invisible if the incident rays from the dot
at O to the surface at d / 2 at the critical angle.
Let i be the angle of incidence.
Using relationship between refractive index and critical angle,
1
then, sin t =
µ
Using geometry and trigonometry.
d /2
Now, = tan i
h
d
⇒ = h tan i = h[ µ 2 − 1 ] − 1
2
2h
∴ d=
µ2 − 1
This is the required expression of d.
Q. 27A myopic adult has a far point at 0.1 m. His power of accomodation is
4 D.
(i) What power lenses are required to see distant objects?
(ii) What is his near point without glasses?
(iii) What is his near point with glasses? (Take the image distance from the
lens of the eye to the retina to be 2 cm.)
K Thinking Process
If two thin lenses of focal length f1 and f2 are in contact, the effective focal length of the
combination is given by,
1 1 1
= +
f f1 f2
in terms of power P = P1 + P2
Ans. (i) Let the power at the far point be Pf for the normal relaxed eye of an average person. The
required power
1 1 1
Pf = = + = 60 D
f 01 . 0.02
By the corrective lens the object distance at the far point is ∞.
The power required is
1 1 1
Pf′ = = + = 50 D
f ′ ∞ 0.02
So for eye + lens system,
we have the sum of the eye and that of the glasses Pg
∴ Pf′ = Pf + Pg
∴ Pg = − 10 D
(ii) His power of accomodatlon is 4 D for the normal eye. Let the power of the normal eye
for near vision be Pn .
Then, 4 = Pn − Pf or Pn = 64 D
Let his near point be x n , then
1 1 1
+ = 64 or + 50 = 64
xn 0.02 xn
1
= 14,
xn
1
∴ x n = ; 0.07 m
14
(iii) With glasses Pn′ = Pf′ + 4 = 54
1 1 1
54 = + = + 50
x n′ 0.02 x n′
1
=4
x n′
1
∴ x n′ = = 0.25m
4
Q. 28 Show that for a material with refractive index µ ≥ 2, light incident at

any angle shall be guided along a length perpendicular to the incident
face.
Ans. Any ray entering at an angle i shall be guided along AC if the angle ray makes with the face
AC (φ) is greater than the critical angle as per the principle of total internal reflection
φ + r = 90°, therefore sin φ = cos r
1
⇒ sinφ ≥
µ
1
⇒ cos r ≥ A C
µ
1 φ
or 1 − cos 2 r ≤ 1 − 2
µ r
1 i
i.e., sin2 r ≤ 2
µ
1 B D
i.e., sin2 r ≤ 1 − 2
µ
since, sin i = µ sin r
1 1
sin2 i ≤ 1 − 2 or sin2 i ≤ µ 2 − 1
µ2 µ
π
when i =
2
Then, we have smallest angle φ.
If that is greater than the critical angle, then all other angles of incidence shall be more than
the critical angle.
Thus, 1≤ µ 2 − 1
or µ2 ≥ 2
⇒ µ≥ 2
This is the required result.
Q. 29The mixture a pure liquid and a solution in a long vertical column

(i.e., horizontal dimensions << vertical dimensions) produces diffusion
of solute particles and hence a refractive index gradient along the
vertical dimension. A ray of light entering the column at right angles to
the vertical is deviated from its original path. Find the deviation in
travelling a horizontal distance d << h, the height of the column.
Ans. Let us consider a portion of a ray between x and x + dx inside the liquid. Let the angle of
incidence at x be θ and let it enter the thin column at height y. Because of the bending it
shall emerge at x + dx with an angle θ + dθ and at a height y + dy. From Snell’s law,
y θ
dy
θ + dθ
( y + dy)
dx
µ( y) sin θ = µ( y + dy) sin (θ + dθ)

 dµ 
or µ( y) sin θ;  µ( y) + dy (sinθ cos dθ + cos θ sindθ)
 dy 
dµ
or µ( y) sin θ + µ( y) cos θdθ + dy sinθ
dy
− dµ
or µ( y)cos θdθ ; dysin θ
dy
− dµ
dθ ; dy tan θ
µ dy
dx
But tanθ = (from the figure)
dy
On solving, we have
− 1 dµ
∴ dθ = dx
µ dy
Solving this variable separable form of differential equation.
− 1 dµ d − 1d µ
µ dy ∫0
∴ θ= dx = d
µ dy
Q. 30 If light passes near a massive object, the gravitational interaction

causes a bending of the ray. This can be thought of as happening due to
a change in the effective refractive index of the medium given by
n(r ) = 1 + 2 GM / rc 2
where r is the distance of the point of consideration from the centre of
the mass of the massive body, G is the universal gravitational constant,
M the mass of the body and c the speed of light in vacuum. Considering a
spherical object find the deviation of the ray from the original path as it
grazes the object.
Ans. Let us consider two planes at r and r + dr. Let the light be incident at an angle θ at the plane
at r and leave r + dr at an angle θ + dθ . Then from Snell’s law,
θ+dθ
dr R
θ r M
r
r + dr
n (r ) sin θ = n(r + dr ) sin (θ + dθ)
⇒ 
n(r ) sin θ ;  n(r ) +
dn 
dr  (sin θcos dθ + cos θsin dθ)
 dr 
;  n (r ) +
dn 
dr  (sin θ + cos θ dθ)
 dr 
Ignoring the product of differentials

dn
n(r ) sinθ ; n(r )sinθ + dr sinθ + n(r ) cos θdθ
dr
dn dθ
or we have, − tan θ = n(r )
dr dr
2GM  2GM  dθ dθ
tan θ =  1 +  ≈
2 2
r c  rc 2  dr dr
θ0 2GM ∞ tan θdr
∫0 dθ = c 2 ∫−∞ r 2
Now substitution for integrals, we have
R
Now, r 2 = x 2 + R 2 and tan θ =
x
2 rdr = 2 xdx
θ0 2GM ∞ R xdx
∫0 dθ = c 2 ∫−∞ x 3
( x 2 + R 2 )2
Put x = R tan φ
dx = R sec 2 φ d φ
2GMR π/2 R sec 2 φd φ
∴ θ0 =
c 2 ∫− π / 2 R 3 sec 3 φ
2GM π/2 4 GM
=
Rc 2 ∫− π / 2 cos φd φ =
Rc 2
This is the required proof.
Q. 31 An infinitely long cylinder of radius R is made of an unusual exotic

material with refractive index-1 (figure). The cylinder is placed between
two planes whose normals are along the y-direction. The centre of the
cylinder O lies along the y-axis. A narrow laser beam is directed along
the y-direction from the lower plate. The laser source is at a horizontal
distance x from the diameter in the y direction. Find the range of x such
that light emitted from the lower plane does not reach the upper plane.
y
θr
o R
θr θr
x
θi
Ans. Since, the material is of refractive index − 1, θr , is negative and θr′ positive.
Now, | θt| = |θr| = |θr′|
The total deviation of the outcoming ray from the incoming ray is 4θt . Rays shall not reach
the recieving plate if
π 3π
≤ 4θt ≤ [angles measured clockwise from the y-axis]
2 2
π 3π
On solving, ≤ θt ≤
8 8
y Receiving plate
o θi R
θr θr x
θt
x
x
Now, sin θt =
R
π x 3π
≤ sin−1 ≤
8 R 8
π x 3π
or ≤ ≤
8 R 8
Rπ R3π
Thus, for light emitted from the source shall not reach the receiving plate. If ≤x≤ .
8 8
Q. 32 (i) Consider a thin lens placed between a source (S) and an observer (O)
b2
(Figure). Let the thickness of the lens vary as w(b) = w 0 − , where b
α
is the verticle distance from the pole, w 0 is a constant. Using Fermat’s
principle i.e., the time of transit for a ray between the source and
observer is an extremum find the condition that all paraxial rays
starting from the source will converge at a point O on the axis. Find
the focal length.
P1
b
S u v O
(ii) A gravitational lens may be assumed to have a varying width of the

form
k 
w(b) = k 1 ln  2  bmin < b < bmax
 b
 k2 
= k 1 ln   b < bmin
 bmin 
Show that an observer will see an image of a point object as a ring
about the centre of the lens with an angular radius
u
(n − 1) k 1
β= v
u+v
Ans. (i) The time elapsed to travel from S to P1 is

SP1 u 2 + b2
t1 = =
c c
u  1 b2 
or 1 +  assuming b < < u 0 .
c  2 u 2 
The time required to travel from P1 to O is
PO v 2 + b2 v  1 b2 
t2 = 1 = ;  1 + 
c c c  2 v 2 
The time required to travel through the lens is
(n − 1) w(b )
t1 =
c
where n is the refractive index.
Thus, the total time is
t = u + v + b 2  +  + (n − 1) w(b )
1 1 1 1
c 2 u v
1 1 1
Put = +
D u v
1 1 b2  b 2  
Then, t = u + v + + (n − 1)  w0 + 
c  2 D  α  
Fermet’s principle gives the time taken should be minimum.
For that first derivative should be zero.
dt b 2(n − 1)b
=0= −
db CD cα
α = 2(n − 1) D
Thus, a convergent lens is formed if α = 2(n − 1)D. This is independant of and hence, all
paraxial rays from S will converge at O i.e., for rays
and (b < < v.)
1 1 1
Since, = + , the focal length is D.
D u v
(ii) In this case, differentiating expression of time taken t w.r.t. b
1 1 b2 k 
t =  u + v + + (n − 1) k1In  2  
c  2 D  b 
dt b k
= 0 = − (n − 1) 1
db D b
⇒ b 2 = (n − 1) k1D
∴ b = (n − 1)k1D
Thus, all rays passing at a height b shall contribute to the image. The ray paths make an
angle.
b (n − 1)k1D (n − 1)k1uv (n − 1)k1u
β; = = =
v v2 v 2 (u + v ) (u + v )v

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4

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