Presentation of Data: Tables and Graphs

In the previous chapter, we discuss the data as anything observed from the population or from the
sample. In this chapter, the goal is to device a ways that data can be presented effectively in an orderly
manner such that even a very large data can be understood easily. Why? Because no human mind is
capable of grasping the meaning of any considerable quantity of data, unless their mass is reduced to
relatively convenient categories or is condensed with the help of visual aid. In this case, we will introduce
ways like tables and graphs.

Frequency Table

When the data is quite large, it is recommended that it should be organize and summarize by making
a frequency table.

Frequency table is a class or categories of values with corresponding frequencies

of the number of values that belong to the class.
Range is the interval between the highest and the lowest score.
Lower class limits are the smallest numbers that can belong to a class.
Upper class limits are the largest numbers that a class can contain the set of values
of data.
Class boundaries are the numbers used to separate classes, but without the gaps
created by class limits
Class width or class interval is the difference between two consecutive lower
class limits or two consecutive upper class limits.

Steps in Constructing Frequency Table

1. Decide on the number of classes. The ideal is between 5 to 20.

2. Calculate the class width
(highest value) – (lowest value)
Class width or interval =
number of classes
3. Start by using the lowest value or a convenient value a little lower than the lowest value for your
first lower class limit.

4. Add the class width to the first lower class limit to have the second lower class limit. Then add the
class width again to the second lower class limit to get the third class limit. Perform this step again
and again until you will reach to your desired number of classes. First upper class limit can be
obtained by subtracting 1 from the second lower class limit, same procedure until the last upper
class limit.
5. Make a tally for each set of data that to the class it belongs. It is good to put a scratch mark for
every data that has been tallied already to avoid repetition.

Example

Construct a frequency table from the scores of 45 students during their final exam in statistics. The scores
are the following:
65 78 82 70 89 85 69 90 94
88 60 75 77 89 70 83 95 87
77 82 92 63 74 87 84 61 79
93 87 92 89 67 77 80 90 80
85 91 79 82 63 76 69 81 89
Solution

1. Begin by selecting 9 as the desired number of classes.

2. Calculate the class width or interval
(95 – 60)
= = 3.87 ≈ 4 (round off to get whole no. interval)
9
3. Choose 60 as the lowest value to be the first lower limit.

Table 2-1 Scores in Statistics Exam

Scores (x) Tally Frequency (f)
60 – 63 llll 4
64 – 67 ll 2
68 – 71 llll 4
72 – 75 ll 2
76 – 79 lllllll 7
80 – 83 lllllll 7
84 – 87 llllll 6
88 – 91 llllllll 8
92 – 95 lllll 5
Total no. of scores (n) 45

Relative Frequency Table

A variation of the basic frequency table that uses the same class limits but relative frequencies are
used instead of actual frequencies. It can be obtained by dividing each class frequency by the total
number of frequencies multiplied by 100.

Example

Table 2-2
Scores in Statistics Exam
 Scores (x) Relative Frequency
60 – 63 8.9 %
64 – 67 4.4 %
68 – 71 8.9 %
72 – 75 4.4 %
76 – 79 15.6 %
80 – 83 15.6 %
84 – 87 13.3 %
88 – 91 17.8 %
92 – 95 11.1 %

Cumulative Frequency Table

Another variation of standard frequency table is used when cumulative totals are desired.
Cumulative frequency for a class is the sum of the frequencies for that class and all previous classes.

Table 2-3
Scores in Statistics Exam
Scores (x) Cumulative Frequency
60 – 63 4
64 – 67 6
68 – 71 10
72 – 75 12
76 – 79 19
80 – 83 26
84 – 87 32
88 – 91 40
92 – 95 45

Basic Statistics

EXERCISE 3

Name: _________________________________ Date &Time: _____________________

Course & Year:_________________________________ Score: _____________________

1. Construct a frequency table on the sales (in thousands) per month of Pedro Sari-sari store in last
3 years. Number of classes is 6.
56 67 46 56 87 51 46 56 75 80 79 65
48 52 63 77 81 64 76 49 68 65 77 83
74 63 46 87 76 61 61 70 83 71 60 54

Basic Statistics
2. Make a frequency table using 10 as the number of classes on the set of data of the number of
Honda motorcycle sold out per month within Region 7 for 4 years.
235 245 315 180 201 187 225 254 289 185 181 190
215 209 255 199 278 253 267 251 176 145 219 200
178 213 242 255 275 191 278 243 176 233 245 213
241 280 279 243 279 156 177 178 219 279 245 240

Basic Statistics

EXERCISE 4

Name: _________________________________ Date &Time: _____________________

Course & Year:_________________________________ Score: _____________________

Consider the following set of scores during the 2012 NAT exam in science of 50 4 th year students
78 89 56 77 51 67 71 85 78 89
56 67 78 81 93 89 64 62 76 81
78 87 88 90 63 76 59 80 73 76
69 78 61 78 72 89 78 76 65 71
74 79 82 90 59 63 67 62 76 56

1. Using a class size of 8 and a lowest score as the lowest limit, construct a relative frequency
distribution.
2. Use a class interval of 6 and highest score as the highest upper limit, make a cumulative frequency
table.

Graphs: Pictures of Data

In this section we will continue our study of data distribution by introducing graphs that will show its
distribution in pictorial form. Consider the following kinds of graph.

Histogram is a bar graph in which the horizontal scale represents classes and the
vertical scale represents frequencies, and the heights of the bars correspond
to the frequency values.

Example

Let us graph the score of 45 students in Statistics Final Exam using Histogram

Table 2-1 Scores in Statistics Exam

Scores (x) Mid point Frequency (f)
60 – 63 61.5 4
64 – 67 65.5 2
68 – 71 69.5 4
72 – 75 73.5 2
76 – 79 77.5 7
80 – 83 81.5 7
84 – 87 85.5 6
88 – 91 89.5 8
92 – 95 93.5 5
 Fig. 1: Scores of 45 Students in Statistics Final
9 Exam
8
61.5
7 65.5
FREQUENCY

6 69.5
5 73.5
77.5
4 81.5
3 85.5
2 89.5
93.5
1
0
61.5 65.5 69.5 73.5 77.5 81.5 85.5 89.5
93.5
CLASS MID POINT

Relative Frequency Histogram has the same shape and horizontal scale as a
histogram, but the vertical scale is marked with relative frequencies.

Example
RELATIVE FREQUENCY

Fig. 2: Scores of 45 Students in Statistics Final

20.0% Exam
18.0% 61.5
16.0% 65.5
14.0% 69.5
12.0% 73.5
10.0% 77.5
8.0% 81.5
6.0% 85.5
4.0% 89.5
2.0% 93.5
0.0%
61.5 65.5 69.5 73.5 77.5 81.5 85.5 89.5
93.5
CLASS MID POINT

Pareto Chart is a bar graph for qualitative data category, with the bars arranged in
order according to frequencies (tallest bar at the left and smallest bar at the
right). Vertical scales represent frequencies or relative frequencies and the
horizontal scales are the qualitative categories.
Example

Among the 50,000 death in the Philippines last year, the following are the causes of death: 20,000
attributed to dengue fever, 15,000 caused by malaria outbreak, heart attacked by 4,500, cancer by 2,500,
vehicular accident by 1,000, due to old age by 2000, murder/homicide by 1,500, fire by 3,000, and rabies
by 500.

Fig. 3 Preto Chart of Causes of Death in the Phil.

25000
Dengue
20000 Malaria
FREQUENCY

15000 Heart Attack

Fire
10000
Old Age
5000 Cancer
Murder
0
Vehicular Accident
Rabies

Pie Chart is a graphical representation of data in picture form that involves slicing
up the pie into proper proportions. Each slice represents the data and its
sizes correspond to the proper proportion of the data in each category.

Example

Let us use the data on the causes of death in the Philippines to construct pie chart.
 Causes of Death
Dengue
Malaria
Heart Attack
Cancer
Vehicular Accident
Old Age
Murder
Fire
Rabies

Numerous pictorial displays other than the ones just described can be used to represent data
dramatically and effectively. Take note that after the graph is drawn, it is not the end result. It is a tool for
Basicexploring,
describing, Statisticsand comparing of data.

EXERCISE 5

Name: _________________________________ Date &Time: _____________________

Course & Year:_________________________________ Score: _____________________

1. Samples of student cars and faculty/staff cars in a certain university were obtained and are
summarized in frequency table. Construct each relative frequency histogram for student cars and
faculty/staff cars. Compare the two frequency histograms. What are the noticeable differences
between the two samples?

Age Students Faculty/Staff

0–2 23 30
3–5 33 47
6–8 63 36
9 – 11 68 30
12 – 14 19 8
15 – 17 10 0
18 – 20 1 0
21 - 23 0 1

Note: Using Excel, paste your graph below.

2. A study conducted to determine the sources of job people used. The table lists the 700 samples
that were randomly selected as respondents in different companies in Mactan Economic
Processing Zone Authority. Construct a Pareto chart base on the given data. If job hunter will look
for a job, what seems or most probably be the most effective approach?

Sources of Job Frequency

News Paper Advertisement 150

Job Fair 276
Mass Mailing 89
Networking of Friends 120
Online Application 65