USE OF TELEVISION AND VIDEO IN NURSING EDUCATION

“ A mass education media”

Television constitutes an important medium widely used to disseminate
information to its viewers. It has the advantage of serving as both audio and
video aid, thereby having greater appeal than the radio and print media.
Television is being acknowledged as powerful medium of mass
education. In Indea, television is being useful for imparting information and
distance education through the UGC programs and other education programs.
It has the ability to bring the events and happening to the viewer in action.

Television (TV), a form of mass media based on the electronic delivery of

moving images and sound from a source to a receiver. By extending the senses
of vision and hearing beyond the limits of physical distance, television has had
a considerable influence on society. Conceived in the early 20th century as a
possible medium for education and interpersonal communication, it became by
mid-century a vibrant broadcast medium, using the model of
broadcast radio to bring news and entertainment to people all over the world.
Television is now delivered in a variety of ways: “over the air” by
terrestrial radio waves (traditional broadcast TV); along coaxial cables (cable
TV); reflected off of satellites held in geostationary Earth orbit (direct broadcast
satellite, or DBS, TV); streamed through the Internet; and recorded optically on
digital video discs (DVDs) and Blu-ray discs.
The technical standards for modern television, both monochrome (black-and-
white) and colour, were first established in the middle of the 20th century.
Improvements have been made continuously since that time, and
television technology changed considerably in the early 21st century. Much
attention was focused on increasing the picture resolution (high-definition
television [HDTV]) and on changing the dimensions of the television receiver to
show wide-screen pictures. In addition, the transmission of digitally encoded
television signals was instituted to provide interactive service and to broadcast
multiple programs in the channel space previously occupied by one program.

Despite this continuous technical evolution, modern television is best

understood first by learning the history and principles of monochrome
television and then by extending that learning to colour. The emphasis of this
article, therefore, is on first principles and major developments—basic
knowledge that is needed to understand and appreciate future technological
developments and enhancements. Because American TV programs, like
American popular culture in general in the 20th and early 21st centuries, have
spread far beyond the boundaries of the United States and have had
a pervasive influence on global popular culture, see also "television in the
United States," which deals with the history and development of TV programs.
A. Michael Noll
The development of television systems

Mechanical systems

The dream of seeing distant places is as old as the human imagination. Priests
in ancient Greece studied the entrails of birds, trying to see in them what the
birds had seen when they flew over the horizon. They believed that their gods,
sitting in comfort on Mount Olympus, were gifted with the ability to watch
human activity all over the world. And the opening scene of William
Shakespeare’s play Henry IV, Part 1 introduces the character Rumour, upon
whom the other characters rely for news of what is happening in the far
corners of England.
For ages it remained a dream, and then television came along, beginning with
an accidental discovery. In 1872, while investigating materials for use in the
transatlantic cable, English telegraph worker Joseph May realized that
a selenium wire was varying in its electrical conductivity. Further investigation
showed that the change occurred when a beam of sunlight fell on the wire,
which by chance had been placed on a table near the window. Although its
importance was not realized at the time, this happenstance provided the basis
for changing light into an electric signal.

In 1880 a French engineer, Maurice LeBlanc, published an article in the

journal La Lumière électrique that formed the basis of all subsequent
television. LeBlanc proposed a scanning mechanism that would take advantage
of the retina’s temporary but finite retainment of a visual image.
He envisaged a photoelectric cell that would look upon only one portion at a
time of the picture to be transmitted. Starting at the upper left corner of the
picture, the cell would proceed to the right-hand side and then jump back to
the left-hand side, only one line lower. It would continue in this way,
transmitting information on how much light was seen at each portion, until the
entire picture was scanned, in a manner similar to the eye reading a page of
text. A receiver would be synchronized with the transmitter, reconstructing the
original image line by line.

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The concept of scanning, which established the possibility of using only a single
wire or channel for transmission of an entire image, became and remains to
this day the basis of all television. LeBlanc, however, was never able to
construct a working machine. Nor was the man who took television to the next
stage: Paul Nipkow, a German engineer who invented the scanning disk.
Nipkow’s 1884 patent for an Elektrisches Telescop was based on a simple
rotating disk perforated with an inward-spiraling sequence of holes. It would
be placed so that it blocked reflected light from the subject. As the disk
rotated, the outermost hole would move across the scene, letting through light
from the first “line” of the picture. The next hole would do the same thing
slightly lower, and so on. One complete revolution of the disk would provide a
complete picture, or “scan,” of the subject.
John Logie Baird with television transmitter
John Logie Baird standing next to his television transmitter of 1925–26. To
Baird's left in the case is “Stookie Bill,” a ventriloquist's dummy that was
scanned by the spinning Nipkow disk in order to produce a picture
signal.(more)
This concept was eventually used by John Logie
Baird in Britain (see the photograph) and Charles Francis Jenkins in the United
States to build the world’s first successful televisions. The question of priority
depends on one’s definition of television. In 1922 Jenkins sent a still picture by
radio waves, but the first true television success, the transmission of a live
human face, was achieved by Baird in 1925. (The word television itself had
been coined by a Frenchman, Constantin Perskyi, at the 1900 Paris Exhibition.)

The efforts of Jenkins and Baird were generally greeted with ridicule or apathy.
As far back as 1880 an article in the British journal Nature had speculated that
television was possible but not worthwhile: the cost of building a system would
not be repaid, for there was no way to make money out of it. A later article
in Scientific American thought there might be some uses for television, but
entertainment was not one of them. Most people thought the concept was
lunacy.

Nevertheless, the work went on and began to produce results and

competitors. In 1927 the American Telephone and Telegraph Company (AT&T)
gave a public demonstration of the new technology, and by 1928 the General
Electric Company (GE) had begun regular television broadcasts. GE used a
system designed by Ernst F.W. Alexanderson that offered “the amateur,
provided with such receivers as he may design or acquire, an opportunity to
pick up the signals,” which were generally of smoke rising from a chimney or
other such interesting subjects. That same year Jenkins began to sell television
kits by mail and established his own television station, showing cartoon
pantomime programs. In 1929 Baird convinced the British Broadcasting
Corporation (BBC) to allow him to produce half-hour shows at midnight three
times a week. The following years saw the first “television boom,” with
thousands of viewers buying or constructing primitive sets to watch primitive
programs.

Not everyone was entranced. C.P. Scott, editor of the Manchester Guardian,
warned: “Television? The word is half Greek and half Latin. No good will come
of it.” More important, the lure of a new technology soon paled. The pictures,
formed of only 30 lines repeating approximately 12 times per second, flickered
badly on dim receiver screens only a few inches high. Programs were simple,
repetitive, and ultimately boring. Nevertheless, even while the boom collapsed
a competing development was taking place in the realm of the electron.
Electronic systems

The final, insurmountable problems with any form of mechanical scanning

were the limited number of scans per second, which produced a flickering
image, and the relatively large size of each hole in the disk, which resulted in
poor resolution. In 1908 a Scottish electrical engineer, A.A. Campbell Swinton,
wrote that the problems “can probably be solved by the employment of two
beams of kathode rays” instead of spinning disks. Cathode rays are beams
of electrons generated in a vacuum tube. Steered by magnetic fields or electric
fields, Swinton argued, they could “paint” a fleeting picture on the glass screen
of a tube coated on the inside with a phosphorescent material. Because the
rays move at nearly the speed of light, they would avoid the flicker problem,
and their tiny size would allow excellent resolution. Swinton never built a set
(for, as he said, the possible financial reward would not be enough to make it
worthwhile), but unknown to him such work had already begun in Russia. In
1907 Boris Rosing, a lecturer at the St. Petersburg Institute of Technology, put
together equipment consisting of a mechanical scanner and a cathode-ray-
tube receiver. There is no record of Rosing actually demonstrating a working
television, but he had an interested student named Vladimir Zworykin, who
soon emigrated to America.

In 1923, while working for the Westinghouse Electric Company in Pittsburgh,

Pennsylvania, Zworykin filed a patent application for an all-electronic television
system, although he was as yet unable to build and demonstrate it. In 1929 he
convinced David Sarnoff, vice president and general manager of
Westinghouse’s parent company, the Radio Corporation of America (RCA), to
support his research by predicting that in two years, with $100,000 of funding,
he could produce a workable electronic television system. Meanwhile, the first
demonstration of a primitive electronic system had been made in San
Francisco in 1927 by Philo Farnsworth, a young man with only a high-school
education. Farnsworth had garnered research funds by convincing his investors
that he could market an economically viable television system in six months for
an investment of only $5,000. In the event, it took the efforts of both men and
more than $50 million before anyone made a profit.

With his first hundred thousand dollars of RCA research money, Zworykin
developed a workable cathode-ray receiver that he called the Kinescope. At
the same time, Farnsworth was perfecting his Image Dissector camera tube. In
1930 Zworykin visited Farnsworth’s laboratory and was given a demonstration
of the Image Dissector. At that point a healthy cooperation might have arisen
between the two pioneers, but competition, spurred by the vision of corporate
profits, kept them apart. Sarnoff offered Farnsworth $100,000 for
his patents but was summarily turned down. Farnsworth instead accepted an
offer to join RCA’s rival Philco, but he soon left to set up his own firm.

KINDS OF TELEVISION BROADCASTS

Live broadcast:
Under this system, educational events are directly broadcasted. Immediate
transmission of the programs to a large number of audiences is possible
through the live telecast.
Related to BROADCAST RECORDING
• broadcast means the transmission, relaying or distribution by wireless
telegraphy of communications, sounds, signs, visual images or signals,
intended for direct reception by the general public whether such
communications, sounds, signs, visual images or signals are actually
received or not;
• broadcasting station means a station in the broadcasting service.
• Television means a system for transmitting visual images and sound that
are reproduced on screens, and includes broadcast, cable, on-demand,
satellite, or internet programming. Television includes any video
programming downloaded or streamed via the internet.
• sound recording means a recording of music, poetry, or spoken-word
performance, but does not include the audio portions spoken and
recorded as part of a motion picture, video, theatrical production,
television news coverage, or athletic event.
 • rebroadcasting means the simultaneous broadcasting by one
broadcasting organisation of the broadcast of another broadcasting
organisation.
• Media means physical devices or writing surfaces including, but is not
limited to, magnetic tapes, optical disks, magnetic disks, large-scale
integration memory chips, and printouts onto which information is
recorded, stored, or printed within an information system.
• broadcasting means the transmission by wireless means for public
reception of sounds or of images and sounds or of the representations
thereof; such transmission by satellite is also “broadcasting”;
transmission of encrypted signals is “broadcasting” where the means for
decrypting are provided to the public by the broadcasting organization
or with its consent;
• Video means simulated movement created by the display of a series of
images creating the illusion of continuous movement.
• Recording means the electronic, mechanical, stenographic or other
recording made as required by Indiana Rule of Trial Procedure 74.

CLOSE CIRCUIT TELEVISION BROADCAST

(CCTV)
CCTV (closed-circuit television) is a TV system in which signals are not
publicly distributed but are monitored, primarily for surveillance and security
purposes.

CCTV relies on strategic placement of cameras and private observation of the

camera's input on monitors. The system is called "closed-circuit" because the
cameras, monitors and/or video recorders communicate across a proprietary
coaxial cable run or wireless communication link. Access to data
transmissions is limited by design.

Older CCTV systems used small, low-resolution black and white monitors with
no interactive capabilities. Modern CCTV displays can be high-resolution
color, providing the CCTV administrator with the ability to zoom in on an
image or track something (or someone). Talk CCTV allows the administrator
to speak to people within range of the camera's associated speakers.

CCTV is commonly used for a variety of purposes, including:

• Maintaining perimeter security.

• Monitoring traffic.

• Obtaining a visual record of human activity.

The use of CCTV surveillance in public places has fueled privacy concerns in
many parts of the world.

MERITS OF TELEVISION AS EDUCATIONAL TOOL

1. Maximum learning. It involves audio and visual senses, hence it maximizes

learning.
2. Directs attention. It directs the attention of the student’s to the exact detail
of the object which he should see by eliminating distracting! Surroundings
3. Provides technical advantages. It provides technical advantages not readily
available for normal classrooms for illustration or demonstration. It makes
possible close up of small objects, components, diagrams etc. giving student a
“front-row seat.”
4. Economical. It saves time, efforts and cost of setting classroom equipment.
5. Expert-teaching. T.V. lessons are given by the qualified and good teachers.
Students get the privilege to attend their class. They can teach lesson in a
better way.
6. Up to date information. It permits inclusion of up-to-the | moment
information, modification, new equipment or techniques to the teaching.
7. Model for the class teacher. It provides teacher the opportunity to observe
the instructional methods and ideas of their experts and to increase his own
knowledge.
8. Use of the teaching aids. The course can be drawn upon many audio-visual
teaching materials usually not available to classroom teaching.
9. It makes possible to bring large, scarce, or new equipment into the
classroom.
10. Motivates gifted students. Gifted children benefit especially because they
can do advanced work beyond what is usually available to them in their
classroom.
LIMITATION OF TELEVISION AS EDUCATIONAL TOOL
Advantages of Educational Television:
(1) Television experience, which is a combination of sound and picture
received instantaneously on the TV screen, it comes closer than any other
contrived experience to that of real it)’.
(2) Television makes it possible for the talents of the best teachers to be put at
the disposal of all schools.
(3) Television can employ all other audio and visual aids and combine their
effectiveness in the air medium. Pictures, charts, films, micro slides, graphs,
boards, overhead projector can all be employed in the technique of teaching
by TV.

Disadvantages of Television
Nowadays, almost every house has a tv set for entertainment and information.
As we discussed above, there are lots of advantages to watching television.
But besides a lot of benefits, TV has some disadvantages as well. We cannot
ignore its adverse side effects. These side effects severely affect our life and
health as well.
Here we will discuss in details about the disadvantages of watching television
point-wise to under better.
1. Negative effect on health
Watching most of the time, television is not suitable for health. It is the
foremost significant side effect of watching tv mostly on kids. If we watch
television most of the time, then we will face lots of health-related problems
as body pain, back pain, eye irritation pain.
In every house, people and mostly kids watch the full television days and
sitting on the sofa or chairs. For this, children and adults do not go outside for
playing or any sports activities.
Kids are becoming addicted to watching cartoon channels. Because of this,
they become more irritative. The one major reason for obesity in kids is
watching television for long hours. At the time of eating and drinking, kids like
to sit only in place of walking after a meal.
2. Wastage of time
The television is an excellent source of joy and entertainment, but the
excessive use of television is so harmful to the kids and adults both. If any
popular serial or programs come on TV, then all people or all members collect
in the television room to watch.
But usually, time-wasting is there to watch unnecessary serials or programs. In
examinations time mostly kids waste time to see the tv.
3. Lack of meeting with families
For television and its channels of popularity, it is seen that families and kids
avoid going anywhere to meet at the time of their favorite program. In sports
seasons and particular program, time fond of television does not go out or
anywhere as they want to sit only in front of the TV.
Because of this distance between the two families increase. In this way,
television is not as good as people give priority to tv more.
Adverse effect on children and kids – Various numbers of programs
broadcasted which are not suitable and related to children’s mentality as per
their age who are less than 18 years old. These types of plans leave a terrible
impression on children, and they adopt the wrong way, affecting their study
and career.
4. Encourage the disputes
Because of television, new conflicts and arguments happen in families. Some
shows leave a wrong impression on the mind of males and females, and their
thinking changes a lot. For these changes, they become compelled to fight, and
unexpected disputes take birth.
5. Addiction to Cartoons
Each house is severely affected because of cartoon channels, and the kids and
children are so addicted and like a mad to watch the different cartoon
channels. Kids sit on the sofa for long hours, and they do not feel hungry and
other things. Only they concentrate on cartoons.
Because of this, children do not go out for the play, and so their physical
activities go down. Lots of parents are so anxious and worry for this habit and
addiction to children. It affects the mindset of kids and children severely.
6. The negative impact of a false advertisement
We see that day by day, the crowd around a false ad on television is increasing
quick. Many ads come on tv. These are like: a variety of local and branded
products are also being sold through advertisement.
Most of these advertisements are fake and against the rule and mindset of
children and kids. Because of this, they like only that item, whatever does not
bother.
Some advertisements are related to only adults, but if they sit with kids and
children, then they also watch this and their mind disturbed and change from
their career and study.
Conclusion
In the above discussion and analysis of television utility and its advantages and
disadvantages, we conclude that the use of television is a useful invention. Still,
the use of tv gives many side effects if not used properly.
There should be a balance in usage, and especially for kids and children, we
should be more conscious and try to avoid unwanted and unsuitable programs.
Anything if used more than limit and improper, then it is harmful.

BIBLIOGRAPHY
Nursing education principles and concepts R Sudha 2nd edition
The chapter of 3. Instructional media and methods page no:139-140