Ali El Rifai

Solved Problems

E123737
School of Technology
Power Systems – Analysis and Design Principles
Smart Energy

Vaasa 2023
Problem 1

a) S=V I ¿
¿ 150 cos ( ωt +10 ° ) ×5 cos (ωt−50 ° )

150 5
¿ <10 × ←50 °
√2 √2
¿ 106.07<10 × 3.536←50

¿ 375.01<60

S=187.5+ j 324.8

Now, P=ReS=187.5 W Absorbed

Q=ImS=324.8 VARS Absorbed

P 187.5
b) Pf = =
√ P +Q √ 187.52+ 324.82
2 2

Pf =0.499 ≅ 0.5 lagging

−1
c ¿ cos 0.9=25.841
QS =P tan θ

¿ 187.5 tan 25.841

QS =¿90.81 VARS

QC =Q L −Qs

¿ 324.8−90.81

¿ 233.99 ≅ 234 VAR

Problem 2
a) α 1=cos−1 0.6=53.13 °
−1
α 2=cos 0.8=38.86 °

P1 15
S1 = = =25 KVA
PF 1 0.6
Q1= P1 tan α 1= 15 tan (53.13) = 20 KVAR

P2= S2 × PF2=10× 0.8=8 KW

Q2= tan α 2= 8 tan (−38.86 )=−6 KVAR negative value indicates that load 2 is providing
reactive power rather than consuming.

P= P1 + P2=15+8=23 KW
Q = Q1 +Q2=20−6=14 KVAR

P2= 8KW
36.86 ° Sc =26.92 KVA
S1=25 KVA Q2=−6 Qc =14 KVAR
Q1=20 S2= 10
31.32 °
53.13 ° KVA
Pc = 23KW
P1= 15KW

b) S= P + jQ
=23+14j convert to the polar form → 26.92¿ 31.32 °
Pf =cos ( 31.32 )=0.854 lagging

¿
c) S=V × I
3
S 26.92 ×10
I L= = =32.39 A
√3 ×V √3 × 480

2 2 2
3 ×V → X= 3 ×V = 3× 480 =49.37
d) Q= 3 Ω
X Q 14 ×10

V 480
e) I c = = =9.72 A
X 49.37
3
P 23× 10
I Line = = = 27.66A
3V √ 3 ×480
Problem 3
Problem 4
a)
The series impedance per phase:
Z ¿(r + jωL)l
¿ ( 0.15+ j ( 2 π 60 ) ×1.3263 ×10−3 ) 40

¿6+j20 Ω

The receiving end voltage per phase

220
V R= ∠ 0 ° kV
√3
¿ 127 ∠ 0 ° KV

Complex power at the receiving end

−1
cos 0.8=36.87

Now S R(3 ∅ )=381 ∠36.87 ° MVA

¿ 304.8+ j228.6 MVA

The current per phase is given by:

S R (3 ∅)
I R=
(381 ∠−36.87 °)×103
3 V ∗¿ R= ¿
3 × 127 ∠ 0 °
I R =1000∠−36.87 ° A

Now, the sending end voltage:

V S =V R +Z I R
−3
V S =127 ∠ 0 °+(6 + j 20)(1000 ∠−36.87 °)× 10
V S =144.33 ∠ 4.93 ° KV

Then, the sending end line to line voltage magnitude is:

V S L−L =√ 3(144.33) = 250 KV

The sending power is:

¿
S S 3 ∅=3 V S I S

−3
¿ 3 ( 144.33 ∠ 4.93 ° ) (1000 ∠ 36.87 ° ) ×10
¿ 322.8 MW +288.6 MVAR
S S 3 ∅=433 ∠ 41 .8° MVA

250−220
Voltage regulation: 220
=0.136

P R (3 ∅ ) 304.8
Transmission line efficiency: η= P =
322.8
=0.944
S (3 ∅)

b) With 0.8 power factor I R =1000∠ 36.87° A

The sending end voltage:
V S =V R +Z I R

V S =(127∠ 0° )+¿(6+j20) (1000 ∠36.87 ° ¿ × 10−3

V S =121.39 ∠ 9.29 ° KV

The sending end line-to-line voltage magnitude:

V S (L−L)= √ 3 ×121.39=210.2 6 kV

The sending end power.:

S S(3 ∅ )=3 V S I ¿S

S S(3 ∅ )=3 ( 121.39∠ 9.29° ) ( 1 ∠−36.87 ° )

¿ 322.8 MW − j 168.6 M var

¿ 3618 ∠−27.58° MVA

210.26−220
Voltage regulation = 220
=−0.0433

P R (3 ∅ ) 304.8
Transmission line efficiency: η= P =
322.8
=0.944
S (3 ∅)

Problem 5
V =345 KV , f =50 HZ starting at B 3

a. S L3 a=10 × 106 , pf =0.9

S L3 a
a) I L 3 a=
V × √3
6
10 × 10
¿
34.5× 10 × √ 3
3

¿ 167.35 A

VL
Z=
IN
3
34.5 × 10 ∠ 0
¿
√3
2000∠ 25.84 °
19918.5842
¿
2000∠ 25.84 °
¿ 8.963− j 4.340
Z
Ź=
10
¿ 0.896− j 0.434

I L 3 a=167.35(0.9− j 0.44)

b) S L3 b=5 × 106 , pf =0.8

S L3 a
I L 3 b=
V × √3
6
5 × 10
¿
34.5× 10 × √ 3
3

¿ 83 . 67 A

VL
Z=
IN
3
34.5 ×10 ∠0
¿
√3
2000∠ 36.869 °
 19918.5842
¿
2000∠ 36.869 °
¿ 7.96 7 5− j5. 97 54

Z
Ź=
10
¿ 0.7966− j 0.5975

I L 3 b=83. 67(0. 8− j 0. 6)
I L 3=I L3 a + I L3 b

¿ 250.3 3 ∠ 26.65 °

' 250.33 ∠ 26.65 °

I L3=
500
5
'
I L3=2.5 A

Select for B3 relay a 3-A TS, which is the lowest TS above 2.5 A

S L3 a + S L3 b
I L 2=
√ 3× V
6
(5+10+10)×10
¿ =¿
√3 ×34.5 ×10 3
 Breaker Tap setting
B1 5
B2 5
B3 3

TDS @ B3
500
' 3000/( )
I 3 fault 5
=
TS 3 3
¿ 10 A

Now, to clear the fault as soon as possible, we will select the lowest TDS.

B3 TDS = 0.5, From the graph with TDS 0.5, relay operating time is 0.09 s.

1× 5
The breaker operating time 5 cycles = =0.1 s , primary protection clear this fault in
50

T3 + T breaker ¿ 0.09+0.1
¿ 0.19 s

For this same fault, the fault to pick-up ratio at B2 is:

500
3000 /( )
I ' 2 fault 5
=
Ts2 5
¿6 A

Breaker 2 operating time,

¿T2=T3+Tbreaker+Tcoordination:
¿ 0.09+0.08+ 0.3
¿ 0.47 s

6 A & 0.47 s, now from the graph,

TDS = 1
Now, TDS at B1. The largest fault current B@ is 5000 A. the fault current to pick-up current:
 8 00
' 5 000/( )
I 1 fault 5
=
TS 2 5
¿ 6.25 A

From the 1 TDS curve, this value corresponds to T2=0.28 s

Now, breaker operating time ¿ T 2+T breaker +T coordination

¿ 0.28+ 0.0 8+ 0.3
¿ 0.66 s

Now, for the values: 6.25 A & 0.66 s, from the graph TDS2=2

Breaker Relay Ts TDS

B1 CO-8 5 2
B2 CO-8 5 1
B3 CO-8 3 0.5
Problem 6
Zone 6
a) Zone 9

Zone3 Zone 7

Zone 1 Zone 5

Zone 2 Zone4
Zone 8
Zone 10

N /3000
VL
' 1
C) Z = I /1500
L
5
Z
¿
10
Z12=D b−c × 0.05+ j 0.5

Z12=64 ×(0.05+ j 0.5) Z12=3.2+ j32

Z 23= Dc−d (0.05+ j 0.6)

Z 23=64 ×(0.05+ j0. 6)

Z 23=3.2+ j 38.4

Z 24=DC−E (0.0 8+ j0. 8)

Z 24=96(0. 08+ j 0. 8)
Z 24=7.68+ j 76.8

Now, the zone 1 relay is typically set for an 80% reach and instantaneous operation:
 ' Z 1−2 3.2+ j32
Z 1−2= =
10 10
'
Z 1−2=0.32+ j3.2

Z r 1=80 % × ( 0.32+ j 3.2 ) Ω

Z r 1=0.256+ j2.56=2.57 ∠ 84.28 ° Ω

The zone 2 relay is set for about 120% reach, extending beyond bus 2.

Z r 2=120 % × ( 0.32+ j 3.2 ) Ω

Z r 2=0.384+ j 3.84=3.86 ∠ 84.29° Ω

' Z 2−4 7.68+ j 76.8

Z 2−4 = =
10 10
'
Z 2−4 =0.768+ j7.68

Z r 3=120 % × ( 0.768+ j 7.68 ) Ω+100 % × ( 0.32+ j 3.2 ) Ω

Z r 3=1.24+ j12.416=12.48 ∠84.29 ° Ω

Problem 7

a)
X eq= X ҆ d + X t + X 12∨¿( X ¿ ¿ 13+ X 23 )¿

¿ 0.30+ 0.10+0.20∨¿(0.10+ 0.20)

¿ 0.520 per unit

The current into the infinite bus:

P −1
I= ∠−cos ( p . f .)
V bus ( P . f .)
1 −1
¿ ∠−cos 0.95
1 ( 0.95 )
¿ 1.05263 ∠−18.195 ° per unit

E ҆ =E e jδ

¿ E ҆ ∠δ
¿ V bus + j X eq I

¿ 1 ∠ 0 °+ ( j 0.520 ) (1.05263 ∠−18.195°)

¿ 1 ∠ 0 °+ 0.54737 ∠−71.805 °

¿ 1.1709+ j0.5200

¿ 1.28121 ∠ 23.946 ° per unit

(1.2812)(1)
b) Pe = sin δ
0.520
¿ 2.4628 sin δ per unit
c)
Problem 8
a)
The total MVA rating = 200 + 300 + 500 = 1000 MVA

R 1 new = 0.03 / (200/100) = 0.015 per unit

R 2 new = 0.04 / (300/100) = 0.0133 per unit
R 3 new = 0.06 / (500/100) = 0.012 per unit
1 1
Now, β= ( R + R + ….)
1 2

1 1 1
β= ( 0.015 + 0.0133 + 0.012 ) =225. 188per unit

b)
−150
∆ Pref = 0, ∆ P m= = -1.5 P.u.
100
∆ P m=¿∆ P ref −β ∆ f ¿

-1.5 = -225.18 ∆ f
 −1.5
∆f= = 6.66×10−3 per unit
−225.18
−3
∆ f =6.66 × 10 ×60=0.399 Hz

c) ∆ P m=¿∆ P ref
−
1
R
∆f ¿

1 −3
∆ P m1 = - × 6.66 ×10 =−0.444 per unit = - 44.4 MW
0.015
1 −3
∆ P m1 = - × 6.66 ×10 =−0.50 per unit = - 50 MW
0.0133
1 −3
∆ P m1 = - ×6.66 × 10 =−0.555 per unit = -55.5 MW
0.012