Bio Newchpt4sec2show

Lesson Overview Energy Flow in Ecosystems
Lesson Overview
4.2 Energy Flow
in Ecosystems
Food Chains and Food Webs

How does energy flow through ecosystems?
Energy flows through an ecosystem in a one-way stream, from primary

producers to various consumers.
Food Chains
A food chain is a series of steps in which organisms transfer energy by
eating and being eaten.
Food chains can vary in length. An example from the Everglades is

shown.
Food Chains
In some aquatic food chains, such as the example shown, primary
producers are a mixture of floating algae called phytoplankton and
attached algae. These producers are eaten by small fishes, such as
flagfish. Larger fishes, like the largemouth bass, eat the small fishes.
The bass are preyed upon by large wading birds, such as the anhinga,
which may ultimately be eaten by an alligator.
Food Chains
There are four steps in this food chain.
The top carnivore is four steps removed from the primary producer.
Food Webs
In most ecosystems, feeding relationships are much more complicated
than the relationships described in a single, simple chain because many
animals eat more than one kind of food.
Ecologists call this network of feeding interactions a food web. An

example of a food web in the Everglades is shown.
Food Chains Within Food Webs

Each path through a food web is a food chain.
A food web, like the one shown, links all of the food chains in an
ecosystem together.
Decomposers and Detritivores in Food

Webs
Most producers die without being eaten. In the detritus pathway,
decomposers convert that dead material to detritus, which is eaten by
detritivores, such as crayfish, grass shrimp, and worms.
Pig frogs, killifish, and other fishes eat the detritivores.

Decomposers and Detritivores in Food

Webs
At the same time, the decomposition process releases nutrients that can
be used by primary producers. They break down dead and decaying
matter into forms that can be reused by organisms, similar to the way a
recycling center works.
Without decomposers, nutrients would remain locked in dead

organisms.
Food Webs and Disturbance

When disturbances to food webs happen, their effects can be dramatic.
For example, all of the animals in this food web depend directly or
indirectly on shrimplike animals called krill.
Krill are one example of small, swimming animals called zooplankton.

Food Webs and Disturbance

In recent years, krill populations have dropped substantially. Given the
structure of this food web, a drop in the krill population can cause drops
in the populations of all other members of the food web shown.
Trophic Levels and Ecological Pyramids

Each step in a food chain or food web is called a trophic level.
Primary producers always make up the first trophic level.
Various consumers occupy every other level. Some examples are shown.
Trophic Levels and Ecological Pyramids

Ecological pyramids show the relative amount of energy or matter
contained within each trophic level in a given food chain or food web.
There are three different types of ecological pyramids:

1. pyramids of energy,
2. pyramids of biomass, and
3. pyramids of numbers.
Pyramids of Energy
Pyramids of energy show the relative amount of energy available at
each trophic level.
Pyramids of Energy
Organisms expend much of the energy they acquire on life processes,
such as respiration, movement, growth, and reproduction.
Most of the remaining energy is released into the environment as heat—

a byproduct of these activities.
Pyramids of Energy
On average, about 10 percent of the energy available within one trophic
level is transferred to the next trophic level.
The more levels that exist between a producer and a consumer, the
smaller the percentage of the original energy from producers that is
available to that consumer.
Pyramids of Biomass and Numbers

The total amount of living tissue within a given trophic level is called its
biomass.
The amount of biomass a given trophic level can support is determined,

in part, by the amount of energy available.

A pyramid of biomass illustrates the relative amount of living organic
matter at each trophic level.
Typically, the greatest biomass is at the base of the pyramid, as is seen

in the field ecosystem modeled here.

A pyramid of numbers shows the relative number of individual
organisms at each trophic level in an ecosystem.

In some cases, however, consumers are much smaller than organisms
they feed upon.
Thousands of insects may graze on a single tree, for example. The tree
has a lot of biomass, but represents only one organism.
In such cases, the pyramid of numbers may be turned upside down, but
the pyramid of biomass usually still has the normal orientation.

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Lesson Overview Energy Flow in Ecosystems

Food Chains and Food Webs

Energy flows through an ecosystem in a one-way stream, from primary

Food chains can vary in length. An example from the Everglades is

Ecologists call this network of feeding interactions a food web. An

Food Chains Within Food Webs

Decomposers and Detritivores in Food

Pig frogs, killifish, and other fishes eat the detritivores.

Decomposers and Detritivores in Food

Without decomposers, nutrients would remain locked in dead

Food Webs and Disturbance

Krill are one example of small, swimming animals called zooplankton.

Food Webs and Disturbance

Trophic Levels and Ecological Pyramids

Primary producers always make up the first trophic level.

Trophic Levels and Ecological Pyramids

There are three different types of ecological pyramids:

Most of the remaining energy is released into the environment as heat—

Pyramids of Biomass and Numbers

The amount of biomass a given trophic level can support is determined,

Pyramids of Biomass and Numbers

Typically, the greatest biomass is at the base of the pyramid, as is seen

Pyramids of Biomass and Numbers

Pyramids of Biomass and Numbers

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