Programming Paradigms

 Widely used:
 Imperative: do this and next do that
 Examples: Fortran, Algol, Pascal, Basic, C

 Object-Oriented: send messages between objects

OBJECT ORIENTED  Examples: Smalltalk, Java, C++

PROGRAMMING WITH
JAVA
Introduction M. El Dick - I2211

Programming Paradigms Imperative Programming

 Not widely used:  Oldest and most obvious approach
 Functional: modeled on mathematical functions  Focuson : What it has to do
 Example: Lisp  Program is a series of instructions
 Code reuse with functions
 Logical: use of mathematical logic
 Example: Prolog

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 Object Oriented Programming Object Oriented Programming
(OOP) (OOP)
 Newer than imperative programming  Many languages support multiple paradigms:
 Now the most widely used paradigm  Java : imperative or OO
 Focus on :  Except for very simple programs, OO way is
 What objects the system contains much better
 How they interact

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Imperative vs. Object

Oriented What code can I reuse?
 Library classes
1. Understand the problem
2. Break it into sub-problems  Code written by others
3. Write algorithm to solve sub-problems  Your own code!
1. Understand the whole problem
domain
Monolithic, 2. Write a system which models the
non-reuseable solution domain

Set of components which can be reused,

to solve different problems
within the domain
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 Key Concepts of OOP Classes and Objects
 Classes and objects Class Object
 Abstraction
 Represent
 Encapsulation  Define a type of “things/objects”
 Polymorphism object from the real world
 Example: “the red
 Inheritance  Example: “car” car in the parking”

 Also represent things

like arrays,
messages, errors

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Classes and Objects Abstraction

Car Ignore details when necessary
Class String brand
String color
int speed  Think about what an object/class does,
int size not how it does it
 Treat it as a black box
is instance of is instance of

Example: car
MyCar JohnCar We only need its size and color in the problem
Objects brand “honda” brand “kia” We design a class with information only about the size and the
color “blue” color “black” color
speed 65 speed 65
size 100 size 80
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 Encapsulation Encapsulation
Hide implementation details Class 1 Class 1
Class2
 Group related data and operations in a class/object
Interface
 Other classes/objects : public methods

 Can interact with its public information or interface

Method1 private
 Are denied access to its private information Variable methods private data
1
Method2 Variable
2
… …
Variable
n
Method n

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Encapsulation Inheritance
Extend a class and create subclasses
Car
String brand
String color
access A subclass can :
Private fields denied
int speed
Other objects  inherit fields and methods of its superclass
and methods int size
 can add new fields and methods
change_gear()  can redefine (override) methods of its superclass

brake) access
Public methods allowed
accelerate()

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 Inheritance Polymorphism
Superclass Person
Implement same interface in different ways

 Literally: “many shapes”

 Informally: same instruction means different things to
Subclasses Student Employee different agents
 E.g. “write a note” is similar but different on:
 Computer
 Paper
Master
Manager
student

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Polymorphism What is Java?

SportPlayer
Superclass
Interface Java technology is both :
play()
…
a programming language
and
a platform
Subclasses BasketballPlayer FootballPlayer

play() play()

… Different behaviors …
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Java the Programming Language Java is Portable
 Simple and easy to use syntax “Write once and run everywhere”
 Secure  Regardless of the OS or the hardware
 No pointers like in C++ and arbitrary memory access  Any platform: Windows, MacOS, Linux, etc.
 Portable
 Many libraries (in the form of packages) thanks to Java Virtual Machine (JVM)
 New libraries are introduced constantly
 Environment in which Java programs execute
 Object oriented
 Software that is implemented on top of hardware
 Designed for distributed systems
and OS

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Java the Platform Java the Platform

 Platform : hardware/software environment in which 2 components :
programs run  Java Virtual Machine (JVM)
 Windows, Linux, Mac OS  Java Application Programming Interface (API)

Java platform
MyProgram.java
Software-only platform that runs on top of hardware platforms
API
Java
Set of programs to develop and run programs written in Java Java Virtual Machine
Platform
language
Hardware-based Platform

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 Java API Java Platform Versions/Editions
 Java SE - Standard Edition
Large collection of ready-made software components
 Java EE - Enterprise Edition
 Grouped into libraries of related classes and
interfaces
 Java ME - Micro Edition
 Libraries are known as packages
 For mobile phones
 JDBC, AWT, RMI, etc.

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Java SE Java EE
 JRE – Java Runtime Environment  Java EE – Enterprise Edition
For users For enterprises
 JVM + standard library  JDK + more libraries for servers (JDBC, RMI,
email)
 JDK - Java Development Kit  For distributed deployment (Enterprise’s
For developers intranet)
 JRE + Java compiler + other programming
tools

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 Java Platform Diagram from Sun The Simplest Java Program

public class Hello {

public static void main(String[] args) {
// Display a message to the screen
System.out.println("Hello World\n");
}
}

The program is contained in a file called Hello.java

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Compiling a Java Program Running a Java Program

javac Hello.java java Hello

Create file Hello.class : bytecode This command will:

1. Start the JVM
 Bytecode 2. Load the bytecode from the file Hello.class into the JVM
 cannot be run directly by the machine 3. The Java Virtual Machine will execute the loaded bytecode
 can be run by Java Virtual Machine (JVM)

Same .class file can run on Windows, Solaris, Linux, or

Mac OS

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Compiling and Running Java
Program

Source
code javac Bytecode java Code is executed

Hello.java Hello.class
Hello

library files
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