Ce319 - 0016-Flexural Members - 1

Download as pdf or txt
Download as pdf or txt
You are on page 1of 9

CE 319 : Design of Steel Structures 16

Flexural Members - 1 1

A beam is defined as a member acted upon primarily by transverse loading, often


gravity dead and live load effects. The term transverse loading is taken to include end
moments.

Beams in a structure may also be referred to as,

Girder: Usually the most important beams which are frequently at wide
spacing. Beams that constitute the main load resisting system.
Joist: Usually less important beams which are closely spaced, frequently with
truss-type webs
Purlin: Roof beams spanning between trusses
Stringer: Longitudinal bridge beams spanning between cross beams.
Cross Beam: Transverse bridge beams spanning between main girder or truss.
Another name: Transom.
Girt: Horizontal wall beams serving principally to resist bending due to wind
on the side of an industrial building; frequently supporting corrugated
siding.
Lintel: Members supporting a wall over window or door openings.

Other terms, such as header, trimmer, and rafter, are sometimes used.

CE 319 : Design of Steel Structures 16


Flexural Members - 1 2

Purlin

Girt
Cross beam/girder

Stringer
CE 319 : Design of Steel Structures 16
Flexural Members - 1 3

LATERAL STABILITY OF BEAMS: Lateral Torsional Buckling


Under the action of vertical load, a beam may suddenly sway laterally
when the magnitude of load reaches a certain amount (unless such
sway is prevented by some means). Such lateral sway is known as
lateral torsional buckling.
twisting

vertical
lateral

vertical
Only vertical Lateral
Deflection deflection
in bending and twisting
in Lateral
Torsional
Buckling

CE 319 : Design of Steel Structures 16


Flexural Members - 1 4

LATERAL STABILITY OF BEAMS: Lateral Bracing

Lateral Bracing is provided to


prevent Lateral Torsional
Buckling
CE 319 : Design of Steel Structures 16
Flexural Members - 1 5

LATERALLY STABLE BEAMS


When beams have adequate lateral stability of the compression flange
and the section is compact, full plastic moment can be developed.

When the yield stress is reached at the extreme fiber [Fig. (b)], the
nominal moment strength Mn is referred to as the yield moment My and
is computed as

Where Sx = section modulus = Ix/c

CE 319 : Design of Steel Structures 16


Flexural Members - 1 6

LATERALLY STABLE BEAMS


When beams have adequate lateral stability of the compression flange
and the section is compact, full plastic moment can be developed.

When the condition of Fig. (d) is reached, every fiber has a strain equal
to or greater than εy = Fy/Es i.e., it is in the plastic range. The nominal
moment strength Mn is therefore referred to as the plastic moment Mp,
and is computed as.

→ Plastic section modulus


CE 319 : Design of Steel Structures 16
Flexural Members - 1 7

LATERALLY STABLE BEAMS


Shape Factor, ξ : Ratio of the plastic and yield moment capacity
of a section

Shape Factor, ξ , is a cross-sectional property independent of


material properties.

Also note that ξ > 1.0 always.


Usual range of values of shape factor is between 1.0 and 1.5.

For wide-flange (W) shapes in flexure about the strong axis (X-
X) the shape factor ranges from about 1.09 to about 1.18, with
the usual value being about 1.12. One may conservatively say the
plastic moment strength Mp of W sections bent about their
strong axis is at least 10% greater than the strength My, when
the extreme fiber just reaches the yield stress Fy.

CE 319 : Design of Steel Structures 16


Flexural Members - 1 8

LATERALLY STABLE BEAMS


Compute shape factor of a rectangular cross section having
width b and depth h
b

h/2
P.N.A. I = bh3/12, c = h/2 ∴ S = I/c = bh2/6
h/2

Alternatively, = [(bîh/2)h/4]2 = b î h2/4

∴Shape Factor, ξ = Z/S = 1.5


Note: Location of plastic neutral axis (P.N.A.) for any section shall be
such that compression area shall be equal to the tension area,
i.e. area above PNA shall be equal to the area below PNA.
CE 319 : Design of Steel Structures 16
Flexural Members - 1 9

LATERALLY STABLE BEAMS


12"
Compute shape factor of a W 1.25"
section about its strong axis.

14"
0.75"

The given section is symmetric. Therefore, 1.25"


elastic neutral axis and plastic neutral axis are
same.

∴Shape Factor, ξ = 265.5/232.21 = 1.143

CE 319 : Design of Steel Structures 16


Flexural Members - 1 10
LOCAL BUCKLING: AISC Specification for limiting b/t ratio
Unstiffened Elements
CE 319 : Design of Steel Structures 16
Flexural Members - 1 11

NOMINAL MOMENT CAPACITY OF LATERALLY SUPPORTED BEAMS


Compact Sections
The nominal strength Mn for laterally stable "compact sections" according
to AISC may be stated,
Mn = Mp = Fy Zx (7.4.2)
Where, Mp = Plastic moment capacity
Zx = Plastic section modulus
Fy = Specified minimum yield stress.
In order to develop full plastic moment, the b/t ratio (b=bf /2) for flange
must be smaller than the limit λp defined by AISC.

e.g. flanges of e.g. flanges of e.g. web of W or


W section Box section Box section

CE 319 : Design of Steel Structures 16


Flexural Members - 1 12

NOMINAL MOMENT CAPACITY OF LATERALLY SUPPORTED BEAMS


Non-Compact Sections
Design must account for the fact that local buckling of the compression flange
or local buckling of the web may occur prior to achieving the high compressive
stain necessary to develop Mp. When the width/thickness limitations λr of
AISC-B4 are satisfied, achievement of only My is assured. The limits λr for
preventing local buckling in beams are given in Table 7.4.l.
CE 319 : Design of Steel Structures 16
Flexural Members - 1 13

NOMINAL MOMENT CAPACITY OF LATERALLY SUPPORTED BEAMS


Non-Compact Sections
Local buckling in hot-rolled l-shaped sections is, for practical
purposes, only possible in the flanges.

When λ = λr

This is the "residual moment capacity" Mr that will cause the


extreme fiber stress to rise from its assumed residual stress 0.3Fy
value when there is no applied load acting to the yield stress Fy.
The elastic section modulus Sx equals the moment of inertia Ix
divided by the distance from the neutral axis to the extreme fiber.

CE 319 : Design of Steel Structures 16


Flexural Members - 1 14

NOMINAL MOMENT CAPACITY OF LATERALLY SUPPORTED BEAMS


Partially Compact Sections

The nominal strength Mn for laterally stable "noncompact sections"


whose flange width/thickness ratios λ are less than λr but not as
low as λp must be linearly interpolated between Mp and Mr = 0.7
F y Sx
CE 319 : Design of Steel Structures 16
Flexural Members - 1 15

NOMINAL MOMENT CAPACITY OF LATERALLY SUPPORTED BEAMS


Slender Flange Sections

When the width/thickness ratio λ [=bf/(2tf)] exceeds the limit λr


of AISC-B4, the section is referred to as "slender" and must be
treated in accordance with AISC-F3.2(b). The nominal strength of
such a section is

૙Ǥૢࡱ࢑ࢉ ࡿ࢞
࢔ [Eq. F3-2, page 49, AISC 360-05]
ࣅ૛

Note: Eq. 7.4.5 on page 329 of Salmon's book is wrongly printed.

CE 319 : Design of Steel Structures 16


Flexural Members - 1 16

NOMINAL MOMENT CAPACITY OF A BEAM SECTION

Mp = Fy Zx (Compact section)

(Mp, λp)
Mn < Mp
(Mr, λr)
૙Ǥ ૢࡱ࢑ࢉ ࡿ࢞
ࡹ࢔ ൌ
ࣅ૛

λ
CE 319 : Design of Steel Structures 16
Flexural Members - 1 17

LATERALLY SUPPORTED BEAMS: LRFD Design


The strength requirement for beams in load and resistance factor design
according to AISC-F1 may be stated

LATERALLY SUPPORTED BEAMS: ASD Design


The strength requirement for beams in allowable strength design
according to AISC-FI may be stated

You might also like