CHEMICAL BONDING

Introduction to Bonding and Ionic bond

1. An ionic bond A+ B– is most likely to be formed when :

(1) The ionization energy of A is high and the electron affinity of B is low
(2) The ionization energy of A is low and the electron affinity of B is high
(3) The ionization energy of A and the electron affinity of B is high
(4) The ionization energy of A and the electron affinity of B is low

2. Which of the following shows the highest lattice energy ?

(1) RbF (2) CsF (3) NaF (4) KF

3. Which forms a crystal of NaCl ?

(1) NaCl molecules (2) Na+ and Cl– ions (3) Na and Cl atoms (4) None of these

4. Two element have electronegativity of 1.2 and 3.0. Bond formed between them would be :
(1) predominantely ionic (2) predominantely covalent
(3) co-ordinate (4) metallic

5. Which of the following have low lattice energy ?

(1) Cs – F (2) Cs – Cl (3) Cs – Br (4) Cs – I

6. Which condition favours the bond formation ?

(1) Maximum attraction and maximum potential energy
(2) Minimum attraction and minimum potential energy
(3) Minimum potential energy and maximum attraction
(4) None of the above
Lewis Structures, Formal Charge, Resonance

7 Identify the correct statement :

(1) single N–N bond is stronger than single P–P bond
(2) single N–N bond is weaker than single P–P bond
(3) N N is weaker than P P
(4) None of these

8 Resonating structures have different :

(1) atomic arrangements (2) electronic arrangements
(3) functional groups (4) alkyl groups

9 If the atomic number of element X is 7 the lewis diagram for the element is :

•• •• ••
(1) X • (2) • X •• (3*) • X •• (4) • •
• X•
•• ••

10 What are the formal charge on N atom in NH4+

(1) 1 (2) 2 (3) 0 (4) +2

11 What are the formal charges on central sulphur and each terminal oxygen atoms in SO2?

(1) 0, 0, 0 (2) + 2, 0, – 1 (3) 0, – 1, + 1 (4) + 2, + 2, + 2

12 Which of the following structure is the most preferred structure for SO3 ?

(1*) (2) (3) (4)

13 Which of the following Lewis dot diagram is incorrect ?

..
Cl :
..
H .. .. H H
H
:Cl
..
C Cl .. :
(1) H C (2) (3) (4)
.. H N N H
Cl :
H ..

14 What is correct order of bond order of Cl–O bond.

(1) ClO4– > ClO3– > ClO2– > ClO– (2) ClO– < ClO2– > ClO3– < ClO4–

(3) ClO3– < ClO2– < ClO4– < ClO– (4) ClO2– < ClO3– < ClO4– < ClO–

VSEPR THEORY
15 Which among the following molecules have sp3d hybridisation with one lone pair of electrons on the
central atom ?
(i) SF4 (ii) [PCl4]+ (iii) XeO2F2 (iv) ClOF3

(1) (i), (ii) and (iii) only (2) (i), (iii) and (iv) only (3) (i) and (iii) only (4) (iii) and (iv) only

16 Which is the right structure of XeF4 ?

F F
:
:

F F F F F : F
F
Xe Xe
Xe Xe
(1) (2) (3) F (4)
F F
:

F F
F F
:
:

17 In which of the following molecules number of lone pairs and bond pairs on central atom are not
equal ?

(1) H2O (2) I3– (3) O2F2 (4) SCl2

18 Which has the smallest bond angle (X – S – X) in the given molecules?

(1) OSF2 (2) OSCl2 (3) OSBr2 (4) OS 2

19 Which one of the following species is not linear ?

(1) CO2 (2) CIO 2 (3) 3

–
(4) NO2+

20 Which of the following pairs of compound has linear structure ?

(1) Cl2O, H2O (2) SO2, NO2 (3) OF2, H2O2 (4) BeCl2, CO2

21 OF2 is

(1) Linear molecule and sp hybridised (2) Tetrahedral molecule and sp3 hybridised
(3) Bent molecule and sp3 hybridised (4) None of these

22 Which is having highest bond angle :

(1) PCl3 (2) PBr3 (3) PF3 (4) PI3

23 In which of the following molecules are all the bonds not equal?

(1) NF3 (2) ClF3 (3) BF3 (4) AlF3

24 Structure of ICl–4 is :

(1) trigonal (2) distorted trigonal bipyramid

(3) octahedral (4) square planar
Covalent Bond, Octet Rule and Coordinate Bond

25 The maximum covalency of representative elements is equal to (excluding 1st and 2nd period) :
(1) the number of unpaired p-electrons
(2) the number of paired d-electrons
(3) the number of unpaired s and p-electrons
(4) the actual number of s and p-electrons in the outermost shell.

26 The types of bond present in N2O5 are :

(1) only covalent (2) only ionic (3) ionic and covalent (4) covalent & coordinate

27 The octet rule is not obeyed in :

(1) CO2 (2) BCl3 (3) PCl5 (4) (2) and (3) both

28 Which of the following is the electron deficient molecule?

(1) C2H6 (2) SiH4 (3) PH3 (4) BeCl2 (g)

29 Which of the following species are hypervalent ?

1. ClO4–, 2. BF3, 3. SO42– , 4. CO32–

(1) 1, 2, 3 (2) 1, 3 (3) 3, 4 (4) 1, 2

30 NH3 and BF3 combine readily because of the formation of :

(1) a covalent bond (2) a hydrogen bond (3) a coordinate bond (4) an ionic bond

31 The covalency of nitrogen in HNO3 is :

(1) 0 (2) 3 (3) 4 (4) 5

32 The number of electrons involved in the bond formation in N2 molecule is :

(1) 2 (2) 4 (3) 10 (4) 6

33 Example of super octet molecule is :
(1) SF6 (2) PCl5 (3) IF7 (4) All of these

34 For the formation of covalent bond the difference in the value of electronegativity should be :
(1) 1.7 (2) More than 1.7 (3) 1.7 or more (4) equal to or less than 1.7

35 Which of the following contains both electrovalent and covalent bonds ?

(1) MgCl2 (2) H2O (3) NH4Cl (4) none

V.B.T. and Hybridisation

36 VBT is given by :
(1) Hitler & london (2) Pauling & Slater (3) Hund & Muliken (4) Huckel & Hund

37 Number and type of bonds between two carbon atoms in CaC2 are :

(1) 3 sigma ( ) and 2 pi ( ) bond (2) one and two bonds

(3) one and one and a half bond (4) one bond
38 Acetylene consists of :
(1) both sigma and pi bonds (2) sigma bond only
(3) pi bond only (4) none of these

39 The correct order towards bond angle is :

(1) Bond angle does not depend on hybridisation. (2) sp < sp2 < sp3
(3) sp2 < sp < sp3 (4) sp3 < sp2 < sp
40 Which is not true about CH4 molecule ?

(1) Tetrahedral shape (2) 109.28º bond angle

(3) Four sigma bonds (4) One Ione pair of electrons on carbon
41 In C—C bond C2H6 undergoes heterolytic fission, the hybridisation of two resulting carbon atoms is :

(1) sp2 both (2) sp3 both (3) sp2, sp3 (4) sp, sp2

42 The hybridization in PF3 is :

(1) sp3 (2) sp2 (3) dsp3 (4) d2sp3

43 The hybridisation of carbon in diamond, graphite and acetylene is (respectively) –

(1) sp3, sp2, sp (2) sp3, sp, sp2 (3) sp2, sp3, sp (4) sp, sp3, sp2

44 The hybridization of the central atom in ICl2+ is -

(1) dsp² (2) sp (3) sp² (4) sp³

45 In which of the following pairs hybridisation of the central atom is different ?

(1) ClF3 , ClF3O (2) ClF3O, ClF3O2 (3) [ClF2O]+, [ClF4O]– (4) [ClF4O]–, [XeOF4]

46 Among the following pairs in which the two species are not isostructural is :
(1) SiF4 and SF4 (2) O3– and XeO3 (3) BH4– and NH4+ (4) PF6– and SF6

47 Each carbon in carbon suboxide (C3O2) is :

(1) sp² - hybridized (2) sp³-hybridized
(3) sp-hybridized (4) sp²-hybridized but linked with one co-ordinate bond

MOLECULAR ORBITAL THEORY (MOT)

48 When two atomic orbitals combine they form :

(1) two moleculear orbital (2) one molecular orbital
(3) three molecular orbital (4) four molecular orbital
49 Which one of the following can not exist on the basis of molecular orbital theory ?
(1) H2+ (2) He2+ (3) C2 (4) He2

50 Which of the following has fractional bond order ?

(1) B2 (2) O22– (3) F2 (4) H2–

51 In which of the following set, the values of bond orders will be 2.5 ?
(1*) O2+, NO, NO2+, CN (2) CN, NO2+, CN–, F2 (3) O2+ , NO2+, O22+, CN– (4) O22–, O2–, O2+, O2

52 During the formation of a molecular orbital from atomic orbitals of the same atom, probability of
electron density is :
(1) non zero in the nodal plane (2) maximum in the nodal plane
(3) zero in the nodal plane (4) zero on the surface of the lobe

53 Among the following species, which has the minimum bond length ?
(1) B2 (2) C2 (3) F2 (4) O2–

54 Pick out the incorrect statement.

(1) N2 has greater dissociation energy than N2+ (2) O2 has lower dissociation energy than O2+

(3) Bond length in N2+ is less than N2 (4) Bond length in NO+ is less than in NO.

55 A simplified application of molecular orbital theory to the hypothetical ‘molecule’ OF would give its
bond order as :
(1) 2 (2) 1.5 (3) 1.0 (4) 0.5

56 The following molecules / species have been arranged in the order of their increasing bond orders
Identify the correct order.
(I) O2 ; (II) O2– ; (III) O22- ; (IV) O2+

(1) I I I < I I < I < IV (2) IV < I I I < I I < I (3) I I I < I I < IV < I (4) I I < I I I < I < IV
57 Negative bond order means :
(1) molecule is unstable (2) molecule is stable
(3) molecule is neutral (4) none of them

Fajan's rule

58 According to Fajan's rule covalent character is favoured by :

(1) large cation and small anion (2) small cation and large anion
(3) large cation and large anion (4) small cation and small anion

59 Correct order of covalent character of alkaline earth metal chloride in

(1) BeCl2 < MgCl2 < CaCl2 < SrCl2 (2) BeCl2 < CaCl2 < SrCl2 < MgCl2

(3) BeCl2 > MgCl2 > CaCl2 > SrCl2 (4) SrCl2 > BeCl2 > CaCl2 > MgCl2

60 Least melting point is shown by the compound :

(1) KCl (2) SnCl4 (3) NaCl (4) AlCl3

61 Which is most ionic according to Fajan's rule?:

(1) AlF3 (2) Al2O3 (3) AlN (4) Al4C3

62 Which statement(s) is incorrect ?

(1) Polarising power refers to cation.
(2) Polarisability refers to anion.
(3) Small cation is more efficient to polarise anion.
(4*) Molecules in which cation having pseudo inert gas configuration are more Ionic.
63 Which one of the following pairs of elements is most likely to form an ionic compound?
(1) B and Cl2 (2) K and O2 (3) O2 and Cl2 (4) Al and I2

64 Among Na+, Mg2+ and Al3+, the correct order of ease of formation of ionic compounds is :

(1) Al3+ > Mg2+ > Na+ (2) Na+ > Mg2+ > Al3+ (3) Mg2+ > Al3+ > Na+ (4) Al3+ > Na+ > Mg2+

Polarity of Bond / Dipole Moment, Hydrolysis and back bonding

65 Which hydrogen is most polar ?

(1) LiH (2) CsH (3) HF (4) HI

66 Of the following molecules, the one, which has permanent dipole moment, is :
(1) SiF4 (2) BF3 (3) PF3 (4) PF5

67 Among the following compounds the one that is polar and has central atom with sp3 hybridisation is :

(1) H2CO3 (2) SiF4 (3) BF3 (4) NH3

68 Carbon tetrachloride has no dipole moment because of :

(1) its planar structure (2) its regular tetrahedral structure

(3) similar sizes of carbon and chlorine (4) similar electron affinities of carbon and chlorine

69 The molecules which has zero dipole moment is :

(1) H2O (2) PCl3 (3) XeF4 (4) CHCl3

70 The dipole moment of HCl is 1.03 D. If H–Cl bond distance is 1.26 Å, what is the percentage of ionic
character in the H–Cl bond -
(1) 60% (2) 39% (3) 29% (4) 17%
Hydrogen bonding

71 Pure phosphoric acid is very viscous because :

(1) it is a strong acid (2) it is tribasic acid (3) it is hygroscopic

(4) it has PO43- groups which are bonded by many hydrogen bonds

72 Which one of the following does not have intermolecular H-bonding ?

(1) H2O (2) o-nitro phenol (3) HF (4) CH3COOH

73 Which compound have lowest boiling point.

(1) NH3 (2) H2O (3) H2S (4) HF

74 Which of the following compound has maximum number of H-bonds per mole ?
(1) HF (2) PH3 (3) H2O (4) OF2

75 Which of the following has minimum melting point

(1) CsF (2) HCl (3) HF (4) LiF

Intermolecular forces
76 Iron is harder than sodium because :
(1) iron atoms are smaller. (2) iron atoms are more closely packed.
(3) metallic bonds are stronger in sodium. (4) metallic bonds are stronger in iron.

77 Among the following, van der Waals forces are strongest in :

(1) HBr (2) LiBr (3) LiCl (4) AgBr
78 Which of the following models best describes the bonding within a layer of the graphite structure ?
(1) metallic bonding (2) ionic bonding
(3) covalent bonding (4) van der Waals forces
79 Among the following molecules the dipole-dipole attraction does not play most important role in
determing the melting and boiling point is :
(1) ICl (2) Br2 (3) H2S (4) HCl

80 Which of the following has the highest boiling point?

(1) H2 (2) Ne (3) Xe (4) Ar
Solution

1. 2
Sol. The conditions required for the formation of an ionic bond are :
(i) ionization enthalpy [M(g) → M+(g) + e–] of electropositive element must be low.
(ii) negative value of electron gain enthalpy [X (g) + e– → X–(g)] of electronegative
element should be high.

2 Sol. 3
1 1
Lattice energy LE
size of cation r+ + r−

3 Sol. 2 NaCl is ionic crystal so it is formed by Na+ and Cl– ions.

4 Sol. 1 Electronegativity difference between two combining elements must be greater than
1.7 for ionic compound and it is the essential condition for the formation of ionic compounds. It
is ionic because electronegativity difference between two combining elements is 1.8.

5. Sol. 4
1 1
Lattice energy LE
(Interionic distance)2 size of anion

6. Sol. 3
A stable molecule has lower potential energy which results from attraction between the mobile
electrons and kernel leading to the liberation of energy.

7 Sol. 2
Due to small size of nitrogen, the lp–lp repulsion is more than that in P. Hence statement B is correct

8 Sol. 2 Resonance is due to delocalization of is electron.

9 Sol. 3 Element X has atomic number 7 so its electronic
••
• X ••
configuration will 2, 5 so it's lewis diagram would be

10. A

S
O O ; All zero
11 Sol. 1

12. A

13 Sol. 3 The correct Lewis diagram is .

14 Sol. 1
7 5
ClO4– Bond order = ; ClO3– Bond order =
4 3

3 1
ClO2– Bond order = ; ClO– Bond order =
2 1

15 Sol. 2
(i) SF4 Steric no. = 5

Lone pair = 1
(ii) [PCl4]+ Steric no. = 4

Lone pair =0
(iii) XeO2F2 Steric no. = 5

Lone pair =1
(iv) ClOF3 Steric no. = 5

Lone pair =1

16 Sol. 3 To have minimum repulsions, the two lone pair occupy the trans positions in octahedral
geometry.
17 Sol. 2

(1)

(2) Number of bond pairs around I = 2. Number of lone pairs around I = 3.

(3) (4)

18 Sol. 1 Atomic size arguments can be used for these species. Larger outer atoms result in larger angles
due to steric repulsion.

19 Sol. 2

(1) (2) (3) (4)

20 Sol. (4) Cl – Be – Cl, O = C = O

21 Sol. 3
22 Sol. 4 As size of terminal atoms increases the bond angle increases
due to steric repulsion

23 Sol. 2
In sp3d hybridisation (triogonal bipyramidal) the axial and equitorial bonds are different.
24 Sol. 4

25 Sol. 4
The maximum covalency of an element is equal to the number of orbitals present in the valence shell.

26 Sol. 4

27 Sol. 4
In BCl3 and PCl5, B and P contain 6 and 10 electrons respectively in their valence shell. Therefore they
violate octet rule.
28 D

29 Sol. 2
The species in which central atoms has higher valencies than their normal valencies are called as
hypervalent species.

30 Sol. 3
31 Sol. 3
It has 5 electrons in valence shall and further it can not exceed covalency
beyound five due to absence of d-orbitals in nitrogen.

32 Sol. D In N2 molecule each nitrogen atom contributes three electrons so total number of
electrons are 6.
33 Sol. 4 In SF6, PCl5 and IF7 the valence shell has 12, 10 and 14 electrons. As all contain more than 8
electrons in their valence shell they are example of super octet molecules.
34 Sol. 4 Covalent bond is formed when electronegativity difference of two atom is equal to 1.7 or less
than 1.7.
35 Sol. 3

; N – H bond is formed by sharing of one electron each by H and N.

36 Hint : 1 It is fact.

37 Sol. 2 CaC2 exists as Ca2+ and C22–

38 Sol. 1

39 Sol. 4 s-character increases of hybrid orbital than bond angle also increases.

40 Sol. 4

+ –
41 Sol. 3 CH3 — CH3 ⎯⎯→ CH3 + CH3

42 Sol. 1 Steric number = 3 + 1 = 4 ; so the hybridization is sp3 .

43 Sol. 1 Diamond sp3; graphite = sp2 ; Acetylene = sp

44 Sol. 4 Steric number = 2 + 2 = 4 ; so sp3 hybridisation

45 Sol. 3
(1) both are sp3d (2) both are sp3d
(3) [ClF2O]+ is sp3 but [ClF4O]– is sp3d2

(4) both are sp3d2

46 Sol. 1
(1) Tetrahedral and see-saw shaped.

(2) Both are sp3 hybridised and trigonal pyramid.

(3) Both are sp3 hybridised and tetrahedral.
(4) Both are sp3d2 hybridised and octahedral.

47 Sol. 3

48 Sol. 1 One bonding molecular orbital and one antibinding molecular orbital is formed as a result of
linear combination of atomic orbitals.

1
49 Sol. 4 He2 : ( 1s)2 ( *1s)2 ; bond order = (2 – 2) = 0, He2 molecule is, therefore, unstable and does
2
not exists.

50 Sol. 4
51 Sol. 1
10 − 5 10 − 5 9−4 9−4
O2+ : B.O.= = 2.5 ; NO : B.O.= = 2.5 ; NO2+ : B.O.= =2.5 ; CN : B.O.= = 2.5.
2 2 2 2

52 Sol. 3 The electron density is zero in the nodal plane during the formation of a molecular orbital from
atomic orbitals of the same atom.

53 Sol. 2
B2 bond order = 1 ; C2 bond order = 2 ; F2 bond order = 1 ; O2– bond order = 1.5

bond order 1/bond length.

54 Sol. 3

N2 : ( 1s)2 ( *1s)2 ( 2s)2 ( *2s)2 ( 2p2x = 2p2y ) ( 2pz)2

The bond order of N2 is 1/2(10 – 4) = 3.

N2+ : ( 1s)2 ( *1s)2 ( 2s)2 ( *2s)2 ( 2p2x = 2p2y ) ( 2pz)1

The bond order of N2+ is 1/2(9 – 4) = 2.5.

O2 : ( 1s)2 ( *1s)2 ( 2s)2 ( *2s)2 ( 2pz)2 ( 2p2x = 2p2y ) ( *2px1 = *2p1y)

The bond order of O2 1/2(10 – 6) = 2.

O2– : ( 1s)2 ( *1s)2 ( 2s)2 ( *2s)2 ( 2pz)2 ( 2p2x = 2p2y ) ( *2px2 = *2p1y)

The bond order of O2 1/2(10 – 7) = 1.5.

NO+ derivative of O2 and isoelectronic with O22+ ; so ( 1s)2 ( *1s)2 ( 2s)2 ( *2s)2 ( 2pz)2 ( 2p2x
= 2p2y )
The bond order of NO+ 1/2(10 – 4) = 3.
NO derivative of O2 and isoelectronic with O2+ ; ( 1s)2 ( *1s)2 ( 2s)2 ( *2s)2 ( 2pz)2 ( 2p2x =
2p2y ), ( *2px)1
The bond order of NO is 1/2(10 – 5) = 2.5.
bond order 1/bond length bond dissociation energy.

55 Sol. 2 OF is derivative of O2 and isoelectronic with O2–.

So ( 1s)2 ( *1s)2 ( 2s)2 ( *2s)2 ( 2pz)2 ( 2p2x = 2p2y ) ( *2px2 = *2p1y)

The bond order of OF 1/2(10 – 7) = 1.5.

56 Sol. 1 O2 O2– O22– O2+

Bond Order 2 1.5 1 2.5

57 Sol. 1 Molecule is unstable if number of bonding molecular orbital electrons (Nb) is less than the
number of antibonding molecular orbital electrons (Na). i.e., molecule has negative bond order.
58 Sol. 2 According to Fajan's rule :
Covalent character in ionic compound is directly proportional to polararibility of anion and
polarising power of cation.
59 Sol. 3 According to Fajan's rule as the size of cation increases their polarising power decreases and
thus the covalent character decreases.
60 Sol. 2 Sn4+ has highest polarising power amongst Na+, Pb2+ and Al3+ because of smaller size and higher
charge.
So SnCl4 is most covalent and thus have least melting point.

61 Sol. 1 As F– has lowest polarisability on account of smallest size among O2–, N3– and C4–, it causes less
polarisation and, therefore, has lowest covalent character. Hence AlF3 is the most ionic.

62 Sol. 4 Factual according to Fajan's Rule.

63 Sol. 2 K on account of lower IE1st can easily form K+ ion losing one electron.
64 Sol. 2 The ease of formation of ionic compounds i.e. stability to form ionic compounds increases as
net ionization energy of electropositive element decreases. Hence, the correct order is Na+ > Mg2+
> Al3+.
65 Sol. 3 On account of higher electronegativity of fluorine.

66 Sol. 3 0 ; SiF4 , BF3 and PF5 are symmetrical molecules thus = 0.

67 Sol. 4 ; Hence hybridisation of Cl is sp3 and molecule is polar.

68 Sol. 2 ; Tetrahedral symmetrical structure and, therefore, = 0.

69 3

70 Sol. 4 Dipole moment = 4.8 × 10–10 × 1.275 × 10–8 = 4.8 × 1.275

1.03 100
% ionic character = 17%
1.275 4.8

71 Sol. 4 In pure phosphoric acid the PO43- groups are bonded together through many hydrogen bonds.

72 Sol. 2 It has intramolecular H-bonding

73 Sol. 3 Inter molecular hydrogen bond is present in NH3, H2O and HF. H2S does not form inter molecular
hydrogen bonding because the electronnegativity of sulphur is low.

74 Sol. 3

75 Sol. 2 HCl is the most covalent species

76 Sol. 4 The strength of metallic bonds depends upon the number of mobile electron(s) per atom.
Sodium has only one mobile electron per atom where as iron has 8 mobile electrons per atom.

77 Sol. 4 van der Waal's forces molecular weight.So AgBr will have maximum van der Waals forces.
78 Sol. 3 Graphite has layered structure. Layers are held by van der Waal’s forces and distance between
two layers is 340 pm. Each layer is composed of planar hexagonal rings of carbon atoms. C – C
bond length within the layer is 141.5 pm Each carbon atom in hexagonal ring undergoes sp2
hybridisation and make three sigma bonds with three neighbouring carbon atoms. Fourth
electron forms a bond. The electrons are delocalised over the whole sheet.
79 Sol. 2 Among ICl, H2S and CO, each of the molecule has a dipole-dipole attraction in addition to London
dispersion force. Only Br2 does not have dipole-dipole attraction and London disperion force is
most significant in determining the melting and boiling point
80 Sol. 3 All are non-polar molecules but Xe has the greatest Van der Waal's forces because it has the
most electron (i.e. highest London dispersion force).