Directorate: Curriculum FET

TELEMATICS 2016

GEOGRAPHY
Grade 12
Dear Grade 12 Learner

The Telematics Teaching Project stems from cooperation between the Western Cape
Education Department and the Stellenbosch University.

To be able to have success at the end of the year it will be very important to keep on
learning and applying the prescribed key concepts/processes and process skills in the
different knowledge areas throughout the year. Make sure that you are able to analyse and
interpret geography related concepts in newspapers and magazines to the concepts and
content you have discussed in the classroom. In addition spend at least a few hours per
week studying / reading / making summaries about the four components in the theory
section and attempt to integrate it with the mapwork section.

This resource pack includes the following:

 Theory: Mindmaps of the lessons that will be broadcasted. This is a good summary
of your class notes and can help you with your examination preparation.
 Mapwork: Questions and answers as well as a guideline to calculations.
 GIS: Notes and applications of important GIS concepts and a guide as to how to
use GIS in a given situation or scenario.

TELEMATICS TEACHING SCHEDULE FOR 2016

GRADE 12 GEOGRAPHY SUPPORT – FIRST TERM

DATE TIME TOPIC
Tuesday 2 February 16:00 – 17:00 Climate
Tuesday 1 March 16:00 – 17:00 Geomorphology

GRADE 12 GEOGRAPHY SUPPORT – SECOND TERM

DATE TIME TOPIC
Thursday 14 April 16:00 – 17:00 GIS

GRADE 12 GEOGRAPHY SUPPORT – THIRD TERM

DATE TIME TOPIC
Tuesday 19 July 16:00 – 17:00 GIS
Wednesday 17 August 16:00 – 17:00 Mapwork
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GEOGRAPHICAL MAPWORK SKILLS AND TECHNIQUES
1 CONTOURS AND SLOPES
 Contour lines join places with the same height above sea level.
 Contours far apart show a gentle slope.
 Contours close together show a steep slope

1.1 Concave slope

1.2 Convex slope

1.3 Terraced slope 14

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2 MAP REFERENCE

3 LOCATION IN DEGREES, MINUTES AND SECONDS

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4 INTERVISIBILITY

5 DIRECTION OF RIVER FLOW

The following methods can be employed in determining the direction of river flow.

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READ AND INTERPRETATION OF MAPS AND ORTOPHOTOS
The goal of this guide is to empower you with regard to the answer of interpretation questions in
mapwork. Remember that there is a large amount of information on the topographical and
ortophoto map. To answer these questions successfully, you must know what to look at to get to
the answer. Most of these questions come from previous exam question papers. Other questions
have also been included. Remember that this is not a memorandum which has been given with
the questions, but an attempt to show what you should look at to get to the answers. It is
important to take note that ALL content, modules and skills can be assessed in the mapwork
paper. Use this guide to study and prepare yourself for the mapwork question paper (Paper 2).

CLIMATOLOGY

1 Does the area receive seasonal rainfall or rainfall throughout the year?
Seasonal: Non-perennial rivers/ dams/ cultivated lands near rivers/ irrigation/ furrows
2 Which slope is the warmest?
The northward-facing slope – identify the northward-facing slope
3 In which direction will an airplane take off and land?
(Remember that airplanes take off and land against the wind.)
4 In which direction will the smoke blow if a fire is made in the evening on the middle
slopes?
NB KATABATIC flow. Smoke will move DOWNWARDS towards the valley.
5 Where would you find temperature inversions?
In the valley

GEOMORPHOLOGY

1 Physical aspects influencing the construction of railways and roads.

Mountains/ steep slopes/ marshes/ rivers/
2 In which direction does the river flow?
-To the sea
-Always from high to low
-Contours bend upstream
-Dam wall on downstream side
-Tributaries join at acute angles
3 Identify the stream pattern in the area
Types: Dendritic, radial, rectangular, trellis – You must know what each one looks
like
4 In what stage is the river on the map?
 Upper course: Steep/mountainous/waterfalls/short tributaries/ high
watersheds
 Middle course: Gradual slope/ Longer tributaries/ low watershed
 Lower course: Very gradual/ meanders/ sand deposits/ marshes/ oxbow lakes
5 Name temporary basis found in the river
Waterfall/ dams/ lakes

6 What indication is there that rejuvenation occurred in the river?

Waterfall
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ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES AND SUSTAINABILITY

1 Evidence of nature conservation

Nature reserve/ hiking trail/ fire break/ game reserve

2 Evidence of conservational farming.

Anti-erosion walls/ camps/ rows of trees to reduce wind/ contour ploughing

3 Are there sources of air pollution in the area??

-Air pollution: Industries
-Noise pollution: Airport
-Water pollution: Factories / camping sites/ Power station near river

4 Identify environmental injustice caused by mining

Groundwater polluted/ landscape scarred/ food chain destroyed

ECONOMIC GEOGRAPHY

(a) PRIMARY ACTIVITIES (FARMING / MINING)

1 Commercial or subsistence farming?
Commercial: Good infrastructure/ irrigation/ large farms/ farm names/ cellar/ dipping tank/
experimental farm/ estate/ sugar mill/ service rail/ abbatoir/ dairy
Subsistence: Few roads/ footpaths/ no power lines/ small patches of cultivated land

2 Describe factors that advantage/disadvantage farming activities

Advantage: Rivers/ dams/ flat land/ power lines/ railway lines
Disadvantage: Steep slopes/ water scarce/ marshes
3 Identify mining activities
Excavations/ mine dump/ conveyer belt/ terraces/ names of mines/ old mines/ subsiding
ground
4 Identifying of fishing activities
Fishing harbours/ fishermen’s houses/ factories near coast
5 Identifying of forestry
Trees/ woodlands/ saw mill/ lookout towers/ fire break/ state forest

(b) SECONDARY ACTIVITIES (INDUSTRIES)

1 Describe the factors that influenced the location of the industries
Flat surface/ raw material/ Transport (name the types)/ power (power station, power
lines, coal mines)/ water/ labour (residential areas)/ Market/ outskirts/
2 Heavy or light industries?
Heavy: Far from CBD/ railway transport/ Raw material-mining/ large spaces/
Light: close to CBD / road transport/ raw material - farming
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(c) TERTIARY ACTIVITIES (SERVICES)
1 Tourist attractions, holiday resorts, camping sites
Close to beaches/ close to road railway/ wine tasting/ historical buildings/ monuments/
museums
2 Types of services found
Electricity supply/ telephone/ medical/ pot office/ educationl(school/ college/ university)
transport (roads airport railway)/ police services etc. (buildings on map)
3 Recreation facilities?
Golf course/ athletics/ rifle range/ racing track/ etc
4 Factors that determined the location of the airport
Flat area/ far from built-up area for safety/ noise/ roads/
5 Does the railway line and the road follow the same routs? Why not?
The same? NB influence of topography
Road: through mountain pass. Railway around mountain (between Paarl and Worcester)
6 For what is the dam on the map used? Give reasons
Drinking water: Water purification works
Irrigation: cannels and furrows
Recreation: Yacht club, Hotels at dam, camping site, caravan park, slipway, etc.

SETTLEMENT

(a) RURAL SETTLEMENT

1 Why is the settlement located there?
Flat area/ roads/ river/ mountain/ sea/ etc
2 Is it an urban or a rural settlement?
Rural: Primary activities
Urban: Secondary and Tertiary activities
3 Nucleated or dispersed? (pattern)
Nucleated: Buildings near to each other
Dispersed: Buildings far

4 Factors influencing shape of settlements

Linier: Roads / river
Round: Central point
Crossroad: Roads that cross or join

(b) URBAN SETTLEMENT

1 Factors influencing site of the urban settlement on the map

Flan land/ roads/ river/ mountains/ sea/ etc
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2 Identify the land-use zone a ….. on the map
 CBD: Accessibility/ functions
 INDUSTRIES: Light or heavy/ influencing factors (see economic)
 COMMERCIAL: In CBD/ Shops in residential areas/ shopping malls
 RESIDENTIAL AREAS: High income- Large plots/ mountain or hill/ tennis courts/
swimming pools/ parks. Low Income: Near industries/ small plots
 RURAL URBAN FRINGE: Racing rack/ power station/ cemetery/ golf course etc
3 Identify street patterns, characteristics
Must be able to identify and describe rectangular, irregular and radial concentric street
patterns. Advantages and disadvantages

CALCULATIONS
DISTANCE

FORMULA: Distance = Map distance x Scale

100 000

Calculate the length of the national road from A to B.

4,8cm
B

STEP 1 Distance = 4,8cm

Measure distance on map
in cm

STEP 2 Distance = Map distance x Scale

Place in Formula 100 000

= 4,8 x 50 000
100 000

= 4,8
2

STEP 3 = 2,4 km
Answer in km
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AREA

FORMULA: AREA = Length x Breadth

Calculate the area of Blok X.

3cm X

5cm

STEP 1
Calculate length of block
Length = 5 cm x 50 000
in cm 100 000

= 2,5 km

STEP 2
Calculate breadth of block Breadth = 3 cm x 50 000
in cm 100 000

= 1,5 km

STEP 3
Place in Formula Area = lxb

= 2,5 x 1,5

STEP 4
Answer in km²
= 3,75 km²
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GRADIENT

FORMULA: Gradient = VI (Difference in height)

HE (Horizontal distance)

Calculate the gradient from C to D.

220m 4,8cm 460m

C D

STEP 1
Calculate difference in height
460 – 340 = 120m

STEP 2 Distance = Map distance x Scale

Calculate distance
100 000

= 4,8 x 50 000
100 000

= 2,4 km
STEP 2
Convert to METERS = 2 400m

STEP 4 Gradient = Difference in height

(VI)
Place in formula and Distance
SIMPLIFY
(HE)

= 120m
2 400m

= 1
20
STEP 5
Answer as a ratio = 1:20
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MAGNETIC DECLINATION AND MAGNETIC BEARING

Magnetic declination is the difference between true North and

magnetic North (on compas).

Mag N True N
NB The following when you work with Magnetic Declination
1. What is the mean mag. declination (in degrees & minutes?
2. In which direction is the magnetic declination?
W E 3. In which year is the magnetic declination given?
e a 4. What is the mean annual change?
s s 5. In what direction is the average yearly change?
t t 6. For what year must the mag. declination be calculated?

South

Mean magnetic declination 23° 53’ West of true north (Julie 2002).
Mean annual change 6’ Westwards.

Calculate magnetic declination for 2009.

STEP 1 2009 – 2002

Calculate difference in years = 7 years

STEP 2 6’ x 7 years
Calculate total change
= 42’ West

STEP 3 23° 53’ + STEP 3 NB: FOR SOUTH AFRICA

Add or subtract from If the chabge is towards the WEST, it
magnetic declination
42’ is ADDED.
23° 95’ If the change is towards the EAST it, is
SUBTRACTED

STEP 4
Remember: Minutes cannot = 24° 35’ West
be more than 60 !
MAGNETIC BEARING
Magnetic bearing is calculated
by simply adding the bearing
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5 VERTICAL EXAGGERATION

FORMULA: V E = VERTICALE SCALE

HORIZONTAL SCALE

Calculate the vertical exaggeration of the following

4mm = 20m
STEP 1
Convert VS to
4mm = 20 000mm (same units)
ratio scale 4 : 20 000
1 : 5 000

STAP 2
VV = VERTICAL SCALE
Place in HORIZONTAL SCALE
formula

= 1 ÷ 1
5 000 50 000

= 1 X 50 000
5 000 1

= 10 Times
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GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEMS (GIS)

1 WHAT IS A GIS?
A GIS is a
• a computer system of hardware, software and methods
• to capture, manage, manipulate, analyse, model, display
• spatial data (geographic objects) and
• non-spatial data (attribute data)
• to solve planning and management problems.

2 COMPONENTS OF GIS

Hardware CPU, screen, keyboard, mouse, scanner, printer, digitizing tablet.

Software Application programme such as ArcView.
Data Maps, aerial photos, satellite images, administrative records, etc.
People Data capturers, data users, GIS analysts.
Methods GIS design according to user’s needs.

3 REMOTE SENSING
The collecting of information of the earth’s surface without actually being in
contact with it. (weather balloons, aeroplanes and satellites)

4 SPATIAL OBJECTS

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5 RESOLUTION
The ability of a remote sensing sensor to create a sharp and clear image.
HIGH RESOLUTION LOW RESOLUTION

Many pixels Less pixels

Small pixels Larger pixels
Objects easily recognised Objects not easily recognised

6 SPATIAL DATA
All geographic features/objects both natural and man-made [Map data]

7 RASTER AND VECTOR DATA

In VECTOR DATA objects on

the surface of the Earth are
represented by using a point, a
line or an area (polygon).

In RASTER DATA objects on

the surface of the Earth are
represented by rows and
columns of evenly sized blocks,
called pixels. Pixels are the
smallest unit of data storage.

8 ATTRIBUTE DATA
Characteristics/description/information of the geographic objects.

ATTRIBUTES FOR HOSPITAL

Name Address Number of Number of Number
doctors nursing staff of beds
Seaview Kam Street
General Stanford 6 24 60
Hospital
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9 GIS LAYERS

All spatial data whether it is vector data or

raster data are shown in layers.

Each layer represents a single entity/theme.

It is this characteristic that enables a GIS to

manipulate, integrate, and query data.

10 DATA MANIPULATION
What is data manipulation?
Data manipulation involves getting the different data sources into a format that can
be integrated

Explain why data manipulation is important in a GIS.

 When all the data layers are in similar data files the data can be integrated (put
together)
 Statistical information must be manipulated into such a file format that it can be
used in the GIS software and linked to specific spatial features
 Errors in the database can be eliminated during manipulation

11 DATA INTEGRATION
The integration of data involves the
combination of two or more data layers
in order to create a new one

12 BUFFERING
It is sometimes necessary to identify
zones at different distances from certain
geographic features. Buffering –
Definition: A line used to demarcate
an area around a spatial feature

Examples
• noise buffers next to roads
• safety buffers for dangerous areas.

Exam question
Create a buffer zone of 250m around
marsh/vlei area.

Remember that 250m in reality will be 5mm on a 1:50 000 map.

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13 HOW TO USE GIS
Grade 12 Paper 2 GIS Question asks questions relating to analysis.

 Determine/identify/name which data layers to use in solving a problem.

 Without thinking about GIS identify factors/issues that play a role or relates to the
problem.
 This will also be the data layers needed in the analysis to get the solution to the
problem?

SHOPS CRIME TELECOM

1. Available plots 1. Type 1. Relief (contours)
2. Costs of plots 2. Location 2. Viewsheds
3. Distance to other shops 3. Time 3. Intervisibilty
4. Client base 4. Frequency 4. Distance between
5. Client buying habits 5. Risk zones towers
6. Central place 6. Neighbourhood 5. Signal strength
7. Influence sphere characteristics

TERRAIN ANALYSIS FLOODS

1. Vegetation type 1. Relief (contours)
2. Vegetation structure 2. History
3. Soil type 3. Rainfall figures
4. Soil texture 4. 50 year flood line
5. Soil moisture 5. Development above 50yfl
6. Slopes 6. Development below 50yfl
7. Aspect 7. Bridges
8. Surface roughness 8. Residential areas affected
9. Evacuation routes

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