Chapter 13

Gases
Chapter Map
Gas
 Gas Model

• Gases are composed of tiny,

widely-spaced particles.
– For a typical gas, the average
distance between particles is about
ten times their diameter.
 Gas Model (cont.)
• Because of the large distance between
the particles, the volume occupied by
the particles themselves is negligible
(approximately zero).
– For a typical gas at room temperature
and pressure, the gas particles
themselves occupy about 0.1% of the
total volume. The other 99.9% of the
total volume is empty space. This is
very different than for a liquid for
which about 70% of the volume is
occupied by particles.
 Gas Model (cont.)
• The particles have rapid and
continuous motion.
– For example, the average velocity of a
helium atom, He, at room temperature
is over 1000 m/s (or over 2000 mi/hr).
The average velocity of the more
massive nitrogen molecules, N2, at
room temperature is about 500 m/s.
– Increased temperature means
increased average velocity of the
particles.
 Gas Model (cont.)
• The particles are constantly colliding
with the walls of the container and
with each other.
– Because of these collisions, the gas
particles are constantly changing their
direction of motion and their velocity. In
a typical situation, a gas particle moves
a very short distance between collisions.
Oxygen, O2, molecules at normal
temperatures and pressures move an
average of 10−7 m between collisions.
 Gas Model (cont.)
• There is no net loss of energy in
the collisions. A collision between
two particles may lead to each
particle changing its velocity and
thus its energy, but the increase
in energy by one particle is
balanced by an equal decrease in
energy by the other particle.
 Ideal Gas

• The particles are assumed to be

point-masses, that is, particles
that have a mass but occupy no
volume.
• There are no attractive or
repulsive forces at all between
the particles.
 Gas Properties and
their Units
• Pressure (P) = Force/Area
– units
• 1 atm = 101.325 kPa = 760 mmHg = 760 torr
• 1 bar = 100 kPa = 0.9869 atm = 750.1 mmHg
• Volume (V)
– unit usually liters (L)
• Temperature (T)
– ? K = --- °C + 273.15
• Number of gas particles expressed in
moles (n)
 Gas Law Objectives
• For each of the following pairs of gas
properties, (1) describe the relationship
between them, (2) describe a simple
system that could be used to demonstrate
the relationship, and (3) explain the
reason for the relationship.
• V and P when n and T are constant
• P and T when n and V are constant
• V and T when n and P are constant
• n and P when V and T are constant
• n and V when P and T are constant
Apparatus for Demonstrating Relationships
Between Properties of Gases
Decreased Volume Leads
to Increased Pressure

P α 1/V if n and T are constant

Relationship
between
P and V
 Boyle’s Law
• The pressure of an ideal gas is inversely
proportional to the volume it occupies if the
moles of gas and the temperature are
constant.
Increased Temperature Leads
to Increased Pressure

PαT if n and V are constant

Relationship between
P and T
 Gay-Lussac’s Law
• The pressure of an ideal gas is directly
proportional to the Kelvin temperature of the gas
if the volume and moles of gas are constant.
Increased Temperature Leads
to Increased Volume

VαT if n and P are constant

Relationship between T and V
 Charles’ Law
• For an ideal gas, volume and temperature
described in kelvins are directly proportional if
moles of gas and pressure are constant.
Increased Moles of Gas Leads
to Increased Pressure

Pαn if T and V are constant

Relationship between n and P
 Relationship Between
Moles of Gas and Pressure
• If the temperature and the volume of an ideal gas
are held constant, the moles of gas in a container
and the gas pressure are directly proportional.
 Increased Moles of Gas
Leads to Increased Volume

Vαn if T and P are constant

Relationship between n and V
 Avogadro’s Law
• For an ideal gas, the volume and moles of gas
are directly proportional if the temperature and
pressure are constant.
Engines
and
Pressure
Breathing
Ideal Gas Equation
 Ideal Gas Equation
Problems
• Tip-off – The usual tip-off that you
can use the ideal gas equation to
answer a question is that you are
given three properties of a sample
of gas and asked to calculate the
fourth. A more general tip-off is that
only one gas is mentioned and
there are no changing properties.
 Ideal Gas Equation
Problem Step 1
• Step 1: Assign variables to the
values given and the value that is
unknown. Use P for pressure, V for
volume, n for moles, T for
temperature, g for mass, and M for
molar mass.
 Ideal Gas Equation
Problem Step 2
• Step 2: Write the appropriate form of the
Ideal Gas Equation.
– If the number of particles is given or desired in
moles, use the most common form of the ideal
gas equation.
– If mass or molar mass is given or desired, use
the expanded form of the ideal gas equation.
 Ideal Gas Equation
Problem Steps 3-6
• Step 3: Rearrange the equation to
isolate the unknown.
• Step 4: Plug in the known values,
including units. Be sure to use kelvin
temperatures.
• Step 5: Make any necessary unit
conversions and cancel your units.
• Step 6: Calculate your answer and
report it to the correct significant figures
and with the correct unit.
Combined
Gas Law
Equation
 Combined Gas Law
Equation Problems
• Tip-off – The problem requires
calculating a value for a gas
property that has changed. In
other words, you are asked to
calculate a new pressure,
temperature, moles (or mass), or
volume of gas given sufficient
information about the initial and
other final properties.
 Combined Gas Law
Equation Problem
Steps 1 and 2
• Step 1: Assign the variables P, T, n, and
V to the values you are given and to the
unknown value. Use the subscripts 1 and
2 to show initial or final conditions.
• Step 2: Write out the combined gas law
equation, but eliminate the variables for
any constant properties. (You can
assume that the properties not mentioned
in the problem remain constant.)
 Combined Gas Law
Equation Problem
Steps 1 and 2
• Step 3: Rearrange the equation to
isolate the unknown property.
• Step 4: Plug in the values for the
given properties.
• Step 5: Make any necessary unit
conversions and cancel your units.
• Step 6: Calculate your answer and
report it with the correct units and
significant figures.
Equation Stoichiometry
Dalton’s Law of Partial
Pressures
 Dalton’s Law of Partial
Pressures Problems
• Tip-off – The problem involves a
mixture of gases and no chemical
reaction. You are asked to
calculate a value for one of the
variables in the equations below,
and you are given (directly or
indirectly) values for the other
variables.
 Dalton’s Law of Partial
Pressures Problem
Steps 1 & 2
• Step 1: Assign variables to the values that are
given and the value that is unknown.
• Step 2: From the following equations, choose
the one that best fits the variables assigned in
Step 1.
 Dalton’s Law of Partial
Pressures Problem Steps 3-6

• Step 3: Rearrange the equation to solve

for your unknown.
• Step 4: Plug in the values for the given
properties.
• Step 5: Make sure that the equation
yields the correct units. Make any
necessary unit conversions.
• Step 6: Calculate your answer and
report it with the correct units and
significant figures.