1) Dental caries is an infectious disease that causes the breakdown of tooth enamel and dentin. It is a major dental problem globally and in the Philippines, where over 90% of the population experiences dental caries.
2) Oral epidemiology studies the prevalence and incidence of oral diseases in populations. It helps identify at-risk groups, evaluate interventions and programs, and compare oral health across regions and over time. Common indices used are DMF Index, dmft, and DMFS which measure decayed, missing, and filled teeth.
3) Surveys in the US and Philippines show high rates of dental caries and periodontal disease. In the Philippines, over 90% of children and adults
1) Dental caries is an infectious disease that causes the breakdown of tooth enamel and dentin. It is a major dental problem globally and in the Philippines, where over 90% of the population experiences dental caries.
2) Oral epidemiology studies the prevalence and incidence of oral diseases in populations. It helps identify at-risk groups, evaluate interventions and programs, and compare oral health across regions and over time. Common indices used are DMF Index, dmft, and DMFS which measure decayed, missing, and filled teeth.
3) Surveys in the US and Philippines show high rates of dental caries and periodontal disease. In the Philippines, over 90% of children and adults
1) Dental caries is an infectious disease that causes the breakdown of tooth enamel and dentin. It is a major dental problem globally and in the Philippines, where over 90% of the population experiences dental caries.
2) Oral epidemiology studies the prevalence and incidence of oral diseases in populations. It helps identify at-risk groups, evaluate interventions and programs, and compare oral health across regions and over time. Common indices used are DMF Index, dmft, and DMFS which measure decayed, missing, and filled teeth.
3) Surveys in the US and Philippines show high rates of dental caries and periodontal disease. In the Philippines, over 90% of children and adults
1) Dental caries is an infectious disease that causes the breakdown of tooth enamel and dentin. It is a major dental problem globally and in the Philippines, where over 90% of the population experiences dental caries.
2) Oral epidemiology studies the prevalence and incidence of oral diseases in populations. It helps identify at-risk groups, evaluate interventions and programs, and compare oral health across regions and over time. Common indices used are DMF Index, dmft, and DMFS which measure decayed, missing, and filled teeth.
3) Surveys in the US and Philippines show high rates of dental caries and periodontal disease. In the Philippines, over 90% of children and adults
TOPIC: INTRODUCTION recording of what we see in the mouth.
INTRODUCTION TO ORAL EPIDEMIOLOGY Dental caries is a growing dental problem
and it has consequences 92.4% (2006 data) Dental Caries - An infectious microbiologic of Filipinos has dental caries. Mostly are disease of the teeth that results in the remained untreated. localized dissolution of the calcified tissues Oral Epidemiology in Clinical Practice Oral health – Refers to the entire mouth - Gives particulars on diseases of the not just the teeth. It includes the gums, the oral cavity hard and soft palate, the lining of the - Recognizes populations at risk of mouth and the throat, the tongue, lips, oral disease or in need of specific salivary glands, chewing muscles and the care. upper and lower jaws. - Compare regional, environmental, social, and access similarities and WHO – A state of complete physical, mental differences in dental care between and social wellbeing, not merely the populations. absence of tooth decay, oral and throat - Tests preventive interventions for cancers, gum disease, chronic pain, oral controlling diseases. tissue lesions, birth defects and other - Evaluates the effectiveness and diseases and disorders that affect the oral, quality of interventions and oral dental and craniofacial tissue. health programs.
ORAL HEALTH Keywords/definitions
- Incidence: the number of new cases - Oral health is an essential and of a disease or condition over a integral component of overall health given time period. - Oral diseases impact on general - Index: A standard numerical health and systemic diseases show measure of a disease or condition. It symptoms in the oral structures extends from the proportion of the - Dental caries and periodontal individuals with a disease or disease affect virtually every human condition to the number of being during their lifetime, although millimeter of probing depth around both diseases are almost entirely a tooth. preventable. - Prevalence: The proportion (%) of individuals exhibiting the disease or What is the practical significance of the condition in a defined population epidemiology of Dental Caries? As a future group. dentist practitioner why should this - Trends: The changes or differences interest me? Serves as a basis for in the prevalence or incidence of improvement like delivery of service in disease. equipment, materials Type of measurement scales for indices - dmft – pertaining to primary teeth, o Nominal – name conditions scores can range from 0-2- o Ordinal – lists conditions - dmfs – pertaining to surfaces of o Interval/Ratio – establishes a primary teeth, scores can range mathematical relationship from 0-88 o Irreversible – measure conditions that cannot be Note: capitalized = adults small letters = reversed kids o Reversible – measures conditions that can be reversed Calculating DMFT
What makes a good index? Decayed – when a carious lesion(s) and/or
o Valid: measures to what it intends restoration are present, the tooth is to recorded as a D. Ex: to all cancer patients Missing – when a tooth has been extracted o Reliable: reproducible and due to caries it is recorded as an M repeatable Filled – when a permanent or temporary o Clear, simple and objective – filling is present, or when a filling is unambiguous criteria defective but not decayed this is counted as Ex: Ovulation to female an F. o Quantifiable – data can be numerically analyzed Teeth that are not counted: Ex: be able to compute for it. - unerupted teeth o Sensitive – can identify small but - congenitally missing teeth significant changes - supernumerary teeth o Acceptable – to both patient and - teeth removed for reasons other clinician than dental caries - primary teeth retained in the DMF Index permanent dentition - Almost 80 years used and a well- established key measure of caries Calculating DMFS experience - There are 5 surfaces on the - (D) = total number of teeth or posterior teeth: facial, lingual, surfaces that are decayed mesial, distal, and occlusal. - (M) = total number if teeth or - There are 4 surfaces on anterior surfaces that are missing teeth: facial, lingual, mesial, and - (F) = total number of teeth or distal. surfaces that are filled - DMFT – pertaining to permanent • When a carious lesion or both a teeth, scores can range from 0-32 carious lesion and a restoration are - DMFS – Pertaining to surfaces of present, the surface is listed as a D permanent teeth, scores can range • When a tooth has been extracted from 0-148 due to caries it is listed as an M • When a permanent filling is present status of a large, representative or when a filling is defective but not population. decayed, this surface is counted as an F. • The information collected focused: • Surfaces restored for reasons other - Caries than caries are not counted as an F. - Dental history • The total count is 128 or 148 - Tooth retention surfaces. - Edentulism (tooth loss) - Periodontal status Calculating dmft and dmfs - Prosthodontic status - For dmft, the teeth not counted are unerupted and congenitally missing • Oral health has improved since the teeth, and supernumerary teeth. 1980s in the US - The rules for recording d, m, and f • Link between children’s of scores are the same as for DMFT and poverty - As with DMFS, there are 5 surfaces • The highest d and f scores were in on the posterior teeth and 4 children living under the federal surfaces on the anterior teeth. The poverty line (FPL) total count surfaces is 88 surfaces. • Difference in DMFT and DMFS scores between the genders: Limitations of DMF Index • Women demonstrate higher scores compared to men of the same age: 1. A significant amount of It is most likely due to the fact that interobserver bias and variability women seek dental care more 2. They values do not provide any frequently than men, and women indications as to the number of experience earlier tooth eruption teeth at risk or data that is useful in patterns. estimating treatment needs. • Men having more tooth caries 3. That the indices give equal weight to (15.8%) than women (12.7%) missing untreated decay, or well- restored teeth. NMEDS Survey (PH) 4. That the indices do not account for - According to 1998 National teeth lost for reasons other than monitoring epidemiological dental decay (such as periodontal disease) survey, about 92.4% of Filipino 5. That they do not account for sealed dental caries and 78% have gum teeth since sealants and other diseases (periodontal diseases) cosmetic restorations. - The dental caries experience of 12 year old Filipinos in terms of the NHANES Survey (US) average number of decayed, • National health and nutrition missing, and filled teeth (DMFT) is examination survey is a series of 4.48. This is high compared to WHO surveys conducted in the United standards of 3 DMFT and below for a States beginning in the 1960s to 12 year old individual. examine the oral and nutritional NOHS Survey (PH) - The 2006 national oral health survey - 97.1% 6 year old children suffer from tooth decay. Four out of every five children of this subgroup manifested symptoms of dentinogenic infection. - 78.4% of 12 year old children suffer from dental caries and 49.7% of the same age group manifested symptoms of dentinogenic infections - The severity of dental caries 8.4% dmft the 6 year old age group 2.9 DMFT for the 12 year old age group. - Filipinos bear the burden of gum diseases early in their childhood: 74% of 12 year old children suffer from gingivitis. - If not treated early, these children become susceptible to irreversible periodontal disease as they enter adolescence and approach adulthood.
Guideline On Periodicity of Examination, Preventive Dental Services, Anticipatory Guidance Counseling, and Oral Treatment For Infants, Children, and Adolescents