Traversing
Traversing
Traversing
er s
r av
T
Required readings: 9-1,9-2.1,9-2.2, 9-3 to 9-8
&9-10
10-1 to 10-7.1 &10-8, 10-10, 10-11, 10-15,
and 10-17
Required solved examples: 10-1 to 10-4
Required figures: 10-1, tables 10-1 to 10-5
Traversing
• Definition: A traverse is a series of
consecutive lines whose lengths and
directions have been measured.
• Traversing: The act of establishing traverse
stations and making the necessary
measurements.
• Why?
• Closed (polygon or link) and opened
traverses
Procedure
Assume that you wanted to
map “calculate coordinates of A
the building, trees, and the E
fence in the drawing, you are
given points A and B only,
cannot measure angle and F D
B
distance to corner F or the Grass
trees!!
C
• You need to construct new control points “points of
known precise coordinates” such as C, D, and E to
measure from.
• You do that with a traverse
Traverse Notations
• We will only discuss closed Traverse with interior
angles measured.
• The polygon corners will be numbered or lettered
in anti-clockwise direction.
• All angles are measured in a clockwise direction,
and the average of direct and reverse readings is
computed at all the angles.
• Angles are designated with three letters, the
backsight station will be given first, the occupied
station second, and the forsight station third.
Traverse Stations
• Successive stations should be inter visible.
• Stations are chosen in a safe, easy to access places.
• Lines should be as long as possible, and as equal as
possible, Why?
• Stations must be referenced to retrieve them if lost
Traversing by Interior Angles
• A polygon is established around the site
• All internal angles and all horizontal distances are
measured
• Each angle is measured in direct and reverse, the average
is a single observation of the angle, how many readings?
• Each angle is observed at least three times, how many
readings?
• A line of known direction should either be given or
assumed, what is a line with known direction?
• If the line of known direction is not a member of the
traverse, the angle to a traverse member should be
measured. Why? (SITES 1 AND 2 PROJECT 1)
The concept of Angle Misclosure
• Here is how the measured traverse will look:
Line AB was
B c
correct
Line BC was
correct, but angle
B was wrong
tan(azimuth) = departure
latitude
departure latitude
length = sin (azimuth) =
cos (azimuth)
departure = D X = d (sin azimuth)
latitude = D Y= d (cos azimuth)
D sin (Az) D cos (Az) Correction Balanced
A 10,000 10,000
B 10,125.66 10,255
.96
C 10,716.3 10,102
.4
D 10,523.58 9408.3
4
E 10,517.54 9611.3
1
A 10,000 10,000
B
E
A
Traverse area = 1 S { Xi (Yi+1 - Yi-1)}
2
• Multiply the X coordinate of each point by the difference
in Y between the following and the preceding points, half the sum
is the area
• Formula page 27-4 will work for traverses lettered in a clockwise
direction, but it will give a correct area with a negative sign.
• The formula should work if you switch the X and the Y.