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16

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Probability

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The probability scale
16.1
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Probability is the branch of maths that measures how likely it is that something will happen.

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Probabilities can be written as fractions, decimals or percentages.
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1 Write these fractions as percentages. The first one has been done for you.
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a = 50% b = ...... c = ...... d = ......
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2 4 4 10

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2 Write these decimals as percentages. The first one has been done for you.

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a 0.5 = 50% b 0.4 = ...... c 0.8 = ...... d 0.35 = ......
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3 Write these decimals as fractions. The first one has been done for you.
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a 0.3 = _ b 0.7 = ...... c 0.1 = ...... d 0.9 = ......
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4 Fill in the gaps in the table.

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Fraction _ _ _ _ _
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5 5 5 5 10
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0.2 0.4
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Decimal
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Percentage 20% 60%

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Probabilities can be shown on a probability scale. The scale goes from 0 to 1.

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It helps to mark a few fractions

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on the probability scale.

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 ity
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Unit 16 Probability

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5 Here is a probability scale.

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0 1 1

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Mark these probabilities on the scale using arrows. The first one has been done for you.
1 2 3 4 1

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a _ b _ c _ d _ e _
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6 Here is a probability scale.
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0 10% 1
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Mark these probabilities on the scale using arrows. The first one has been done for you.
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a 10% 50% c 30% 90% e 70%

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b d
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7 Here is a probability scale.

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0 0.3 1
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Mark these probabilities on the scale using arrows. One has been done for you.
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W: The probability that my team will win the football match is 0.3.
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L: The probability that my team will lose the football match is 0.6.
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D: The probability that my team will draw the football match is 0.1.
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8 Here is a probability scale.

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0 1
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Mark these probabilities on the scale using arrows.

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T: The probability that the train will be late is _ .
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B: The probability that the bus will be late is _ .

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C: The probability that the coach will be late is _ .

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 ity
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Unit 16 Probability

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9 Here is a probability scale.

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Mark these probabilities on the scale using arrows.

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R: The probability of rain is 80%.

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S: The probability of sunshine is 30%.

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W: The probability it will be windy is 60%.

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F: The probability of fog is 10%.

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The probability that Ann is late for school is 25%.
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The probability that Carlos is late for school is 30%.

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Circle TRUE or FALSE for each of these statements.
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The probability that Ann is late is _ .
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a TRUE FALSE
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b The probability that Carlos is late is more than _ . TRUE FALSE
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c Ann is certain to be late. TRUE FALSE

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d Ann is less likely than Carlos to be late. TRUE FALSE

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Now try Exercise 16.1 on page 153 in Coursebook 7.

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Unit 16 Probability

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16.2 Equally likely outcomes

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For some simple activities or events, such as spinning a coin, throwing a dice or picking a card
from a pack, there are various results, or outcomes, that are all equally likely.
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1 Maria has four cards.
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She takes one at random. If a card is chosen at random it means that all the

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cards have the same chance of being chosen.
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Circle the correct probability for the shape on her card.
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a The shape is a square. 0 1

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b The shape is a circle. 0

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c The shape has straight sides. 0 _ _ _ 1

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d The shape has four sides. 0 1
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e The shape is symmetrical. 0 1
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2 Marcus has five numbered cards.

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2 5 7 11 13
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Circle the correct probability for the number on his card.

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a The number is less than 10. 0 _ _ _ _

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1
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b The number is odd. 0
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c The number is 13. 0
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1
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The number has two digits. 0
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e The number is more than 15. 0 _ _ _ _

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Unit 16 Probability

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3 Here are five cards.

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Barak takes one card at random. Find the probability that he takes:
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a O ........ b U ........ c A or E ........ d I, O or U ........

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4 Here are seven cards.

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Alysha takes one card at random. Find the probability that she takes:
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a T ............. b R ............. c N .............
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d T, U or R ............. e I, N or G .............
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5 This is a dice with six faces.

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Joel rolls the dice. Work out the probabilities of these outcomes. The first one has been done
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for you.
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a 2_
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b 5 ............. c 6 .............
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d 1 or 2 ............. e 3, 4 or 5 .............
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6 Lisa rolls the dice in Question 5. Work out the probabilities of these outcomes.
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a an even number ............. b an odd number ............. c more than 2 .............

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d less than 2 ............. e 1, 2, 3 or 4 ............. f 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 .............

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Now try Exercise 16.2 on page 154 of Coursebook 7.

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