A Strong Partner for Sustainable Development

Module
In
CE 100

College of Engineering and Technology

Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering

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82A Rev. 00 (09.15.20)
 Module No. 3

First Semester Academic Year 2021-2022

Eng’r. Samuel A. Espartero

Instructor I

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Subject Contents

1. Module 1 History of Civil Engineering

Lesson 1: Introduction
Lesson 2: Education
Lesson 3: Practicing Engineers

2. Module 2 Civil Engineering and Society and Other Professions

Lesson 1: Civil Engineering and Society and Other Professions
Lesson 2: Current Fields/Careers of Civil Engineering

3. Module 3 Specialization in Civil Engineering

Lesson 1: Structural Engineering
Lesson 2: Construction Engineering and Management
Lesson 3: Geotechnical Engineering
Lesson 4: Water Resources Engineering
Lesson 5: Transportation Engineering
Lesson 6” Environment and Energy Engineering

4. Module 4 Civil Engineering Sustainability and Environmental Science

Lesson 1: Civil Engineering, Sustainability and the Future
Lesson 2: Civil Engineering and Environmental Science

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INSTRUCTION TO THE USER

This module would provide you an educational experience while independently

accomplishing the task at your own pace or time. It aims as well to ensure that
learning is unhampered by health and other challenges. It covers the topic about
the History of Civill Engineering.

Reminders in using this module:

1. Keep this material neat and intact.

2. Answer the pre-test
pre test first to measure what you know and what to be
learned about the topic discussed in this module.
3. Accomplish the activities and exercises as aids and reinforcement for
better understanding of the lessons.
4. Answer the post-test
post to evaluate your learning.
5. Do not take pictures in any parts of this module nor post it to social media
platforms.
6. Value this module for your own learning by heartily and honestly
answering and doing the exercises and activities. Time and effort were
spent in the preparation in order that learning will still continue amidst
this Covid-19
19 pandemic.
7. Observe health protocols: wear mask, sanitize and maintain physical
distancing.

Hi! I’m Blue Bee, your WPU Mascot.

Welcome to Western Philippines University!

Shape your dreams with quality learning experience.

STAY SAFE AND HEALTHY!

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82A Rev. 00 (09.15.20)
Table of Contents

1. Instruction to the user 4

2. Introduction 6
3. Module 3 – Specialization in Civil Engineering 7
3.1 Overview 7
3.2 Learning outcomes 7
3.3 Pre-test 7
4. Lesson 1: Structural Engineering 8
4.1 Learning outcomes 8
4.2 Time Allotment 8
4.3 Discussion 8
4.4 Activities/Exercises 28
4.5 Evaluation/Post-test 29
7. References 30
8. Student’s information 31
9. Back cover (Vision, Mission, Core Values) 32

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INTRODUCTION

The course is concerned with the Civil Engineering Orientation which expressing the
civil engineering scope of field of discipline. The course will imply the broad coverage of
the civil engineering discipline that gives an emphasis to the numerous field of its
expertise.

The civil engineering discipline are covering the design and management of structural
engineering, construction engineering and management, geotechnical engineering,
water resources engineering, transportation engineering, and environment and energy.

The civil engineering also tied up with other discipline like electrical, mechanical,
geological, architecture in designing the vertical structures.

The emphasis in this subject will be on the elaboration of every course from first year up
to the final year of course. The subject also will introduce the codes and standards as the
references of the practicing civil engineer. The subject also is not limited to use the other
references that relevant to the course. The ASTM, ACI, AISC, Seismic design books that
will support to the engineering course aside from using the NBCP, NSCP, ASEP Steel
Handbook.

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Module 3

Overview

In this modules, the student will gain knowledge about the

1. Specialization in civil engineering profession.

2. Scope of structural engineering in the field of civil engineering profession as a
specific career.

Learning Outcomes

After completion of this module the student will able to:

1. Understand the specialization in civil engineering profession.
2. Learn the concept of structural engineering in the field of civil engineering
profession as a specific career.
3. Know the application of the structural engineering profession to the society.

Pre-test
1. What is Structural Engineering profession?
2. Who is preparing the design analysis of the building and other structures?
3. What are the structural engineer scopes of works? Give at least two functions.
4. How does the structural term described?

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Lesson 1

A. Learning Outcomes

After the completion of this topic, you will

1. Understand the structural engineering scope of works.

2. Familiarize with the practices of Structural Engineer in relation to the interaction
with society.

B. Time Allotment

1. Reading, answering the questions, and conduct of the activities - - - 5 days

C. Discussion

INTRODUCTION

1. Structural Engineering

- deals with planning of positions/layout of different elements and design

(determination of size, shape and material) of component such that safety and
serviceability requirements are not sacrificed, yet economy is considered.

- It involves determination of support, reactions, member forces and moments,

deflection and deformations

- Depends upon a detailed knowledge of loads, physics and materials to understand

and predict how structures support and resist self-weight and imposed loads

- Dams, bridges, stadiums, auditoriums, multi-storeyed buildings are analyzed and

designed

Structural Engineer

- Ensure that designs satisfy a given “design intent”, predicated on safety or

serviceability.

- Responsible for making creative and efficient use of funds and materials to achieve
these goals.

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What does a Structural Engineer do?

1. Seismic design of bridges, dams, and buildings.

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2. Retrofit of old buildings and dams to resist earthquakes

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BRIEF HISTORY

Structural derives from Latin word structus, which means “to pile, build assemble”.
The first use of the term structure was c.1440.

Structural engineering dates back to 2700 BC when the step pyramid for Pharaoh Djoser
was built by Imhotep

Gustavo Eiffel is the pioneer of the use of iron in structural engineering

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II. STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS

Developments in the understanding of materials and structural behavior in the latter part
of the 20th Century have been significant, with developed of topics such as fracture
mechanics, earthquake engineering, composite materials, temperature effects on materials,
dynamics and vibration, fatigue, creep and others. The increasing range of different
structures and the increasing complexity of those structures has led to increasing
specialization of structural engineers

Example of structural loadings for analysis of a building frame

Figure 1.1 Structural frame

Example of Structural Engineer work (Structural Analysis).

Problem

Determine the force in each member of the roof truss shown in the photo. The dimensions
and loadings are shown in Fig. 1-2a. State whether the members are in tension or
compression.

Solution:
Refer to Figure 1-2a. The reactions Ay, Ax & By is the force resultant form the vertical loads
carried by the truss. Notice that the resultant Ax = 0 since there is no horizontal acting on
the trusses. Therefore the only reactions are the vertical at supports A & B

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To find the value of Ay & By,

@ = 0;
3 m(3 kN) + 6m(2 kN) + 9m(3 kN) − 12m(By) = 0
9 kN. m + 12 kN. m + 27 kN. m = 12m (By)
48 kN. m
By = ; By =
12. m

Since the loadings at symmetrical, the Reaction at support A, (Ay) is the same at support B
(By). Thus, Ay = By; Ay = 4 kN

Figure 1-2

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 Since the truss is symmetric with respect to both loading and
geometry, only the forces in half the members have to be
determined.

Joint A, Figure 1-2b. We start the analysis at joint A where the

free-body diagram is shown.

4
+↑ = 0; 4 − sin 30° = 0 =
sin 30°
= 8 kN (C)

→ = 0; − 8 cos 30° = 0 = 9.928 kN (T)

Joint G, Figure 1-2c. In this case, note how the orientation of x

and y axes avoid simultaneous solution of equations.

+↖ = 0; sin 60° − 3 cos 30° = 0

= 3.00 kN (C)

+↗ = 0; 8 − 3 sin 30° − 3.00 cos 60° − =0

= 5.00 kN(C)

Joint B, Figure 1-2d

+↑ = 0; sin 60° − 3 sin 30° = 0

= 1.73 kN (T)

→ = 0; + 1.73 cos 60° + 3.00 cos 30° − 6.928 = 0

= 3.46 kN(T)

In this work, the Structural Engineer first determine the stresses of the members of the
structure. And will calculate the size of the member according to the stresses carried by the
member.

STRUCTURAL FAILURE

The structural failure for a building must ensure that the building is able to stand up safely,
able to function without excessive deflections or movements which may cause fatigue of
structural elements, cracking or failure of fixtures, fittings or partitions, or discomfort for

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occupants. It must account for movements and forces due to temperature, creep, cracking
and imposed loads.

For systems that obey Hooke’s law, the extension produced is directly proportional to the
load. If it exceeds hookes a structure is called as failure structure.

Hooke’s Law

Hooke’s law, law of elasticity discovered by the English scientist Robert Hooke in 1660,
which states that, for relatively small deformations of an object, the displacement or size of
the deformation is directly proportional to the deforming force or load.

Failure modes:

Stress
Deflection
Buckling
Creep
Fracture
Wear
Yielding

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 Fracture of concrete beam due to deflection caused by excessive load

Structure collapse caused by earthquake. It does not completely falls because the structure
designed the reinforcement as first to yield and not the concrete. In concrete design, if the
concrete first to yield then the structure will completely down (means over reinforced),
while if the reinforcement (reinforcing bars is first to yield, the structure will slowly fail).

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Structure steel frames

1. Concrete Footing 16. Crane beam

2. Anchor bolts 17. Crane column
3. Base plate 18. EOT crane
4. End wall girt 19. Roof purlin
5. Protal bracing 20. Flange brace
6. Main frame straight column 21. Sag rod
7. Wall bracing (angle/rod/cable) 22. Eave strut
8. Framed opening (window/louver) 23. Side wall girt
9. End wall wind column 24. Flush fascia frame
10. Roof bracing (angle/rod/cable) 25. Cage ladder
11. Main frame rafter 26. Deck panel with steel mesh
12. Jack beam 27. Hand rail (steel)
13. Main frame tapered column 28. Staircase (checker plate, C channel)
14. Cantilevered fascia frame 29. Crane bracket
15. Lean to frame

STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS

1. Ties: those members that are subjected to axial tension forces only. Load is applied to
ties only at the ends. Ties cannot resist flexural forces.

2. Struts: those members that are subjected to axial compression forces only. Like ties,
struts can be loaded only at their ends and cannot resist flexural forces.

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3. Beams and Girders: those members that are primarily subjected to flexural forces. They
usually are thought of as being horizontal members that are primarily subjected to
gravity forces; but there are frequent exceptions (such as inclined rafters)

4. Columns: those members that are primarily subjected to axial compression forces. A
column may be subjected to flexural forces also. Columns usually are thought of as
being vertical members, but they may also be inclined.

5. Diaphragms: structural components that are flat plates. Diaphragms generally have
very high in-plane stiffness. They are commonly used for floors and shear resisting
walls. Diaphragms usually span between beams or columns. They me be stiffened with
ribs to better resist out-of-plane forces.
(picture of frame)

III. STRUCTURAL MATERIALS

Structural engineering depends on the knowledge of materials and their properties, in

order to understand how different materials support and resist loads.

Structural materials are materials used or studied primarily for their mechanical
properties, as opposed to their electronic, magnetic, chemical or optical characteristics.
This can include a materials response to an applied force, whether this response is elastic
or plastic, its hardness, and its strength.

Common structural materials are:

1. Iron:
Wrought iron is the simplest form of iron, and is almost pure iron (typically less than
0.15% carbon). It usually contains some slag. It uses are almost entirely obsolete, and it
is no longer commercially produced. Wrought iron is very poor in fires. It is ductile,
malleable and tough. It does not corrode as easily as steel.

Cast iron is a brittle form of iron which is weaker in tension than in compression. It has
a relatively low melting point, good fluidity, castability, excellent machinability and
wear resistance. Though almost entirely replaced by stell in building structures, cast
irons have become an engineering material with a wide range of applications, including
pipes, machine and car parts. Cast iron retains high strength in fires, despite its low
melting point. It does not corrode as easily as steel.

Steel is used extremely widely in all types of structures, due to its relatively low cost,
high strength-to-weight ratio and speed of construction. It is a ductile material and
equally strong in tension and compression. It is weak in fires, and must be protected in
most buildings. Despite its high strength to weight ratio, steel buildings have as much
thermal mass as similar to concrete buildings. One disadvantage of steel is very prone
to corrosion (rust).

Stainless steel is an iron-carbon alloy. There are different types of stainless steel,
containing different proportions of iron, carbon, molybdenum, nickel. It has similar
structural properties to steel, although its strength varies significantly. It is rarely used

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for primary structure, and more for architectural finishes and building cladding. It is
highly resistant to corrosion and staining.

H Beam
Hot-rolled steel beam with H-shaped cross section, used mainly in piling and retaining
structures. The advantages of H-beams are its lighter weight and saving material.

H-beams provide strength across a wide span which is why it is mostly used in large
construction works such as skyscrapers or bridges.

Commonly used for:

 Industrial plants
 Steel bridges
 Railway

Mild Steel Plate

Mild Steel (MS) Plate is a steel plate used for construction. It is flexible, not brittle and it is
the most common form of steel.

MS plates are used to give strength to a concrete cement in a building or any structural
works. It is also used for construction and industrial applications. MS Plates are more
ductile, weldable and easy to install.

Commonly used for:

= Cars, Road signs, Bridges, Ships, and Fencing

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 Welded Steel Pipe
 Heavy and Light Guage
 BI & GI Schedule 40, 80, 120
 Spiral Pipes
 ASTM A53 / A106 / API 5ML
 Pipe Piles

2. Concrete

Concrete is used widely in building and civil, engineering structures, due to its low cost,
flexibility, durability, and high strength. It also has high resistance to fire. Concrete is a
non-linear, non-elastic and brittle material. It is string in compression and very weak in
tension. Because it has essentially zero strength in tension, it is almost always used as
reinforced concrete. It is a mixture of sand, aggregate, cement and water. It is placed in
a mould, or forms, as a liquid, and then it sets (goes off), due to a chemical reaction
between water and cement. The hardening of the concrete is called hydration. The
reaction is exothermic (gives off heat).

Concrete increases in strength continually from the day it is cast. Its strength depends
highly on how it is mixed, poured, cast, compacted, cured (kept wet while setting), and
whether or not any admixtures were used in the mix. It can be cast into any shape that a
form can be made for. Its color, quality, and finish depend upon the complexity of the
structure, the material used for the form, and the skill of the worker.

Concrete has a very favorable property in fire – it is not adversely affected by fire until
it reaches very high temperatures. It also has very high mass, so it is good for providing
sound insulation and heat retention (leading to lower energy requirements for the
heating of concrete buildings).

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3. Aluminum

Aluminum is a soft, lightweight, malleable metal. Aluminum has about one-third the
density and stiffness of steel. It is ductile, and easily machined, cast, and extruded.
Corrosion resistant is excellent due to thin surface layer of aluminum oxide that forms
when the metal is exposed to air, effectively preventing further oxidation. The strongest
aluminum alloys are less corrosion resistant due to galvanic reactions with alloyed
copper.

Aluminum is used in some building structures (mainly in façades) and very widely in
aircraft engineering because of its good strength to weight ratio. It is relatively
expensive material.

In alloyed form, aluminum is used for a large variety of structural, decorative, and
hardware elements in building construction. Principal advantages are its light weight
(one-third that of steel) and its high resistance to corrosion. Some disadvantages are its
softness, its low stiffness, its high rate of thermal expansion, its low resistance to fire,
and its relatively high cost.

Large-scale structural use in buildings is limited by cost and its increased dimensional
distortion due to its lack of stiffness. Low stiffness also reduces its resistance to
buckling. Minor structural use is considerable, however, for window
and door frames, wall panels, trim, and various hardware items.

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4. Wood/Timber

Technical innovations have overcome some of the longstanding limitations of wood.

Size and form limits have been extended by various processes, including lamination
and reconstitution as fiber products. Special fastenings have made some structures
possible through better performing jointing. Combustibility, rot, and insect infestation
can be retarded by chemical impregnations.

Dimensional movements from changes in temperature or moisture content remain a

problem with wood. Although easily worked, wood elements are soft and readily
damaged; thus damage during production, transportation, and construction and even
some uses are a problem.

Although hundreds of species (different trees) exist, structural use is limited mostly to a
few softwoods: Douglas fir, southern pine, northern white pine, spruce, redwood, cedar,
and hemlock. Regional availability and cost are major concerns in selection of a
particular species.

Economy is generally achieved by using the lowest grade (quality) of material suitable
for the work. Grade is influenced by lack of knots, splits, and pitch pockets and by the
particular grain character of individual pieces.

Fabricated products are increasingly used in place of solid-sawn wood pieces. Plywood
and glued laminated timbers have been used for some time. More recently items

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 fabricated from wood fibers and strands are being used to replace plywood
panels and light framing elements.

Fabricated compound structural elements are also widely used. The light wood truss
with wood top and bottom chords and metal interior members is in direct competition
with the steel open web joist for medium- to long-span roof and floor
structures. A newer product is the wood I-joist, composed of solid wood or laminated
top and bottom pieces and a web of plywood or fiber board.

Because of its availability, low cost, and simple working possibilities, wood is used
extensively for secondary and temporary construction. However, it is also widely used
for permanent construction and is generally the material of choice for light construction
unless its limitations preclude its use. It is a renewable resource, although the best
wood comes from very slow-growth trees. However, the most extensive use of wood is
as fiber for the paper industry, which has become a major commercial institution in the
United States. The fiber users can use small, fast-growth trees and they routinely plant
and harvest trees for quick turnover. This is a major factor in the rapid expansion of use
of fiber products for building construction.

5. Masonry

The term masonry is used to describe a variety of formations consisting of separate,

inert objects bonded together by some binding joint filler. Elements may be rough or
cut stone, fired clay tile or bricks, or cast units of concrete. The binder is usually a
cement and lime mortar. The resulting assemblage is similar in weight and bulkiness to
concrete construction and possesses many of the same properties. Assemblage typically
involves considerable hand labor, making it highly subject to the skill of individual
craftsperson. Reinforcing can be used to increase strength, as is commonly done for
increased resistance to windstorms and earthquakes. Shrinkage of the mortar and
thermal-expansion cracking are two major concerns that necessitate care in detailing,
material quality control, and field inspection during construction.

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6. Plastics

Plastic elements represent the widest variety of usage in building construction. The
great variation of material content, properties, and formation processes yields an
unlimited field for the designer’s imagination. Some of the principal problems with
plastics are lack of fire resistance, low stiffness, high rate of thermal expansion, and
some cases of chemical or physical instability with time.

Some of the uses in building construction are:

Glazing. For windowpanes, skylights, and sheet-form or corrugated panels.

Coatings and Laminates. Sprayed, painted, or rolled on or applied as laminates in
composite panels.
Formed elements. For frames, trim, and hardware.
Foamed. In preformed or foamed-in-place applications, as insulation and filler for
various purposes.

Design developments in recent years include pneumatic and tension-sustained surface

structures using various plastic membranes and fabric products. Small structures may
use thin plastic membranes, but for larger structures the surface material is usually a
coated fabric with enhanced resistance to tension and tearing. The plastic-surfaced
structure can also be created by using plastic elements on a framework.

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7. Miscellaneous materials

a. Glass
Ordinary glass possesses considerable strength but has the undesirable
characteristic of being brittle and subject to shattering under shock. Special glass
products are produced with higher strength, but a more widely used technique is
to produce laminated panels with alternating layers of plastic and glass—like good
old ‘‘safety glass,’’ which has been in use for car windows for a long time.

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 b. Fiber-Reinforced Products
Glass fiber and other stranded elements are used to strengthen paper, plastic
membranes, and various panel materials. This notably increases tension and tear
resistance.

c. Paper
Paper—that is, sheet
material of basically rag or
wood fiber content—is used
considerably in building
construction, although for
some uses it has been
replaced by plastics. Various
coatings, laminations,
impregnations, and
reinforcing can be used to
produce a tougher or more
moisture-resisting material.
A widely used product is the
‘‘drywall’’ panel, consisting
of a thin slab of plaster
sandwiched between two
thick paper sheets.

8. Mixed materials

Buildings use a large mixture of materials for their construction. This also applies to
building structures. Just about every building has concrete foundations, regardless of
the materials of the rest of the structure. For structures of wood, concrete, and

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 masonry, many steel elements will be used for fastenings, reinforcement, and other
purposes.

Nevertheless, despite the typical material mixture that designers must use, the
industries that produce structural products are very material specific. Thus major
concentrations exist in terms of primary structural materials: wood, steel, concrete, and
masonry. Information for design comes primarily from these sources.

IV. SPECIALIZATIONS

1. BUILDING STRUCTURES
Structural building engineering includes all structural engineering related to the
design of buildings. It is branch of structural engineering that is close to
architecture.

2. EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING STRUCTURES

Earthquake engineering structures are those engineered to withstand various types
of hazardous earthquake exposures at the sites of their particular location

3. CIVIL ENGINEERING STRUCTURES

a. Bridges
b. Dams
c. Roads
d. Railways
e. Pipelines
f. Power stations
g. tunnel

4. MECHANICAL STRUCTURES

Plays an essential role in engineering machinery where structural integrity of the

design items impacts safety and reliability. Large man-made objects, from furniture
to medical equipment to a variety of vehicles, require significant design input from a
structural engineer.

Applied to variety of mechanical (moveable) structures which is referred to as

Structural Mechanical Engineering.

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Petrochemical project is one of the applications of structural mechanical engineering.

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D. Activity / Exercise

I. PREPARATION
Instruction:
Prepare the following materials:
1. Walis ting-ting
2. 20 pcs rubber bands
3. 1 boiled egg
4. Ruler or steel tape
5. Electric fan with control (1 to 3 or 4)
6. Cellphone with video camera and internet
7. Wooden or plastic table

II. CONSTRUCT
Instruction:
1. Make a structure using walis ting-ting and rubber bands
Criteria:
a. Must be higher than 1 foot or 12 inches. The higher the better
b. Egg can rest/place on top of constructed structure made of walis ting-
ting without falling
c. Do not use any other materials not included in part I
d. Record a video on your preparation

III. TESTING
Instruction:
1. Set-up video equipment, place the structure with egg on top of a flat table
and conduct the test with electric fan facing directly to the structure made of
walis ting-ting.
2. Record the reaction of the structure from the air blown by the electric fan
from a following series of test:
a. Set fan control no. 1
b. Set fan control no. 2
c. Set fan control no. 3
d. Set fan control no. 4 (if available)
3. Take a photo for every test and place on your answer sheet.

IV. SUMMARY

1. Describe your learning about the activities

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E. Evaluation / Post-test

1. Provide structural frame made of structural steel materials (Picture)

2. Provide structural frame made of concrete materials (Picture)
3. Find the reaction Ay and By of the simply supported steel beam (rest on concrete
support).

Figure 1

4. Solve the stresses at members AB, AG, BG, and FB. Find also, the reactions at the
supports A and D.

Figure 2

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REFERENCES

1. Building Structures 3rd Edition, James Ambrose/Patrick Tripeny

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 Congratulations for completing this module!

Student’s Information

Name:
Program:
Year and Section:
Contact No.:
E-mail address:
Facebook Account:
Messenger Account:

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 Vision 2020
WPU: the leading knowledge center for sustainable
development of West Philippines and beyond.

Mission
WPU commits to develop quality human resource and green
technologies for a dynamic economy and sustainable
development through relevant instruction,
research and extension services.

Core Values (3CT)

Culture of Excellence
Commitment
Creativity
Teamwork

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