ELEMENTS OF FICTION (introduce/ expose na ang characters and

1. CHARACTER setting)
- person, animal, being, or creature in a story
- writers use characters to perform the actions 4. POINT OF VIEW/ VIEWPOINT
and speak dialogue, moving the story along a - also known as viewpoint; narrative
plot line convention which tells from whose perspective
is the story told
2. CHARACTERIZATIONS - may be a character, first-person point of
- detailed information about the character view; third person narrator, telling by the
- writer’s tool, or “literary device” that occurs story by an impersonal narrator not affected
any time the author uses details to teach us by story situations; and unreliable narrator,
about a person telling the story by an insincere narrator,
- ang author ang gumagawa ng misleading the readers
characterization
- reflected sa kanyang literary piece ● first person point of view; singular:
- process by which the writer reveals the (I, me) plural: (we) perspective
personality of a character ● second point of view – rare and most
use in technical writing (you, you’re, yours)
TYPES OF CHARACTERIZATION ● third person point of view- use of (he,
1. DirectCharacterization she, it, they)
– direct/straight, direct to the point - stream of consciousness- exposing the
- author tells us straight out, by exposition or character’s mind to the readers through his
analysis, what a character is like, or has monologue
someone in the story tell us what he is like - unreliable narrator are not omniscient (all
- diretsang sinabe ang adjective tungkol kay knowing)
cardo
Example: Cardo is a kind man PLOT DIAGRAM
- series of events in the story, narrative of the
2. Indirect Characterization story summarize form
- refers to the way a writer shows a
character’s trait through dialogue and action 1. Exposition - where the characters, setting,
- hindi direkta sinabe pero madedetermine on conflicts are introduced in the beginning of the
the way he acts and dialogue story
Direct Characterization 2. Rising Action – where the main character
● Priya was a generous woman is in crisis, events that leading to facing the
● John was a bad-tempered man conflicts (man vs society, man vs environment,
● Edmund was a snobby boy man vs man)

Indirect Characterization 3. Climax – the peak of the story, where the

● Priya emptied out her wallet when she major events occurred, where the main
saw he needed the money character faces the main enemy, exciting part
● John slammed the door on his way out of the story (action, drama, change
● Edmund sneered at his classmates excitement occurs)

3. SETTING 4. Falling Action - crisis starting to resolved

- time and place (or when and where) of the
story 5. Resolution/Denouement (denoma basa)
- can be time, period, location, time of day, – ending of the story, resolved na lahat ng
season, weather, type of room or building conflicts, crisis, concluding part of the story
- settings and character are included in the
exposition
- exposition is the first element of the plot
.
 PLOT CONVENTIONS IN WRITING FICTION Third person narrator - telling the story by an
1. Backstory
– tells the event of the story that impersonal narrator not affected by the story
happened before the present story situation
2. Chekhov’s Gun/ Riffle Unreliable narrator - telling the story by an
- Russian Author (Anton Chekhov) gumagamit insincere narrator misleading the readers
sya ng gun sa story
-tells of an inherent object inserted in the Stream of consciousness, - exposing the
narrative character’s mind to the readers through his
-inherent: essential object, necessary, relevant monologue;
to the story
Audience surrogate - character who
3. InMedias Res – the narration that starts in expresses queries or agitations which are the
the middle of the story (plot convetion) same questions that readers would ask.
Another convention is style. There are also a
4. Narrative Hook - tells a catchy story number
opening to hook the attention of the readers
STYLE
5. Hypodiegesis - tells a story within a story 1. Emotional Appeal
Ex: Arabian Nights - moves the emotion of the reader or
audience
6. Deus Ex Machina - tells a good character - a way or method used by the author to
in a bad situation and ensures the character create an emotional response among his
wins with an unexpected or implausible use to reader or audience
resolve the situation
2. Use of Sensory Detail - forms mental
7. Plot Twist - tells a surprise ending images of scenes using descriptive words

8. PoeticJustice – tells a reward to the good 3. Dramatic Visualization – presents an

characters and punishes the bad characters object or character with much description or
gestures and dialogues making scenes vivid
9. Cliffhanger – tells an abrupt ending that for the audience
places the main characters in a perilous
situation with no resolution 4. Leitwortsil – repeats on purpose the words
that usually express a motif or theme
10. Flashback - tells an interjected scene of important to the story (repetition of words,
the story that takes it back in time from the inuulit inuulit, para maexpress ang motif at
current point in the story and is often used to theme ng literary piece)
tell the events that happened before another
important event 6. Figures of Speech - words or expressions
that are not meant to be read literally
11. Flash Forward – tells a scene that takes - metaphor and simile is often used to create
the narrative to a future time from the current a comparison to feel the connection in the
point of the story story

12. Foreshadowing – indicates or hints a. Simile – comparison between the

something is coming in the latter part of the essentially unlike things using words
story “such as”, “like”, and “as”
Example: red as tomato
13. Point-of-view - narrative convention which
tells from whose perspective is the story told. b. Metaphor- direct comparison of
dissimilar things to create more
vivid imagery or
understanding
 Example: He was an onion; - the theme is entwined in the story which is
she had to peel back the reflected in the characters’ word and actions,
layers to understand him events, and other elements

c. Personification – assigning human Emotional appeal

attributes to nonhuman things – moves the emotion of the reader or
Example: The approaching audience
car’s headlights winked at -way or method used by the author to create
me emotional response among his reader or
-nagseserve as symbol/signal audience
na tumabi o may
pupuntahan Persuasive writing
- the language should sway the emotion to
d. Hyperbole – a deliberate convince the readers
exaggeration that adds emphasis, - author fills more emotional content with
urgency, or excitement to a descriptive details to make the readers feel
statement the scene
Example: If I don’t eat soon, - authors show emotional scenes rather than
I’m going to die of telling
hunger - making characters sympathetic or
unsympathetic
e. Euphemism -way to say something - words which can greatly affect reader
in an understate manner, often to emotions
avoid difficult topics – like money, - turning the story in an unexpected direction
death, or sex. - using details to mire readers in the reality of
Example: rather than telling the scene
a friend that a relative
died, you might say Tone
they “passed-away” or are - methods by which writers and speakers
“no longer with us” reveal attitudes or feeling
- toward the material, their readers, and
f. Litotes – uses a double negative to general situation that they are describing and
create a positive analyzing
Examples: - author’s attitude or attitude toward the
You’re not wrong. subject matter and toward the readers may
You are not unlike your father, be deduced by reading the selection carefully.
who was very persistent. - authors attitude ang nagseset ay ang writer

g. Oxymoron – joins two opposite LITERARY APPROACHES

ideas in a sentence
Example: Found missing, Act 1. Feminism Approach
naturally, Pretty Ugly - uplifts women’s goals by defining and
establishing equality in the family, social,
Theme political, and economic arena
- underlying message or the central idea -often associated with literary pieces written
- about life that the author is conveying in the by women that deal with women in society
story which is universal in nature - involves characters or ideas that chide the
- it is about human experience common gender norms dominated by
- entwined in the story which is reflected in the masculinity
character’s words and actions, events, and - gives an impact on the voice of women
other elements
- short Stories often have one theme.
2. New Historicism Approach 6. Psychological Criticism
- deals with the cultural context during the - frequently addresses human behavior- at
writing of the piece of literature conscious and/or unconscious level-as well as
- interprets literature for its meaning or idea the development of characters through their
in a particular socio-historical atmosphere actions
- needs an understanding of the author’s - requires that we investigate the psychology
milieu and the cultural context during its of the characters and their motives in order to
production figure out the work’s meanings
- relasyon ng literary piece kung kailan nya - got its start with the work of Sigmund Freud,
ito sinulat which incorporated the importance of the
- nagreeflect ang nangyayre sa kanyang unconscious or subconscious in human behavior
literary piece - “archetypal” Freudian interpretations
include rebellion against a father, death-wish
Example: Noli me Tangere by Jose forces or sexual repression
Rizal
7. Moralistic Approach
3. Formalism Approach - judges literary work by ethical teachings
- called new criticism - the purpose of literature is to teach morality
- formalists interpretataion of a work of art is and to probe philosophical issues
formulated by the information and details
of the piece itself THE PHILIPPINES
- walang pake sa author o anoman - 7641 islands
- form at structure ng literary piece itself - Luzon, Visayas, Mindanao
(mostly sa tula) - stretches from south of China to northern flip
- autonomously and can e gauges through of Borneo
internal structure and language. - more than 100 ethnic group and mixture of
- considered are form, structure, and technical foreign influences molded a unique Filipino
features as more important than the content culture
and context - conquered by Spain in 16th century (1521)
Example: - Philippines Peso
E.E Cummings - i carry your heart with - Americans Brought English
me (i carry it in)
enjambment - continuation  PEOPLE AND CULTURE
- Predominantly of Malay descent,
4. Biological Approach - frequently with Chinese and sometimes
- sees a literary work as a reflection of the American or Spanish ancestry
author’s life - many have Spanish names because of 19-th
- literary piece ay may koneksyon sa buhay century Spanish decree that required them to
ng author (character, setting, plot) use Spanish surnames or last name.
- how the plot details, settings, and characters - name after saint whose feast day was on
of the work reflect or are representative of birthday
events, settings, and people in the author’s life
 VALUES TRADITION AND CULTURE
5. Reader – Response Theory - tradition in their home and family is
- school of literary theory that focuses on the important
reader (audience) and their experience of a - set aside a specific day for certain
literary work, in contrast to other schools and celebration
theories that focus attention primarily on the (festivals, birthday parties, reunions, etc.)
author or the content and form of the work - every gathering is dedicated to keeping up
- each generation has different experiences, with each other over sumptuous food
values, issues, etc. Therefore, each
generation will read a work differently  CHRISTMAS
- longest Christmas celebration ever
- early as august (Christmas songs and jingle)
- mood become festive with many ppl ● Department of Education (DepED) -
shopping and in good spirit Cabinet Sec
- last until 1st or second week of January ● Technical Education and Skills Development
- most loved celebrations by Filipinos Authority (TESDA) - Director General for
- gather in 24th of December “Noche Buena” technical-vocational education and training
“Midnight Meal” to greet before Christmas
● Commission on Higher Education (CHED)
Office of the Philippines President headed by
 NEW YEAR
the Chairperson of a collegial body of five
- another celebration that gathers Filipino
commissioners.
families
- wearing dotted cloths - colonial history, population growth, financial
- preparing round fruits (symbolize prosperity) funding, and educational reforms contributed
- one of many customs of Filipinos to the nuances of the Philippine education
system
 SINGING
*Elementary - Grade 1 to Grade 6
- Filipino loves singing
*Junior High - Grade 7-8(exploratory TLE)
- karaoke become so prevalent
- Grade 9-10 (specialized TLE)
- Filipinos spend quality time with family or
*Senior High School – Grade 11 – 12
friends singing or belting out new and old
songs
KINDERGARTEN
- helps set a strong foundation to the child’s
 FILIPINO TAKES PRIDE IN THEIR development by placing them in a nurturing,
FAMILIES non-competitive environment
- family first - using engaging activities that help children
- whether you are part of immediate family learn about fundamental knowledge
or belong to the third or fourth generations, - introduced to basic numbers, shapes, and
you treated as family member words
- closest friends are sometimes consider too - important in helping them grow
- drawing, coloring, listening to storied, word
 FILIPINOS ARE VERY RESPECTFUL cards, and other engaging activities are done
-”po” and “opo” for addressing elders for learning literacy
- “pagmamano” culture - raise the backs of
the hands of their elders to their foreheads as RELIGION
a sign of respect
Top 3 Religious Affiliations in the Philippines
 FILIPINOS HELP ONE ANOTHER of the 108,667,043-household population in
-” bayanihan” help one another without 2020
expecting anything in return
- “community spirit” 1. 85,645,362 persons (78.8%) reported
Roman Catholic as their religious affiliations
 PHILIPPINE EDUCATION SYSTEM 2. 6,981,710 persons (6.4%) Islam
- Formal education 3. 2,806,524 persons (2.6%) Iglesia ni Cristo
- progression of academic schooling from
elementary (grade school) to secondary (high Top ten religious affiliations (2020)
school) and tertiary (TVET and higher
education)  Seventh Day Adventist, and Aglipay
- tri-focalized by law into basics, technical (0.8%)
vocational and higher education under three  Iglesia Filipina Independiente (0.6%)
different agencies  Bible Baptist Church (0.5%)
 Church of Christ in the Philippines,
Jehovah’s Witness, and Church of
Christ (0.4%)
 Catholic Wedding Traditions - only two witnesses are required, couple’s
● Formal Introductions and Negotiations relatives and friends
- Nikah in Ph may also feature elements or
Pamamanhikan/ Bulungan practices from non-Muslim weddings such as
– acts as the first official step in a Filipino bridal party and the bride walking down the
Wedding aisle
- take place months or weeks before the - central to this ceremony is the Imam’s
ceremony recitation of parts of the Quran and their
- involves the couple’s families meeting each blessing or Du’aa for the couple
other for an official proposal
- the specifics behind this custom can vary ABOUT THE AUTHORS
based on the couple’s region of origin
● GENOVEVA EDROZA-MATUTE
Pahapunan – nagsasabit ng pera sa mga - kilala sa tawag na “Aling Bebang”
bagong kasal - ipinanganak noong Enero 13, 1915.
Natapos ng batsilyer sa Sekondaryang
Parental Blessings Edukasyon, Medyor sa Ingles at Doktorado sa
- during the ceremony, the couple asks for Unibersidad ng Santo Tomas
blessings from their parents. - naging gurong apatnapu’t anim na taon sa
- by either kissing their hands or touching Pamantasang Normal ng Pilipinas (PNU)
the back of their parents’ hands to their own - Don Carlos Palanca Memorial Awards for
foreheads Literature
- depending on the religion, the parents will * Parusa (1961)
utter phrases in return * Paglalayag ng Puso ng Isang Bata
(1995)
FILIPINO-MUSLIM Weddings * Kwento ni Mabuti (1950)
- the groom kisses his father-in-law’s hand
- titulo bilang kauna-unahang babaeng
Muslim Wedding Ceremony nakapaguwi ng parangal sa larangan ng
Nikah maikling kwento
- main ceremony in a Muslim Wedding - Republic Literature Awards ng National
- the bride and the groom sign a contract, Commission for Culture and the Arts
along with two witnesses, consenting to the - Kalinangan Award ng Maynila 1967
marriage - Gawad Pambansang Alagad ni Balagtas ng
- signing of contract during the Nikah Unyon ng mga Manunulat sa Pilipinas 1988
ceremony legalizes the marriage under Islamic - Gawad CCP para sa Sining
law (and Muslim Personal Law in the - Lifetime Achievement Award for Literature
Philippines) and legitimizes the union in front
of God - nagsilbi siyang Tagapayo ng Pilipino Section
- Muslim wedding ceremonies in the Ph are ng The Torch Newsette
held in a mosque followed by celebrations at - pumanaw noong Marso 21,2009, patuloy
home or a rented venue parin ang kanyang pakikihamok sapag-alab
- it is possible to conduct the Nikah ceremony ng pagmamahal sa panitikan ng kanyang
at your chosen venue or, for more intimate mga akda
weddings, at the bride’s home - inilulunsad ng The Torch and Gawad
- venues are usually adorned with flowers Genoveva Edroza-Matute bilang parangal
and candles and the other décor fitting the sa mga natatanging iskolar-manunulat sa loob
couple’s motif ng Pamantasang Normal ng PIlipinas Maynila
- there will be seats on each side of an aisle
for friends and family ● ROGELIO SICAT
- in front of the is a platform where the bride - Rogelio “Roger” R. Sicat ay ipinanganak
and groom is facing their guests noong Hunyo 26,1940
- Nikah ceremony is facilitated by an Imam, - anak siya nina Estanisdo Sicat, isang makata
who also typically draws up the contract at Crisanta Rodriguez
- isang premyadong nobelista, kuwentista,
mandudula, at tagasalin
- naging guro ng panitikan, malikhaing
pagsulat, wika at pagsasalin sa
Departamento ng Filipino at Panitikan ng
Pilipinas, Kolehiyong Arte at Literatura,
Unibersidad ng Pilipinas, Diliman
- maikling kwento sa antolohiyang Mga Agos
sa Disyerto (1965)
- habang nagaaral sa kolehiyo, naisulat niya
ang kanyang unang maikling kwentong
Impeng Negro (1962) tungkol sa halaga at
tagumpay ng pakikipagtunggali
- nagwagi ang kuwentong ito sa Gawad
Palanca
- naisulat naman niya ang klasikong akdang
Tata Selo (1963) na tumalakay naman sa
usaping agraryo sa bansa
 SI MABUTI TATA SELO
By: Genoveva Edroza-Matute By: Rogelio Sikat

Words related to Mabuti: - tackles ang pagkakaiba ng estado ng

● Malirip – intindihin, malaman ang pamumuhay at ang pangaabuso
katotohanan, maisip o mabatid
● Naulinig – narinig Characters:
● Kariktan- kagandahan, kahali-halina sa Kabesang tano
paningin tata selo
● Agam-agam – alalahanin, Kahangga
nangangamba, nagdodoubt, hindi Pulis
naniniwala, pagaalinlangan binatang anak ng pinakamayamang
● Napatda – napahinto, naaptigil, di propitaryo sa San Roque
nakibo batang magbubukid
● Magmasid – pagmasdan, bantayan Saling
Alkalde
Analysis on Literary Piece Hepe
(Si Mabuti)
- balitang tinaga at napatay si Kabesang
● Mabuti is not the legal wife
Tano, (kaunti - marami)
Supporting Details:
- “Totoo ba, Tata Selo?” “Binawi niya ang
- In Philippines under the law ang husband
aking saka kaya tinaga ko siya.”
and wife ay legally married nakatira sa
iisang bubong
Loob ng istaked
- dapat mabuburol ang kanyang asawa sa
- nakahawak sa rehas
kanila
- kausap ang isang magbubukid ang
- dahil hindi sya naburol kina Mabuti means
kanyang kahangga
hindi siya ang tunay na asawa
- nakalusot sa mga pulis na
sumasawata sa nagkakagulong tao (di
Mabuti Literary Piece
makapaniwala)
FEMINISIM APPROACH
- ipinagtitilakan ng mga pulis ang
- Mabuti ay nagrerepresent as a single
mga taong ibig makakita sa kanya
mother sa kanyang anak at nagagawa nya
ang kanyang role as mother and father
- naelevate ni Matute ang kababaihan sa
kagalingan ng mga kababaihan sa mga
problema, kung pano ito ihandle ng mga
babae. Pinagpatuloy iraise ang kanyang
anak magisa

NEW HISTORICISM APPROACH

- story was written a long time ago
- words na matatalinhaga, malalalim na halos
ginagamit nung panahon dati
- ang mga eskwelahan ay luma na, sira-sira,
paaralang walang pinta, sahig na pag
naglalakad napapakinggan ang lagitnit
(hindi na kaparehas ng school ngayon)
- “sulok ng silid aralan” wala na masyado
ngayon

POV: 1st point-of-view

Fe - 6 years old
 A CHERISHED DAUGHTER Fourth Stanza
- Mother, look, Mother, will you please just
- translated by Nguyen Ngoc Bich give me away?
-nagawa sya ng 1700’s - mean na kahit wala ng condition o materials
na hinihingi gusto nalang magkaroon ng
Words Related to A Cherished Daughter: marriage life
● Magpie – a person who chatters noisily
● Areca Nuts – any of several tropical Sound Device
Asian palms; betel palm Repetition – repeated lines in the stanza
● Quan – a Vietnamese word meaning helps emphasize the development or change
army or coins in the poem by using identical phrases with
● Suit of Clothes – a complete outfit or few words being changed to effectively
garments express the flow of the piece
● Matchmaker – a person who arranges
relationships Poetry Type
Lyric Poetry – formal type of poetry which
First Stanza expresses personal emotion or feelings,
- Not less than five full quan, five thousand typically spoken in the first person. The
areca nuts, five fat pigs, and five suits of Cherished Daughter used personal pronouns (I
clothes. and me)
Second Stanza
- Not less than three full quan, three thousand Figures of Speech
areca nuts, three fat pigs, and three suits of Metaphor – the magpie brought two
clothes matchmakers

At Vietnam: Culture Present

- 18 to 25yrs old ay dapat meron ng asawa, Filial Piety – considered a key virtue in
dapat nakatira na sa bahay ng kanilang Vietnamese Culture (nagtatanong sa kanyang
mapapangasawa mother sa desisyon sa marriage)
- kapag nagbibigay ng gift ay dapat even,
nangangahulugang luck sa kanilang wedding Relationships between parents and children
tradition - obedience and respect were traditional
virtues which Vietnamese children were taught
Bakit naiba ang challenge? to exhibit in their family
- habang tumatagal ay nababawasan or
naglolower ang expectation o standards ng Vietnam Wedding Culture
mother para sa kanyang daughter dahil - consists of set of activities;
walang makatapat nito - asking for permission to receive the bride,
receiving the bride at her house and escorting
Third Stanza her to the groom’s house
- Not less than one full quan, one thousand - on the morning of the wedding day, the
areca nuts, one fat dog this time, and one suit groom and his groomsmen bring covered gift
of clothes boxes to the bride’s house
- nagkakaroon na ng desperation para ikasal
Tradition Present
Tower System: Marriage – men usually marry between the
- commonly ang bride ang nagbibigay sa ages of20 and 30, and women between the
groom ages of 18 and 25
- while in the Philippines ad Vietnam; lalaki
ang nagooffer at nagbibigay sa bride
- areca nuts symbolize offering and showing
generosity
- fat dog can be wealth and prosperity
 SCHOOL BOY’S APOLOGY VIETNAM
By: Le Thanh Huan - officially the Socialist Republic of Vietnam
(SRV), is a Southeast Asian country known for
Theme: its beaches, rivers, Buddhist pagodas, and
- catastrophic effect of war busting cities
- emotional anguish and psychological
- significance of empathy and benevolence Capital: Hanoi
- emphasizing fortitude and optimism Currency: Vietnamese dong
Official Language: Vietnamese
1st Stanza Population: 97.47 million (2021) World Bank
- initial verse centers on the child’s behavior in President: Vo Van Thuong
class, wherein he expresses remorse for his Prime Minister: Pham Minh Chinch
behavior and seeks absolution National Sport: Soccer

2nd Stanza Urban Dating in Vietnam

- the subsequent verse transitions to the boy’s - Vietnamese dating culture is not so different
ambition and yearnings, as he harbors a from any Western liberal country
desire to become a sailor whilst wishing for an - not conservative like India or China, where
expensive arena and flowing stream the parents still play a prominent role in
finding partners for their children
3rd Stanza - in the recent past, it was customary for the
- the third stanza reverts back to reality- children for parents to solicit the advice of
describing the scorching flames of wat that fortune tellers in assessing a child’s
have withered away his happiness, coupled prospective partner
with incessant guns pointed at him every step - Vietnamese horoscope (tu,vi)
of the way - today this is very uncommon, but rumors still
abound about such practices
4th Stanza
- illustrates the speaker’s reality and his Vietnamese Wedding Traditions
worries about losing his family and home. The
verse emphasizes the pain that might result ● The Nap Tai – in this ceremony, the
from living in a conflict zone and its harsh groom’s family brings a pair of birds to
realities the bride’s home. This is to inform her
family of the intentions to marry the girl
- ginagamitan ng psychological criticism
approach; inaaddress and consciousness at ● The Van danh – in this ceremony, the
unconsciousness ng mind ng speaker future groom would send a matchmaker
to the bride’s house to ask the girl’s name
Poetry: Narrative poetry, as is actually telling and birthday
a story that uses the real-life experience of
the boy during the war that even the detailed ● The Nap Cat – this ceremony informed
information were present which caused him the girl’s family that the groom went to a
trauma and still cannot get over it fortune teller. The rest of the ceremonies
followed only if the fortune teller said
Bakit may ellipsis? (sa dulo ng literary piece) they would make a good couple
- nagsysymbolize na meron pang kasunod
● The Nap Te – the future groom and his
family bring presents to the bride’s
family

● Thinh ky – the ceremony was to decide

on the wedding date
● Than nghinh – in this ceremony, the VIETNAM WAR
groom’s family brings presents to the ● Vietnam was the longest war in America
girl’s family and escorts the bride to the history and the most unpopular American
groom’s house war of the 20th century

Major Vietnamese Wedding Traditions/ ● Between 1945 to 1954, the Vietnamese

Ceremonies that happen on the same day waged an anti-colonial war against
France, which received 2.6 billion dollars
● The Permission ceremony (Le dam ngo) in financial support from the United
- the Vietnamese wedding tradition brings the States
two families together to a formal meeting to
ask for the bride’s hand in marriage ● From 1968 to 1973, efforts were made
-the groom’s family bring gifts like betel, fruits, to end the conflict through diplomacy. In
areca nuts and sweets treats to the bride’s January 1973, an arrangement was
family reached, US forces were withdrawn from
- the gifts are in even and not odd numbers Vietnam, and US prisoners of war were
to avoid bringing bad luck to the couple released. In April 1975, South Vietnam
surrendered to the North, and Vietnam
● The Betrothal ceremony (Le an Hol) was reunited
- this is the official engagement ceremony
- the girl is presented as fiancée to the groom ● The Vietnam War cost the United States
to be and he is accepted as a family member 58,000 lives and 350,000 casualties. It
into the bride’s family also resulted in between one and two
- this ceremony happens before the actual million Vietnamese deaths
wedding day or on the morning of the
wedding day ● According to the survey by the Veterans
- the bride’s parents decides the number of administration. Some 500,000 of the 3
feasts the wedding will have and the gifts million troops who served in Vietnam
given suffered from post-traumatic stress
disorder, and rates of divorce, suicide,
● The Wedding Ceremony alcoholism, and drug addiction were
- the wedding date and time of the marriage markedly higher among veterans
ceremony is set on by the Buddhist monk or a
fortune teller
- consists of a set of activities; include asking BASIC ELEMENTS OF POETRY
for permission to receive the bride, receiving 1. Lines
the bride at her house, and escorting her to – similar to a sentence, except that writers
the groom’s house aren’t obliged to use periods to end each line
- kahit may asawa na ay pwede parin - this functions as a natural pause to signal a
kasama ang magulang break in the flow
- considered to be a toll that controls the
● The wedding reception (Le don dau or rhythm of your piece
Vu Quy)
- bride must say goodbye to her parents and 2. Stanza
family and follow the groom to his house in a – a series of lines grouped together and
procession separated by an empty line
- the mother of the bride must stay at home - one way to identify a stanza is to count the
and hide her tears number of lines

3. Imagery
– figurative language use to represent a
certain action, object, and idea in a way that
would appeal to the five senses
- the creative use of imagery makes a poetic 4. Onomatopoeia
piece sound even more powerful and enticing – sound device that represents the exact
when conveying a message. For a poet, this sound of something in the poem
can help create a mental picture that readers - the poet forms a word to imitate the sound
form through their imagination made by the object in the poem
Ex: splish splash, ding dong, tick tock, shhhhh
4. Theme
– general idea that a poet wants his or her 5. Rhythm
readers to grasp - refers to a pattern of rhymes that is created
- could be anything from a story to a thought by using words that produce the same, similar
that is being portrayed in the poem sounds
- without such, it would be difficult for readers - the patter of stressed and unstressed beats
to understand the overall purpose and
message that a poet wishes to convey 6. Rhyme
- repetition od the same stressed vowel sound
5. Symbolism and any succeeding sounds in two or more
– art or practice of using conventional or words
traditional objects and signs as a method of ● Internal Rhyme – occurs within a line of
revealing or suggesting ideas, ideals, truths, or poetry
otherwise intangible states ● End Rhyme – occurs at the end of lines

● Black is used to represent death or evil RHYME SCHEME (pattern of rhyme)

● White stands for life and purity - pattern of end rhymes that may be
● Red can symbolize blood, passion, designated by assigning a different letter of
danger or immoral character the alphabet to each new rhyme (maaling
● Purple is royal color malaki o maliit na letter; preferred malaki)
● Yellow stands for violence or decay
● Blue represents peacefulness and calm Quatrain – 4 lines
Couplet – 2 lines
6. Symbolic Objects
– a chain symbolizes the coming together of METER AND FOOT
two things Poetic Meter
-a ladder can represent the relationship – the number of feet used in each line
between heaven and earth in ascension - counting of the syllables
- a bear might represent courage or danger
- a butterfly can symbolize great Poetic Foot
transformation – unit of stressed and unstressed syllables in a
- a dog often stands for loyalty or devotion line of poetry
- ang foot ay asa loob ng meter; ang isang
SOUND DEVICES meter ay mayroon 2 syllables (2 kase ang
1. Alliteration asa loob niya ang ang foot)
– repetition of consonant words at the
beginning of words (bawal ang vowel) TYPES OF POETRY
Ex: Sally sells seashells by the seashore 1. Lyric Poetry
- refers to a short poem
2. Consonance - often with songlike qualities that express
– repetition of consonant words close to each the speaker’s personal emotions and feelings
other within a line in a poem
Ex: Mike likes his new bike 2. Narrative Poetry
– form of poetry that tells a story, often using
3. Assonance - repetition of vowel sounds the voices of both narrator and characters
within a line of poetry - the entire story is usually written in metered
Ex: Lean, mean, fighting machine verse
- do not need to rhyme
- the poems that make up this genre may be 4. Limerick
short or long, and the story it relates to may – silly poem with five lines. Often funny or
be complex nonsensical
- were famous by Edward Lear, famous
3. Descriptive Poetry author who wrote the “Book of Nonsense” in
– mainly describes the subject – whether it be the 1800’s. This man was an entire book of
a person, animal, or an inanimate object silly limericks
- often in great detail, rather than telling a - iisang count lang ng syllable gagamitin; pag
story or expressing one’s feelings 8 edi 8

Sub-Types of Poetry 5. Ballad

1. Sonnet – one of the oldest poetic forms in English
– a fourteen-line poem written in iambic - type of poem that tells a story and was
pentameter (meter ay binubuo ng 1 foot, ang traditionally set to music
foot ay may stress and syllables; penta – 5 - typically composed of four-line stanzas that
meter, ang meter ay may 1foot meaning ang follow an ABCB rhyme scheme
pentameter ay may 10 syllables) iambic - many ballads have refrain (a line or stanza
(unstress, stress) may indayog that repeats throughout the poem), much like
- employing one of several rhyme schemes, the chorus of modern-day songs
and adhering to a tightly structured thematic
organization 6. Ode
- the name is taken from the Italian sonetto, – originate in ancient Greece, ode poems
which means “a little sound or song” were originally performed publicly to
celebrate athletic victories
1.1 Petrarchan Sonnet - poetic form was favored among English
- also known as Italian Sonnet romantic poets, who used odes to express
- named after one of its greatest practitioners, emotions using rich, descriptive language
the Italian poet Petrarch (Francesco Petrarca) (descriptive poetry)
- the tightly woven rhyme scheme: - we use the term “ode” to describe any
ABBAABBACDECDE or ABBAABBACDCDCD outpouring of praise, and modern ode poems
have evolved to include various styles and
1.2 Shakespearean Sonnet forms
- three quatrains and a couplet follow this
rhyme scene: ABABCDCDEFEFGG 7. Epic
- couplet plays a pivotal role, usually arriving – long, often book length, narrative in verse
in the form of a conclusion, amplification, or form that retells the heroic journey of a single
even refutation of the previous three quatrains person, or group of persons
(may 3 apat na linya at 2 lines na couplet) - epic comes from Latin epicus and from
Greek epikos, meaning “a word; a story;
 In Sonnet 130 of William Shakespeare’s poetry in heroic verse”
epic sonnet cycle, the first twelve lines - elements that typically distinguish epics
compare the speaker’s mistress include superhuman deeds, fabulous
unfavorably with nature’s beauties, but adventures, highly stylized language, and a
the concluding couplet serves in a blending of lyrical and dramatic traditions,
surprising direction which also extend to defining heroic verse

2. Haiku
– a short, unrhymed poem that adheres to a
specific three-line seventeen-syllable (5,7,5)
- in seasons and whether about nature

3. Elegy
– form of poetry which the poet speaker
expresses grief, sadness, or loss
 BRUNEI ● Although Brunei Darussalam is no giant
Brunei Darussalam when it comes to landmass, it has been
● The Sultanate of Brunei’s influence blessed with rich natural resources and a
peaked between the 15th and 17th strategic location within the region
centuries when its control extended over ● Majority of the country is covered in
coastal areas of Northwest and the tropical rainforests teeming with exotic
Southern Philippines flora and fauna

1888 - Brunei became a British protectorate MYANMAR

1984 - Independence was achieved, the same Myanmar Education System
family has ruled Brunei for over six centuries - Preschools in Myanmar are open to children
aged between 2 to 5 years old
- has a total area of 5765 sq.km. With a - officially enter primary school at the age of
coastline for about 161km along the South six
China sea
- official language is Malay ● Primary school education in Myanmar is
- other languages include English and Chinese compulsory and covers Grade 1 to 5;
accepted in to secondary school if they
Religion pass a comprehensive examination of
- Islam is the official religion of Brunei basic subjects
Darussalam as stated in the Brunei constitution, ● Secondary school education in Myanmar
with his majesty the Sultan and Yang Di- consists of Middle School and High
Pertuan as head of the Islamic faith in the School levels
country
- plays a central role in the life of every - are enrolled in Middle School from ages of
Muslim in Brunei Darussalam; other faiths 12 to 16m where they complete Grade 6 to 9
include Christianity and Buddhism - moved on to High school after passing the
Basic Education Standard VIII Examination
Economy
- still depends on revenues from crude oil and ● Students are enrolled in High School from
natural gas to finance its development the ages of 17 to 19, where they
programmes complete Grades 10 and 11
- Brunei Darussalam also receives income from ● In order to receive their diplomas,
rents, royalties, corporate tax and dividends students must sit for the Education
- Brunei Darussalam is the third largest oil Standard 10 Examination where they will
producer in Southeast Asia and it produced be granted Diploma A or Diploma B
163,000 barrels a day.
- also fourth largest producer of liquefied ● Only Diploma A holders are eligible to
natural gas in the world enter university (Examinations are held in
- main exports consist of three major mid-March annually)
commodities - crude oil, petroleum products
and liquefied natural gas Kindergarten in Myanmar
- sold largely to Japan, the United States and - emphasize the importance of play, discovery
ASEAN countries and hands-on learning
- crude oil and liquefied natural gas are the - promote developmental learning and
main exports of Brunei Darussalam growth in children
- promote non-oil and gas activities has been - play-based learning is one of the most
largely successful with figures showing 64% of popular
GDP in 1996 compared to only 24.3% in - consideration by parents who want to enroll
1991 their children in preschool: age., maturity,
- Oil and Gas accounted for about 36% of sociability, and temperament
the country’s Gross Domestic Product in 1996 - 23% of children in Myanmar have access to
preschools and playgroups
Fruits in Myanmar Evening reception
- Deciduous fruits have been grown in - more celebratory, fewer people are invited,
Myanmar since the 1930’ but they will be treated to drinks, dinner and
- Apple, pear (Asian pear), plum (damson a party at a venue of choice
plum) and Japanese apricot are major - there will be music, maybe even a little
delicious fruit crops dancing and -fortunately- no long-winded
toasts, except perhaps the bride and groom
Myanmar (Burmese) Alphabet thank everyone for coming
-characterized by rounded letters with very - dressed in their full wedding ensemble, the
few sharp lines couple usually tour the room, greeting the
guests and posing for photos, before slipping
Wedding Traditions off to change into something more
- wedding for Myanmar Christians tend to be comfortable for the rest of the evening
more complex ceremonies similar to the style - these more elaborate parties tend to held
seen in Western countries, but for Buddhists, by wealthier families
they are generally more traditional - the general population may limit the
- a family may invite a monk to their home to celebration only to morning team or even no
give a blessing or travel to a monastery reception at all
where the couple, accompanied by a few
family members or close friends, will offer
alms to monks or listen to a sermon
- more traditional ceremony involve the bride
ad groom’s hands being tied together with a
silk ribbon and dipped into a bowl of
perfumed water

Bride and Grooms Attire

- with her hip-length jacket, and long length
silk or satin (htain-me-thein), the bride looks
somewhat like a princess of the Royal Court in
the olden days of the Myanmar Kings
- the bridegroom surely looks elegant and
handsome in this traditional Myanmar men’s
attire which consists of a head-dress called
“gaung baung” a long sleeve stiff collared
shirt
- a double length men’s silk longyi called a
“taung shay langyi”, a traditional men’s
jacket and a velvet slipper

● The common fashion is hold to two events:

a morning and evening reception

Morning event
- typically held at home, where anyone even
loosely connected with the bride and groom
can stop by for tea, coffee and cake, and to
pay their respects
- guests, which can number in the hundreds are
expected to stay for about half an hour, just
enough time to drink tea, greet the family and
then depart, making room in the house for the
next round of well wishers