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    Waves I

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    khaledstephann
    1) This document discusses types of waves including transverse and longitudinal waves. It focuses on transverse waves that travel along a stretched string. 2) The document explains how transverse waves on a string have a sinusoidal shape and how their wavelength and frequency are defined. It also describes how the speed of a traveling wave is determined. 3) Standing waves on a string are discussed, including the conditions needed to produce them and where nodes and antinodes are located. The relationship between standing waves and resonance is also covered.

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    Waves I

    Uploaded by

    khaledstephann
    7 views21 pages
    1) This document discusses types of waves including transverse and longitudinal waves. It focuses on transverse waves that travel along a stretched string. 2) The document explains how transverse waves on a string have a sinusoidal shape and how their wavelength and frequency are defined. It also describes how the speed of a traveling wave is determined. 3) Standing waves on a string are discussed, including the conditions needed to produce them and where nodes and antinodes are located. The relationship between standing waves and resonance is also covered.

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    1) This document discusses types of waves including transverse and longitudinal waves. It focuses on transverse waves that travel along a stretched string. 2) The document explains how transverse waves on a string have a sinusoidal shape and how their wavelength and frequency are defined. It also describes how the speed of a traveling wave is determined. 3) Standing waves on a string are discussed, including the conditions needed to produce them and where nodes and antinodes are located. The relationship between standing waves and resonance is also covered.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    7 views21 pages

    Waves I

    Uploaded by

    khaledstephann
    1) This document discusses types of waves including transverse and longitudinal waves. It focuses on transverse waves that travel along a stretched string. 2) The document explains how transverse waves on a string have a sinusoidal shape and how their wavelength and frequency are defined. It also describes how the speed of a traveling wave is determined. 3) Standing waves on a string are discussed, including the conditions needed to produce them and where nodes and antinodes are located. The relationship between standing waves and resonance is also covered.

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    General Physics III- PHS 203

    Waves I

    Dr. C EID
    NOTRE DAME UNIVERSITY

    Eid (NDU) Gen. Physics III 1/


    Wave
    Types of Waves

    Eid (NDU) Gen. Physics III 1/


    Wave
    Transverse and Longitudinal Waves

    Eid (NDU) Gen. Physics III 1/


    Wave
    StringWave

    In this Chapter  Transverse waves  String waves  Sinusoidal shape

    Eid (NDU) Gen. Physics III 1/


    Wave
    StringWave

    At t=0:
    y (x,0) = ym sin kx or y(x)=y(x+λ)
    The wavelength λ is the distance between repetitions of the shape of the
    wave
     ym sin kx= ym sin (kx+k λ)
    2
     k k: angular wave number

    At x=0:
    2
    w w: angular frequency
    T
    1 w
    f   w:frequency
    T 2

    Tλ
    Eid (NDU) Gen. Physics III 1/
    Traveling Wave
    The speed of a traveling wave

    Each point on the wave retains its displacement y while points on the string
    do not:

    kx  wt  cons tan t
    dx
    k w0
    dt
    dx w 
     v    f (Wave speed)
    dt k T

    A wave traveling in the negative direction of x should have:


    y = ym sin (kx + wt)

    Eid (NDU) Gen. Physics III 1/


    Traveling wave
    Wave speed on a stretched String
    String element located at the top of a pulse (small disturbance)

    The horizontal forces cancel but


    the vertical components add:

    l
    F  2( sin  )   (2 )  
    R
    m  l
    v2
    a  (accelarati on)
    R
    Newton’s second law:
    l v2
     ( l )
    R R

    v

    Eid (NDU) Gen. Physics III 1/


    Traveling Wave
    Energy and Power of a wave traveling along a String

    Eid (NDU) Gen. Physics III 1/


    Traveling Wave
    Energy and Power of a wave traveling along a String

    Eid (NDU) Gen. Physics III 1/


    Traveling Wave
    Energy and Power of a wave traveling along a String

    Eid (NDU) Gen. Physics III 1/


    Traveling Wave
    Energy and Power of a wave traveling along a String

    Eid (NDU) Gen. Physics III 1/


    Traveling Wave
    The Wave equation

    Eid (NDU) Gen. Physics III 1/


    Traveling Wave
    The Wave equation

    Eid (NDU) Gen. Physics III 1/


    Traveling Wave
    Superposition of waves

    Eid (NDU) Gen. Physics III 1/


    Traveling Wave
    Interference of Waves

    Eid (NDU) Gen. Physics III 1/


    Traveling Wave
    Phasors

    Eid (NDU) Gen. Physics III 1/


    Standing Waves
    Standing Waves

    Standing Wave

    Condition: Two Sinusoidal waves of the same amplitude and wavelength traveling
    in opposite directions along a stretched string.

    Points where the string never moves  nodes (minimum amplitude)


    Halfway between adjacent nodes  antinodes (maximum amplitude)

    Eid (NDU) Gen. Physics III 1/


    Standing Waves
    Standing Waves

    Eid (NDU) Gen. Physics III 1/


    Standing Waves
    Standing Waves

    Nodes (minimum amplitude):

    kx = nп For n=0,1,2….

    x= nλ/2 For n=0,1,2…

    Antinodes (maximum amplitude):

    1 3 5
    kx   ,  ,  ...
    2 2 2
    1
    kx  (n  ) For n=0,1,2….
    2
    1  For n=0,1,2….
    x  (n  )
    2 2

    Eid (NDU) Gen. Physics III 1/


    Standing Waves
    Standing Waves and Resonance

    Eid (NDU) Gen. Physics III 1/


    Standing Waves
    Standing Waves and Resonance
    Resonance
    A standing wave can be set up on a string of
    length L by a wave with a wavelength equal to:

    2L
     for n = 1,2,3…
    First Harmonic n
    v v
    f  n for n=1,2,3…
     2L
    Second Harmonic f: Resonance frequency ; v: the speed of traveling
    waves

    Third Harmonic

    Eid (NDU) Gen. Physics III 1/

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