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Programming
Lecture 3
INTRODUCTION TO C++
Dr. Badria Nabil
Programming
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and Problem Solving
Algorithm
A sequence of precise instructions which
leads to a solution
Program
An algorithm expressed in a language the computer
can understand
C++ History
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C developed by Dennis Ritchie at AT&T
Bell Labs in the 1970s.
Usedto maintain UNIX systems
Many commercial applications written in c
C++ developed by Bjarne Stroustrup at AT&T
Bell Labs in the 1980s.
Overcame several shortcomings of C
Incorporated object oriented programming
C remains a subset of C++
C++ Standard Library
C++ programs
Built from pieces called classes and functions
C++ Standard Library
Rich collections of existing classes and functions
◼ Reusable in new applications
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Typical C++ Development Environment
C++ programs normally undergo six phases
Edit
◼ Programmer writes program (and stores source code on disk)
Preprocess
◼ Perform certain manipulations before compilation (#)( like calling for libraries
of functions)
Compile
◼ Compiler translates C++ programs into machine languages
Link
◼ Link object code with missing functions and data
Load
◼ Transfer executable image to memory
Execute
◼ Execute the program one instruction at a time 5
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C++ program Development Environment
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Garbage In Garbage Out (GIGO)
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1.4
Testing and Debugging
Bug
A mistake in a program
Debugging
Eliminating mistakes in programs
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Types of errors in programming
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Syntax errors: grammatical errors in computer
language. The program can not be executed.
Run time errors: occurring during the execution of
the program.
Logical errors: errors in the logic of the program.
The program can be executed but the results will be
illogical (wrong).
The compilers and interpreters are stopping
translation because of which kind of the previous
errors ???? The answer is
Syntax error
A Sample C++ Program
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C++ Language Elements
Comments
Compiler directives
Function main
Declaration statements
Executable statements
Comments
Every program should begin with a comment that
describes the purpose of the program, author, date
and time.
Explain programs to other programmers
Improve program readability
Ignored by compiler
Single-line comment
◼ Begin with //
◼ Example
◼ // This is a text-printing program.
Multi-line comment
◼ Start with /*
◼ End with */
#include <filename>
Compiler directive
Processed by preprocessor before compiling
Begin with #
Includes previously written code from a library
into your program
E.g.
#include <iostream>
◼ Tellspreprocessor to include the input/output stream
header file <iostream>
◼ has operators for performing input and output within the
program
using namespace std;
Indicates to compiler that this program uses objects
defined by a standard namespace called std.
Ends with a semicolon
Follows #include directives in the code
Must appear in all programs
Function main
int main ( )
{
// function body
}
Statements
Instructthe program to perform an action
All statements end with a semicolon (;)
Function main
A part of every C++ program
Exactly one main function per program
A function is a collection of related statements that
perform a specific operation
int indicates the return type of the function
◼ int main()
◼ This main function returns an integer (whole number)
( ) indicates no special information passed to the
function by the operating system
Body is delimited by braces ({})
Return Statement
return statement
Oneof several means to exit a function
When used at the end of main
◼ Thevalue 0 indicates the program terminated successfully
◼ Example
◼ return 0;
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Output
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Standard output stream object
std::cout
“Connected” to screen
Defined in input/output stream header file
<iostream>
The stream insertion operator is <<
The syntax of cout and << is:
Called an output statement
Expression evaluated and its value is printed at the
current cursor position on the screen
Output (continued)
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A manipulator is used to format the output
Example: endl causes insertion point to move to
beginning of next line
Output (continued)
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The new line character is '\n'
May appear anywhere in the string
cout << "Hello there.";
cout << "My name is James.";
◼ Output:
Hello there.My name is James.
cout << "Hello there.\n";
cout << "My name is James.";
◼ Output :
Hello there.
My name is James.
Output (continued)
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Program Layout
Compiler accepts almost any pattern of line
breaks and indentation
Programmers format programs so they
are easy to read
Place opening brace ‘{‘ and closing brace ‘}’
on a line by themselves
Indent statements
Use only one statement per line
White space
Blank lines, space characters and tabs
Used to make programs easier to read
Ignored by the compiler Slide 23
Common Programming Error
Forgetting to include the <iostream> header file in
a program that inputs data from the keyboard or
outputs data to the screen causes the compiler to
issue an error message, because the compiler cannot
recognize references to the stream components
(e.g., cout).
Omitting the semicolon at the end of a C++
statement is a syntax error.
Preprocessor directives do not end in a semicolon.
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Reserved Words (Keywords)
Have special meaning in C++
Cannot be used for other purposes
The Hello world program
When learning a new language, the first program people
usually write is one that display the message of “ Hello World”
// Here is the Hello world program in C++.
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main() {
cout << “Hello world!”;
return 0;
}
Assignment 2
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Write a C++ program that computes and display the
multiplication table of "5" as the following:
5*1=5
5 * 2 = 10
5 * 3 = 15
5 * 4 = 20
5 * 5 = 25
5 * 6 = 30
5 * 7 = 35
5 * 8 = 40
5 * 9 = 45
5 * 10 = 50
