UNIVERSIDAD DEL PACÍFICO

Mathematics III (2023-II)

Lecturer: Diego Winkelried

UNIT 1: Vector Spaces

Session 3:
(1) Linear combination of vectors and their properties
(2) Linear Independence and their properties
 linear combination of
↳membinations: AER" is a

\V1,2, ..., Xm3 (VIERRY, i 1,2,...,m)

=

if I scalars 11,12,13...., am such that:

12z x33 3mm

a x11
++
+
..+

[N9
IY*
2 000
vm)
nx1
-xm

Yy -
a
=

nxm mx1 nx1

 Is[] [[?), ( ), 7.273?
1: ( or
Example a

a
X1,
= x2vz 13/3
+ +

=a
-

->
11 2 =

I
12 ? 2) 888 E) 12 1
-
=

b = s

ero
Yes!!
Eme (2) [[?], [ 3),5273?
2:Is LC of
a

a 311
=

1ak2 x33
+ +

Tess] I 3
07 2

yes! 0
-
0
O 00 O
ero

11 2 7s
= -

x, 713 2

3
=

35
+

12
-
=

12 373 0
=

1 =5E RR
+

0 0
=
Emples Te ( [[2D, (87,13?Is[E)?
Is or

6 x,X1 xzVz x3Y3

=
+

-
+

je)- ( O is) -

Tenness 332 x3

x) -)
3ez- x3

i I
10 0
~100
-

010 x, -
2x2
000x -x x
+
-

00 1 (3 -
2x2
00 1 Cz - 2x1
000 6
- x2 xa +)y
01 0 x, -2ee -

If x-2-C(z + Cy FO-> inconsistency

If x -
x2 -
x3 x +
0
=

) en ↳exist!
=
 (3)
as a 0?
=

a -
az -
+

a
=

9 - 3 - 8 +
2 0!!
=
Yes!

31 1

1
100:3.3-8 1

I
= =

[VXe ks: 9] w
19-2.3 3 - x2 3
010
=
=

8-2.3 2
00 I xy 2
=

"O
=

000
nee
by 0? NO!!
bi-be-bs+
I)
=

b =

2 4 0 10
=

7
+
- -

I
[V,V23:b] *

188 I 001:1
000 -inconsistence
Petres: (1) Any qeIR" is a LC of [21, 22, ...,en3
11 G1

(at) 3(8) st8)+. xm18)

=

por: +
-
12 az
=

=
+

↳= an

L) of any SV1, X2, km3 (ViERY

Ot1R"
...,
12) is a

XmUm 0
=

11 +beket ... +

=0 O
=

D
=

D1 xe 3m 0
=
= =

=
.0.

homogeneous always
v1 0 -> =>
I
system
=

-
exist!
-xm mx nx1
13) If is
I a LC of 3 V1, X2, ..,
m3, then is
it

also a LC OF
EV1,V2, ...,
Um, We, W2..., wp3
↑ superset

[B] 578) 4[i]

=
+

YY
=

a 5X
+

[5] 1,58] 62[i) 1372)

= +
+

54 4 x2 0 WI
+

9
=
+

3 4 2xe 2WI
+
=
+

a
Linear independence: The set t = EY, e, ...,
m3 is
-
linearly independentif:

linear combination of
·
Ve cannotbe expressed as a
-

i 1,2,
[VI, X2, Yi-1, Yet, Ym} m
=

...,
. . .
., ...,

LC of the rest
If not (I can be expressed on a

dependent
·

i) Linearly
least one =>
for a

L2
m2
=

[I], [3]3 =

Dependent if

colinear

V xX2 =
978], [8]] D
=
Emon:
[T], [.], [213
[i] x
=

18.7
+

x2) vor?

(2) x2) 675)

=
+

voi

(2) P,T] Bet.)

NO!!
+
=
↳contrast: [X, K2, ..., Ym3 is linearly independent
solution to:
only
if the
0 = "linear contrast"
+...+XmUm
=

X +Re2 -

0 He
trivial solution 11 x2 13=... xm
= =
=

is the
=

1=
-

-
=0) LD
If not (at leastone Di
=>

If an FO
1 bek2+: 3m Um 0

I
=
+
* +

can be expressed
-

->
I
solve LC of the rest
as a

11 =-b2X2-...- 1m Um (S2, 83, -..,5m) exists

If 11 0
b2-33
=

X -... xm Um
-
= -

cannotbe a LC
I
-
-
->

11
of
the rest
more compactly 2 8142
=

8343+... 8mYm
+ +
Emp:ST?), [.], T2)3 1 0
*
=

trural
VI =
LI
=>

...........

x,T) x2T] xet2) 78)

= +
Af
(many solutions)
=

=>) LD

11 13 0
+
=
-
11 =
- x3
2x1
+

3x3 0
= -> -
213 3x3
+ 0
= - 13 0
=

12 0
=

31 12 13=
=
0
=

unique
Linearly independent
Emple: ([], [i], [?] ] => Linearly
Dependent

x,70) xe[i] 33ti] [8]

+
+
=

(3) f
11 x3
j, 1
=
- =

x3 0
=
-
+

12 =
- x3
12 73+ 0
= -

[0i)])= [8]
 199:[V11X2, 3] is LI. ISEW,W2,3311 if
=

V1-X2, w2 31-212 +
3, W3 1
13?
=

WI
=
= +

We know that x11+12X2 +33=0 only if 1 12 =

10
=
=

we conclude di 62 23
=

0?
21W1 12W2 13W3= 0
=

can
=

+
+

(1) (z) xa(3(1

- + -
2x2 (z)
+
63(V1 (x) 0
+
+
=

11 362 d3)V1 1 x1 2x2(kz (42 x3)3 0

- +
+
+ -
+ + =

ne
=0
-o Wo

3rd x2 =
O
- [s]:[]
-

x3
2nd X1 =-
2x2 243
=

42 = -
S
1st 2x3 -

3x3 x3
+
0
=
21 25 =
PS1, Ex19b:[V11X2, 33 is LI. IS[W1, W2,3311 if
nee

WI 2k1 212 + 13, w2 Y1 X3, w3 31 x2 3X3 -

= +

= +
= -
+

We know that x11+12X2 +33=0 only if 1 12 =

10
=
=

we conclude di 62 23
=

0?
21W1 12W2 13W3= 0
=

can
=

+
+

G1(2V1 2z (3) G2(V1 X3)

+
+
+
+ d3(3/1 V2 323) 0
+
-
+ =

(2x1 62 323)V (261 (z)2z (61 x2 363)_3 0

+
+ =

+ -
+
+ +

e
-

Wo o
=O

I 30-3)(e)- [i]-(Julie, I Is ~

a 0 Unique =>[W1, W2, W33

=

are LI
Pet17a:E["], [], [] 3 is 25 fork =...

TYi]]] 0
->
v.1 0 =
=

↑x

F 1+1 10 10
-

+
-- exists
-
- =

-->
=

the columns of
of
FO shortcut Linear independence
IVI =>

Cie + 1. e
-K. Cn+1
In
11k
is
I k(
=
-

1+) 1.(
+ -
013

1) (14)
+

+
1.) -
1) 3/14
+

IVI k(k2 1)
=
-
-
(k 1) -
(1
+ -
k) (k 1)2(k 2) =
= - +

1
z3L2
4F
=-
 vectors IR, i>i, linearly dependent
Parties:(1) I in are

St0), [i], [i]3 3T8], [8], [?], []3

more unknowns
than
-
ST2], [9], [373 => 10
-xm
=

equations
infinitely many
=>

solutions.

m-1,03 is linearly dependent

(2) [II,K2, ...,

1m-1Um 1m! 0
=

AX1 bek2 1343 + ..

+ +
-
1 +

=> + .
a

0
=
4
O
=
= 0
-O
13) If GV1, K2, ..., Xm, W1, W2, ..., WP3 is 21 then

[8], [8], [9]

E
Vm3 also LI
SV, V2, ..., -
is

subset
I and
Xm+pWp O
=

1,1 1akz 1mkm Xm+WI + So are the pairs

+
+ +
... + +
..

xm p 0
x1 b2 1m
=
= =

linear contrastinvolving
->
=
.
=
= .. . +
..

t
subset
S1i+12Ve +... XmUm 0 0 + + =
in the

11 be
=
-.. =
= 1m 0
=

(4) If SV, , . .

., Xm3 is LD then
Superset
Xm, W1, W2, WP3 is LD as well
SV, K2, ..., ...,

->
a1+rKe+...+ XmYm= 1
at least one XiF0(LD)
11 +be Vet...+DmVm +OW,+OWe+... +OWp= 0 -
-
-

DiFO
[I8], [8],[8]3
->
13) IF SU1,V2, ..., Im3 are mutually orthogonal, then

they are linearly independent (ViF)

XmIm 0, 1 b2 bm 0?
Pof:1X1+02X2
= =
=... =
=

+...
+

(itj)
We know that: Vi'Vj =0

ViVi= Hill
Vix linear mkm v
=

contrast
=>
1 +12V ...+
+

m.0 0
11IVll2
=

be.0+...+
+

↓ In IIVell 0 -> A1 0Ja

=
=

↑ Wo
Linear
Vi X
Di
=>

0
=

i 1,2,
=

,
contrast
-
.
.
Linear
dependenGauss-Jordan:
PS1, Ex 23: 1008

i j
1

I
28
-

↳Die
nee
010 -
3 1
v
0 01 -
61
⑧ ooo 0

4
*X 0
-

xyy x545 0
=

+x 0
=

x,x xzz x343

+
+ +
+
-
=

5-3 2
#free wars i-rank (T)
=

x,k1 +x212 x343 xyY4 + x5/5 0

=

+
SF0
+

I
14 S
=

t0
=

85.1 3S.r2 63.23 SoVy

+ =
0
x5 t
- + +

=
-

x1 t
8S -> Y4 8x 6431.32
= +
-
-
=

t
to-toVe-t.3+toVs 0
=

xz 35 S0
=
= -
-

-t tF0
x3 6s
=

-> v5
=
-
X1 ve Y3z
+
+

Rank (t) #
=

nectors in t
of LI
 vectors columns
those associated to the
LI are

reduced form:
with pots in the

- (68%) [keks)
8

j
1 00

0 10-3 1
=> = 0
=

0 01 -
61
⑧ oooo

↑4 4
E8
2
↳ K2 U3 Y4 Y5

13 0
=
Strivial
us]
= Yy= f(1,2,3)
[Ve,53 is LI
3 f(X,2,25)
=

Rank(E) 3=