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Fuzzy Sets and Systems 27 (1988) 385-389 385
North-Holland
SHORT COMMUNICATION
FDflgD P O I N T S IN F U Z Z Y METRIC SPACES
Mariusz GRABIEC
Institute of Economical Cybernetics, Departmentof Math., Academy of Economics,
MarchlewsMego 146/150, Poznati, Poland
Received October 1986

Revised July 1987
In this note the well-known fixed point theorems of Banach and Edelstein are extended to
fuzzy metric spaces in the sense of Kramcsil and Michalek.
Keywords: Fuzzy metric space, Complete, Compact, Contraction, Fixed point.
The Banach fixed point theorem stated that each self-mapping T of a complete
metric space (X,d) such that d(Tx, Ty)<k.d(x,y) (x~y,O<k<l) has a
unique fixed point. The assumption k < 1 is nonsuperfiuous. With k = 1 the
mapping of this sort need not have a fixed point. However, if X is compact, then
T has a unique fixed point (Edelstein [2]).
In this note we extend two fixed point theorems of Banach and Ede|stein to
contractive mappings of complete and compact fuzzy metric spaces, respectively.
We shall with deal with fuzzy metric spaces introduced by Kramosil and Michalek
[5]. Note there are at least four different concepts of a fuzzy metric space (cf.
[I,3-51).
W e begin with some definitions.
I, D e f ~ d n [8]. A binary operation * :[0,1] × [0, I]--*[0, 1] is a (continuous)
c-norm if ([0,I], .) is an Abelian (topological)monoid with unit I such that
a * b ~<c * d whenever a ~<c and b ~<d (a, b, c, d ¢ [0, 1]).
2. DegBlfion [5]. The 3-tuple (X, M, . ) is fuzzy metric space if X is an arbitrary
set, * is a continuous t-norm, and M is a fuzzy set X 2 × [0, oo) satisfying the
following conditions:
M(x, y, O) = 0 , (2.1)
M(x, y, t) = 1 for all t > 0 iff x = y, (2.2)
M(x, y, t) = M(y, x, t), (2.3)
M(x, y, t), M(y, z, s)-< ~(x, z, t + s), (2.4)
M(x, y, .):[o, ~ ) ~ [o, 11
is left-continuous for all x, y, z ~ X and t, s > 0. (2.5)
In what follows, (X, M, *) will always denote a fuzzy metric space.
0165-0114/88/53.50 ~) 1988, Elsevier Science Publishers B.V. (North-Holland)
386 M. Grabiec
3. Definiden. A sequence {x.} in a fuzzy metric space (X, M, *) is Cauchy ff

f i m . M ( x . + p , x . , t ) - I for each t > 0 and p > 0 . A s e q u e ~ {x,,} in X is
convergent to x ¢ X ff lira M(xn, x, t) = 1 for each t > 0. Notation: lira,, x,, = x.
(Since * is continuous, it follows from (2.4) that the limit is uniquely
determined).
A fuzzy metric space in which every Cauchy sequence is convergent is called

complete. It is called compact if every sequence contains a convergent
~ubsequence.
4. Lennnao M(x, y, .) is non-decreasing for all x, y in X.
Proof. Suppose M(x, y, t) > M(x, y, s) for some 0 < t < s. Then M(x, y, t) •
M(y, y, s - t) <<.M(x, y, s) < M(x, y, t). By (2.2), M(y, y, s - t) - 1, and thus
M(x, y, t ) < M(x, y, t)< M(x, y, t), a contradiction.
Note. Kramosil and Michalek [5] actually assumed • to be measurable only,

and, consequently, they assumed M(x, y, .) to be non-decreasing. Note also that
the condition (5.1) below is included in their definition of a fuzzy metric space.
$. Theerem (fuzzy Banach contraction theorem). Let (X, M, *) be a complete

fuzzy metric space such that
liraM(x,
t...~oo y, t)ffiI for all x, y in X. (5.1)
L a T :X ~ X be a mapping satisfying
~(Tx, Ty, kt) >. M(x, y, t) for all x, y in X, O < k < l . (5.2)
Then T has a unique fixed point.
Plee|. Let x ¢ X and x,, ffi T"x (n ¢ N). By a simple induction we get
M(x,,, x,,+~, t) ~ M , x~, for all n and t > O. (5.3)

Thus for any ~:~sitive integer p we have
~l~(Xn,Xn+p,t)~U ') *
,Xn+1,~ :,: *~/~ n+p_1,Xn+p,~')
>~M , x , , - ~ '):::
• .M ,x~,~ ')
by (5.3). According to (5.1) we now have
r~mM(x,,+,,, x,,, t) >~1 • .t:). • 1 --- 1,

Fixed points in fuzzy metric spaces 387
i.e., {x~} is Cauchy, hence convergent. Call the limit y. Thus we have
M(Ty, y, t) >- M ( T y , Txn, ~) * M ( x . + , , y, ~)
M (, ,Xn, *M +l,Y, "->1"1=1
by (2.4). By (2.2) we get Ty = y, a fixed point. To show uniqueness, assume

Tz = z for some z ¢ X. Then
l >~M(z, y, t ) = M(Tz, Ty, t ) ~ M z, y, = M Tz, Ty,
>~M z, y, ( b) (
>~. . . >~M z, y, 1
as n ~ oo. B y ( 2 . 2 ) , z = y.
6. Lemma. I f lira,, x, = x and lira,, y~ = y, then

M(x, y, t - e) <~lira inf M ( x . , y., t)
n
and
M(x, y, t + e)>-lira sup M(x~, y~, t)
n
for aH t > 0 and 0 < e < t.
lht~f, By (2.4),
M(x., y., t) >~M(x., x, ½e) . M(x, y, ~- e) , At(y, y., ~e).
Thus,
lira inf M(x~, y~, t)>~ 1 • M(x, y, t - e ) . 1 = M(x, y, t - e).
n
On the other hand,

M(x, y, t + e) >. M(x, x., ½e) , M(x~, y., t) , M(y., y, ½e),
hence
M(x, y, t + r) ~>lira sup M(xn, y., t).
n
So, the assertion follows.
7. Eorollmy. Let limn x~ = x and limn yn = y. Then"

lira inf M(x~, y~, t) >--M(x, y, t) for all t > O, (7.1)
n
lira sup M(xn, yn, t)<~M(x, y, t+) for all t >0. (7.2)
m
388 M. Grabiec
8. T h e e m n (fuzzy Edelstein contraction theorem). Let (X, M, , ) be a compact
space. Let T :X--> X be a mapping satisfying
M(Tx, Ty, .) > M(x, y, ") for all x ~ y (8.1)
(i.e. M(Tx, Ty, .) ~>M(x, y, .) and M(Tx, Ty, .) ~ M(x, y, .)) .for a U x ~ y.
Then T has a unique fixed point.
l h ~ f . Let x ¢ X and x,, = Tnx (n ¢ N). Assume x. @xn+l for each n (if not,
Tx~ ffi x~). Consequently, x. ~ Xm (n 4: m). For otherwise we get
M(xn, .,~n+l, ") = M(Xm' Xm+l' ") > M(xm-1, Xm, ") > ' ' " > M(xn, Xn+l, ")
where m > n, a contradiction. Since X is compact, {xn} has a convergent
subsequence {x.,}. Let y ffi limi x,,,. We also assume that y, Ty qt {x,,, :i ¢ N} (if
not, choose a subsequence with such a property). According to the above
assumptions we may now write
M(rx,,,, ry, .)> M(x.,, y, .)
for all i ¢ N. Then by (7.1) we obtain

lira M(rx,,, Ty, t) >--lira M(x,,, y, t) - M(y, y, t) - 1
for each t > 0. Hence
lira Tx., = Ty. (8.2)
Similarly, we obtain
lira y2xn,-~ Y2y (8.3)
(recall that Ty = Tx,, for all i e N). Now, observe that
M(x.,, rx.,, t) ~ M(rx.,, r~x.,, t) <~ . . . <~ M(x.,, Tx.,, t)
<<-M(Tx.,, T2x.,, t) <~. . " <~M(Tx.,+,, Tx.,+,, t)
<<-M(Tx.,+,, r2xn,.~, t) <-''" <~ 1
for all t > 0 . Thus {M(x.,, Tx.~, t)} and {(Tx.,, T2Xa,, t)} (t > 0 ) are convergent to
a common limit (cf. [6, 7]). So, by (7.2), (8.3) and (7.1) we get
M(y, Ty, t+) >>-lira sup M(x.,, Tx.,, t)= lira sup M(Tx.,, T2x.,, t)
>~ l i r a ~ - ~ .~ " ' " ~" "- M ( ry, r~y, 0
for all t >0. Suppose y ~ Ty. By (8.1), M(y, Ty, .)< M(Ty, T2y, .), a contradic-
tion because both functions are left continuous and non-decreasing. Hence
y ffi Ty, a fixed point. Uniqueness follows at once from (8.1).
Achow|edgement
The author gratefully acknowledges the thoroughness and perceptiveness with
which the referees read the first draft of this paper.
Fixed points in fuzzy meuic spaces 389
References
[1] Deng Zi-ke, Fuzzy pseudo metric spaces, J. Math. Anal. Appl. 86 (1982) 74--95.
[2] M. Edelstein, On fixed and periodic points under col~tra~ive mappings, J. London Math. SOc. 37
(1962) 74--79.
[3] M.A. Erceg, Metric spaces in fuzzy set theory, J. Math. Anal. Appl. 69 (1979) 205-230.
[4] O. Kaleva and S. Seikkala, On fuzzy metric spaces, Fuzzy Sets and Systems 12 (1984) 215-229.
[5] J. Kramosil and J. Michalek, Fuzzy metric and statistical metric spaces, Kybernetika 11 (1975)
336-334.
[6] T. Kubiak, A topological version of a coincidence tl~eorem, Preprint (1981).
[7] B.K. Ray and H. Chatterjee, Some results on fixe¢!i~points in metric and Banach spaces, Bull.
Acad. Polon. Math. 25 (1977) 1243-12,47.
[8] B. Schweizerand A. SHar, Statistical metric spaces, Pacific J. Math. 10 (1960) 314--334.

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Fuzzy Sets and Systems 27 (1988) 385-389 385

FDflgD P O I N T S IN F U Z Z Y METRIC SPACES

Received October 1986

Keywords: Fuzzy metric space, Complete, Compact, Contraction, Fixed point.

3. Definiden. A sequence {x.} in a fuzzy metric space (X, M, *) is Cauchy ff

A fuzzy metric space in which every Cauchy sequence is convergent is called

4. Lennnao M(x, y, .) is non-decreasing for all x, y in X.

Note. Kramosil and Michalek [5] actually assumed • to be measurable only,

$. Theerem (fuzzy Banach contraction theorem). Let (X, M, *) be a complete

M(x,,, x,,+~, t) ~ M , x~, for all n and t > O. (5.3)

r~mM(x,,+,,, x,,, t) >~1 • .t:). • 1 --- 1,

M(Ty, y, t) >- M ( T y , Txn, ~) * M ( x . + , , y, ~)

M (, ,Xn, *M +l,Y, "->1"1=1

by (2.4). By (2.2) we get Ty = y, a fixed point. To show uniqueness, assume

l >~M(z, y, t ) = M(Tz, Ty, t ) ~ M z, y, = M Tz, Ty,

6. Lemma. I f lira,, x, = x and lira,, y~ = y, then

for aH t > 0 and 0 < e < t.

On the other hand,

So, the assertion follows.

7. Eorollmy. Let limn x~ = x and limn yn = y. Then"

for all i ¢ N. Then by (7.1) we obtain

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