EXPERIMENT No 4

EXPERIMENT No- 2
OBJECTIVE:
Measurement of power and power factor in a single-phase ac series inductive circuit and study of
improvement of power factor using capacitor.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Serial No. Equipment Specification Quantity Remark

1 AC ammeter 0-5A 1
2 AC voltmeter 0-300V 1
3 single phase 230 V, 6 Amp 1
inductive load
4 variac 10A,260V 1
5 non-inductive resistor 1
6 capacitor 1
7 connecting wire.
THEORY:
We know that reactive loads such as inductors and capacitors dissipate zero power, yet the fact that
they drop voltage and draw current gives the deceptive impression that they actually do dissipate
power. This phantom power is called reactive power, and it is measured in a unit called Volt-Amps-
Reactive (VAR), rather than watts. The mathematical symbol for reactive power is Q. The actual
amount of power being used, or dissipated, in a circuit is called true power, and it is measured in watts
(symbolized by the capital letter P). The combination of reactive power and true power is called
apparent power, and it is the product of a circuit voltage and current, without reference to phase angle.
Apparent power is measured in the unit of Volt-Amps (VA) and is symbolized by the capital letter S.
As a rule, true power is a function of a circuit’s dissipative elements, usually resistances (R). Reactive
power is a function of a circuit’s reactance (X). Apparent power is a function of a circuit’s total
impedance (Z).
Power Factor
For sinusuidal current, the power factor (PF) is equal to the absolute value of the cosine of the phase
angle between rms values of voltage and current.
PF=CosΦ
It is also defined as the ratio of active power to apparent power.
PF=Active Power/Reactive Power
It is also defined as the ratio of resistance to impedance
Power factor = Cos Φ = R/Z
Importance of Power Factor
A power factor of one or "unity power factor" is the goal of any electric utility company since if the
power factor is less than one, they have to supply more current to the user for a given amount of
power use. In so doing, they incur more line losses. They also must have larger capacity equipment in
place than would be otherwise necessary. As a result, an industrial facility will be charged a penalty if
its power factor is much different from 1.
Industrial facilities tend to have a "lagging power factor", where the current lags the voltage (like an
inductor). This is primarily the result of having a lot of electric induction motors - the windings of
motors act as inductors as seen by the power supply. Capacitors have the opposite effect and can
compensate for the inductive motor windings. Some industrial sites will have large banks of
capacitors strictly for the purpose of correcting the power factor back toward one to save on utility
company charges.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
Inductive load
PROCEDURE:
Keeping the variac at its minimum position, supply is switched on.Variac position is gradually varied
to increase the voltage applied to the circuit so that the reading of the ammeter and voltmeter are
appreciable. Reading of ammeter is noted down. Supply is switched off, Capacitor C is connected
across the load as shown in figure and supply is switched on. Readings of ammeter is noted down.
Process may be repeated for different inductive load.
OBSERVATIONS:
S.NO Reading of Reading of Reading of
Ammeter(A) voltmeter(V) wattmeter (P) Power Factor(CosΦ)=P/VI
1
CALCULATION
RESULT AND DISCUSSION: Power consumed by the circuit remains unchanged on connecting
capacitor C across the load but the power factor improves.
PRECAUTIONS:
1.All connections should be tight.
2.All steps should be followed carefully.
3.Readings and calculation should be taken carefully.
4.Don’t touch the live terminals.
VIVA-VOCE QUESTIONS Subject: BASIC ELECTRICAL B.Tech: First
LAB Year :Branch: CSE
Viva-voce questions Sheet: SUBJECT CODE: BEE-151 Exp No:02

01
Exp: powerfactor Semester :02 Even (AY:2021- Date of Evaluation

22)
1
S. No. Questions Mark CO BL
s
1 What are Real Power, Reactive Power and Apparent Power? 2 CO2 K2
What is relation amongst them?
2 What do you mean by power factor? 2 CO2 K2
3 What is power consumed in a purely inductive or purely 2 CO2 K4

capacitive circuit?
4 What is desirable power factor, lower or higher? 2 CO2 K4
5 What are the methods to improve power factor? 2 CO2 K2

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EXPERIMENT No- 2

Serial No. Equipment Specification Quantity Remark

Viva-voce questions Sheet: SUBJECT CODE: BEE-151 Exp No:02

Exp: powerfactor Semester :02 Even (AY:2021- Date of Evaluation

2 What do you mean by power factor? 2 CO2 K2

3 What is power consumed in a purely inductive or purely 2 CO2 K4

5 What are the methods to improve power factor? 2 CO2 K2

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