Physics Project Class 12

NARAYANA E-TECHNO SCHOOL
MALLATHAHALLI, BANGLORE -560024
PHYSICS INVESTIGATORY PROJECT

NAME: C LOCHANA
CLASS: XII
TOPIC: ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that C LOCHANA of CLASS XII ,
NARAYANA E -TECHNO SCHOOL MALLATHAHALLI , has
successfully completed this project report in PHYSICS on
"ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION" for the practical
fulfillment of AISSCE as prescribed by CBSE in the year
2021-2022
DATE
CBSE ROLL NO
INTERNAL EXAMINER EXTERNAL EXAMINER
PRINICIPAL
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
It’s my duty to record my sincere thanks and
deep sense of gratitude to my respected
teacher Mr. KIRAN sir .For his valuable
guidance and constant encouragement for the
fulfillment of the project. I am also highly
obliged to our lab assistant Mr. SRI HARI sir
who provided me the required apparatus and
materials along with encouragement.
INDEX
AIM
APPARATUS
INTRODUCTION
THEORY
CONCLUSION
BIBILIOGRAPHY
END OF THE PROJECT
AIM
To determine the faraday’s law of
electromagnetic induction using a
copper wire wound over an iron rod and
a strong magnet
INTRODUCTION
Faraday’s law of induction is a basic law of
electromagnetism that predicts how a
magnetic field will interact with an
electric circuit to produce an
electromotive force (EMF). It is the
fundamental operating principle of
transformers, inductors, and many types
of electrical motors and generators.
Electromagnetic induction was discovered

independently by Michael Faraday and Joseph
Henry in 1831; however, Faraday was the first
to publish the results of his experiments.
Faraday explained electromagnetic
induction using a concept he called lines
of force .The equations for
electromagnetic are extremely important
since they provide a means to precisely
describe how many natural physical
phenomena in our universe arise and
behave .The ability to quantitatively
describe physical phenomena not only
allows us to gain a better understanding
of our universe, but it also makes possible
a host of technological innovations that
define modern society. Understanding
Faraday’s Law of Electromagnetic
Induction can be beneficial since so many
aspects of our daily life function because
of the principles behind Faraday’s Law.
From natural phenomena such as the
light, we receive from the sun to
technologies that improve our quality of
life such as electric power generation.
Faraday’s Law has a great impact on many
aspects of our lives.
Faraday’s Law is the result of the

experiments of the English chemist and
physicist Michael Faraday. The concept of
electromagnetic induction was actually
discovered simultaneously in 1831 by
Faraday in London and Joseph Henry, an
American scientist working in New York,
but Faraday is credited for the law since
he published his work first. An important
aspect of the equation that quantifies
Faraday’s Law comes from the work of
Heinrich Lenz , a Russian physicist who
made his contribution to Faraday’s Law,
now known as Lenz’s Law, in
1834(Institute off Chemistry ).
Faraday’s law describes electromagnetic

induction, where by an electric field is
induced, or generated by a charging
magnetic field. Before expanding upon
this description, it is necessary to develop
an understanding of the concept of field,
as well as the related concept of
potentials.
Faraday’s first experimental
demonstration of electromagnetic
induction (August 29, 1831) by wrapping
two wires around opposite sides of an
iron ring to induce current.
FARADAY’S FIRST EXPERIMENT

Some physicists have remarked that
Faraday’s law is a single equation
describing two different phenomena: the
motional EMF generated by a magnetic
force on a moving wire, and the
transformer EMF generated by an electric
force due to a changing magnetic field
(due to the Maxwell –Faraday equation).
James Clerk Maxwell drew attention to
this fact in his 1861 paper. On physical
lines of force. In the latter half of part II of
that paper, Maxwell gives a separate
physical explanation for each of the two
phenomena. A reference to these two
aspects of electromagnetic induction is
made in some modern textbooks.
THEORY
MAGNETIC FLUX:
The magnetic flux (often denoted as ɸ)
through a surface is the component of the
B field passing through that surface. The
SI unit of magnetic flux is the weber (Wb)
(in derived units volt-seconds),and CGS
unit in the flux meter ,which contains
measuring coils and electronics that
evaluates the change of voltage in the
measuring coils to calculate the magnetic
flux. If the magnetic field is constant, the
magnetic flux passing through a surface of
vector area A is
Where B is the magnitude of the magnetic

field (the magnetic flux density) having
the unit of wb/m2 (Tesla), A is the area of
the surface, and θ is the angle between
magnetic field lines and the normal
(perpendicular) to A.
For a varying magnetic field we first
consider the magnetic flux through an
infinitesimal area element dA, where we
may consider the field to be constant
ɸs = B.dA
From the definition of the magnetic
vector potential A and the fundamental
theorem of the curl the magnetic flux may
also be defined as
ɸs = ∫ ❑ A . dI
where the line integral is taken over the
boundary of the surface A.
LAW
The most widespread version of Faraday’s
law states:
“The induced electromagnetic force in
any closed circuit is equal to the negative
of the time rate of change of the
magnetic flux through the circuit.”
This version of Faraday’s law strictly holds
only when the closed circuit is a loop
infinitely thin wire and is invalid in other
circumstances as discussed below. A
different version, the Maxwell-Faraday
equation(discussed below), is valid B
changes, or because the wire loop is
moved or deformed, or both Faraday’s
law of induction says that the wire loop
acquires an EMF E, defined as the energy
available per unit charge that travels once
around the wire loop (the unit of EMF is
the volt). Equivalently, it is the voltage
that would measured by cutting the wire
to create an open circuit and attaching a
voltmeter to the leads.
The Maxwell- Faraday equation states
that a time- varying magnetic field is
always accompanied by a spatially-
varying, non-conservative electric field,
and vice-versa. The Maxwell-Faraday
equation is
Where delta is the curl operator and again

E(r, t) is the electric field and B(r, t )is the
magnetic field. These fields can generally
be functions of position r and time t. The
four Maxwell’s equation (including the
Maxwell-Faraday equation), along with
the Lorentz force law, are a sufficient
foundations to derive everything in a
classical electromagnetism. Therefore it is
possible to prove Faraday’s law starting
point and used to prove the Maxwell
Faraday equation and other laws.
CONCLUSION
Faraday’s Law of Electromagnetic
Induction, first observed and published by
Michael Faraday in the mid- nineteenth
century, describes a very important
electromagnetic concept. Although its
mathematical representations are cryptic,
the essence of Faraday’s is not hard to
grasp: it relates an induced electric
potential or voltage to a dynamic
magnetic field. This concept has many far-
reaching ramifications that touch our lives
in many ways: from the shining of the sun
to the convenience of mobile
communications, to electricity to all the
homes. We can all appreciate the
profound impact Faraday’s Law has on us.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1)https://en.wikipedia.org
2)https://www.google.co.in
3)Class 12th NCERT TEXTBOOK

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NARAYANA E-TECHNO SCHOOL

MALLATHAHALLI, BANGLORE -560024

PHYSICS INVESTIGATORY PROJECT

INTERNAL EXAMINER EXTERNAL EXAMINER

Electromagnetic induction was discovered

Faraday’s Law is the result of the

Faraday’s law describes electromagnetic

FARADAY’S FIRST EXPERIMENT

Where B is the magnitude of the magnetic

Where delta is the curl operator and again

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