T

MODULE 4 o
9^ ^-t-
.sti'{r UL i+,^t t'(-r '''[a]€-'€*!. harrc q*
l O'^) rvtaCl,.inl- C4.lt, J P.^lAd O.^nq i^!b.^\r.E (t O *) :

4 P.^r!",do.,srrr e^^ln^''ob"
(to*) 'q a, Lr'r-r
@o,
F\
1,1=
tQ ,2,1, t ,no3-,F\
t
v A- - .s 8'*
Z 8"Fq
-f g;-i .b
f - 3lj .b S{at.tc alPha1"<}f
E - .hq",rilicn b^,fr E t>: e) x{ f-o bi,,ih A^tgal- t
.A ^
Q-xT*
-I-
;'ii-r E u cygrd +-L hanFihlrn ht \ t'l
J:--

,YAL ac.t^'c.nt C i." 'lrro',S,|i o..! ) p. bd "sA \ -|r^q pO A

aD
1". UU c^rJ-tr.^.} S'l'-r^t5
e. YAr' mxf Uf * 6A,"^0"{

{
l
I
!
3. VAe. ty-Gd q) 6p ft (/J Qa^eU.
a
,
s.-
Uaa- 6c.}l6^l
i.. clq
"tn q^,O'fi^a{
&.
i
t
i
,

t\
-J
l.
E

v G

!i.
l}
 ri
;i
;i

: --_.-- -- ,-: :, -

6! 4fu l+z.c-h- t'e +I'+ trana'# cn

D

tn- t

sh .J. -ry.^tlol) (,^'.^- gr4tt, 3o tp-q"u"t)

CC t2- , ^P,u- fuJsl , '=

D<-lcr:utsrO

c-c^b'7^ut*\ $. PDA *f
rj

ii Ur*- cr.pr.,r'cnf
!2-t.lilb,-j' b..6 6 i"'''th*'\'o-6\^J
coit bi
gl)s* ,^s!e- ca.u 3o) ' lvn DD 7i.r-n +I<-
* lr'nann';tt S.b-? b b<-
* -lt^o PDA ,
,i - r q +- <-^L'rr- c-cn+<Jt of + &l-,*.'
ii F-c-oj(--d . r .o I n.r c,.n.r*.r b,e-loJ

natfQ,z,f,g,1,o,%,?) b4' a' PDA l\''/\9D

/* '
&#^L/ 6t 3 -1vltQ- 04- c-L 4f.^ PU-

(+,w, &)

a.V Lg uI C^tss"c-J S+&G

cd& +bq e#a 0b b2- h^-d
-lt<_ Ul;J\rL* c-s''^1"-^i-f E t,Paqle '
{rl

s
\\ '.
^\Ks---:
 I
I

I
I

=-
:-l
I
Actlp-t<.nLa- 6b o- V,j,-,ogx b.f pDA
I

VA-qJ, alr. +-tD c_^L-Lt ,{&x2m a. g-? .^J G actgtr.J ,V

PDA
+ Q* LI{. h'^41 g{-?.tl
it,sr-l t -f g+ar} q,*^1;1,
Q e^r o'/^ c. ft- 3f-at-nc,
b--.r Ui (+ar.1- f+*-k
t$4.

t
,l t{r,.I' {:L{ l,-.^6r-1* u actrptlJ a1 d-
bl^^l 910
hr"r h q.. "*?
<f+"ntlc- ot nr,tl,t ,3kLlc-.
YAa- 6*ty LCna accrpuJ b6 clz.G .{ 4rt.',^erl
cg " b{""1
-+
/ie^r Q.^lr^- \rln- - \
--, Ptlr1_
-tIPoZLT
?" E
€r-4t
'1ro,ry
gb.b p
f ^-.1
J \^tC &l',r^lcl t
i A e4 L[i Ut
c-cvrto-^-t-f er<rcJc- ec^r f]**t"1'a12i'a-r
v=,,,.-t .nh^,
"t T
iirarrr" c4^.1 ta4. .flaor4 crn Lta B+r^Llc-
t6
I

L,;t b1 q uq\ i_t_z^rlc

) + (i-,t,01 .
+t,e,f r.0.k-, + {- .gn^* q,
@, (-li h'^a.i 8.{2,-La- iJ "
^apkld1 gv.-,J ? ui e{z{

_ ii
 -.-::::.- - - '-'=.::::'::::=:
.^-lr
/e-\ lYt nrt)
v
tc-nt Y -- -

LCnl-l =
f d c^o \t, e (-a +u)" ]
#'".4t 'A+al;

LIe tyr"rau{c Ca be' a' +

EC?u (U,aA)
,u ,zq),=
6 CQto, brh) = (U, bza)

b,^q r-Lol 6Dh (^i

6nc.o w 0

B.t-auc
a v'Lb -

:**
t Cq, ,o ,a) ' (4ro, qa) :

€ (.%, b , a): L4rn,b o)

I
6(%o, et t b) = lqr, tu)
E C?q b, b) = L%o, ,2

ttp \e! u c
gCqrr,c,z4> = (ir,,
,4>
t}qr",c, a) = (%,, q)

t Cq,", c, b) = Cqr,
, b)

.!
 3 - L[p f\6.'"^b o{s a s4-b
\
S(q,,,e,O = C't,,,e)

E Cqr, ,b,b). Cfu,, L)

€V +: A^"17, n Slab X,,tt *ru- g*-tr n a pof^A^o.^
++4Js .{ nn &"p"f .91rrvt}p4 b be- sc-enru-d q +l^o B+auc.
Snorrd be e{Y i'.-- 4-o. S-tact- Slrol.td c^s^F4; {o ,
Nouo, $ory +^o S+a-b to Xr- E do npf a.rLl, +^e-
C^orl-e^iS 6b L}.f,. BkLf-. YA<_ .tczr,^f+f,, Or" +r^^l C9,.- t Of a
frt(
fr*-',
6(qr,,€,xo)= (qr,h)
So, -rkc PDA M 0b atchbr 4-{ U?b^rf"

LtN).= f t^lc^rRl-. tA+gY?

**t t-o'*t, +-",..Jj+, sl^, tr+h ,] S*^ Ly

}'
 6 : LS 3hc-srr , h"l^,
6Cqr,qrz4) =.(avotaa)
ti
SI+,,4z) = tq^ ,b%)
ii
ii 8 (q,o,,a , d) = C1,",o-a-)
t (nr, b, a) ' (U, ba)
6C1,o,qb) = C%,,&)
6'(U, L, L) : L4o ,bb) .
t (+. ,c.,4) = Cn,,,4)
8(4ro,c,qJ = Cq,,q) :-
EC1ro,e,b)' (Q,,b)

a,olL
b-tb / e

c,%lzo
c,, ql o,
ffi
c, blt
-t+..,q,
CJz.-q,t-s+ati
%€Q, ..{ *. _-r"
U"e Z, q' +q Li+l^f E+{,*tb\ an 4\ 84.(tt-
s=tqr1- t +* #-'ct^t

]
 tl
ll'l
I

t,
IJ
rl

i:

.'i
.l
I
I

.l
:I
i

.l
il
I

i
,l
I

(q,,*cbata,
i

t
I

il
ts @,,bdarbrc7^)
F C qt, ?q ,uo U)
:i FC%,,e,a2")
ll
F tt,, t, z")
- 1%>t e,4)
grbcc
?> € +Lq t"^4J g+eG t ilp .Mt q t A $r
csn6n.v.toa , *'u- *o?
ti^ot ao.bcboa-
& atupt1J bX +^.0- PD A .

t- '. Vt dt m6\t{-d n^r-A{ t? *

b 9T.^a-"^rr-
qgLLb^L .g Q{^6rn t-<t o>

oo,-bcbo-b, &) f- (q". ,&cbob ,qz.)

f Gn ) bcfupL,%A)
| ('la, cba"Lrba-axn)
rc
t- Co,
F6
lvt-4+co Sg/,,b, a) q ^/of d$'^d .

o.obcbob
a r. ol
b.6 l-t+-
 \'

!(-qr,, ,t,z) ' (+r,z)

&fr^,* il by +k' :l-ta-'Fili-en-' -

t L+,, t,z)' C*,rg)

uel{-'t a- t- d acvpti) b7 !^ ry\ rJau-,
o^t +h;.+
((:.Lr ". Ytrrq
h',vl

orb't-q"n a PDA bo actr+l +1* Lo"n^'.*X*

L=fo,nbqInr,tJ bV & dra,,Q'

6"^4J
Sod')
g(lro,Q,zo)' CLo,axt)

d (4,o, a, a) = (nurqd)
t (qo, b, a) " Ctl, , , t)
E(q,,b, a) -- (6,,e).
E (q,,e,zo)" C4,r,r,o)

9o lts pDA h cuf+ +k-

a
t:f.anbnIn,.t?

?
I
f.,t= f e,z,T ,toreo,F)'
k}({J,l.
&r l to,\,,qr\
Z = ?a,b9
T = fa,zoj
J: b 3\ n.rn b eJ6uJ

S (+r,a ,zo) = (q,o ,Q7o)

6 (qro, o, a)
(4o, b , a) = (a',, e)
E
[(q4, b,c.)= (+',tS
t(4,, LtLo)= Cq'r,2.)
?o € & tJ +l{ c+ar-F BJ-r^G t -1.
A( g 7l .1 +l{- h"r*ial S.6..Uot cno 4r- .fJagl-
e= f %r1 tr +r^4-
6t^4-l SJ-4b

o,i,z.lor.
a,ala.a

2,,Ufa
b, ole

I
 ,/

Wrc, a PD-ff f-o car*ft t- C,.n).

f dec
o,J ?aC^t2 =-D,tt*) b.d' o.
d:
E L-A,o,a,vo) = (%nraz)
E C?,a,b,zo) : (+o',uto;

f-
la
lv
lq
\g
ta/
cn bo b
go +.4- "t

M=

ai
Q!:
f=
a-
t-

ll

ti
ti

ii

il
\rr",ir, \
\ \

'\il--.) \ ti
,' "--
 I

ii ^% o . V ' I
g-T ,6^ , ,
U L---
L zrn*
,ra,* *lilL at
,elrJL ag t1-z ttil- Ll?
il- Llo
.r t*q
u ^b4
e 6r'r

the- JL6\^td La u1y a^..

+Ie E+a(f-. t9o, lh 6L+aG

ul0a(s fu
6k b'r &shq
tt
t-
I
+ trrr,^-l aX,. d.r\
i

I !i
I ;l
nn
I
I
t, ,l
,i -
t1o , t,Zo) - \
= Lq, , ,h)
| a

,i
ca)t *. cha"*eA a!
:Ii
'l U
;l
8(Q'., Q',2^)= tou,,e;.
ii
rr r

:-- a :r e)arn a
tl
',j PDA b aCCrpl
,
A S+i^? 0
6.t
v
b a.l"^tc.d
' Par:.-.-+h e-54
;iYt fate-.\Q-t<t b ta1 c.r,^r,&;d-u-e/ al.r- C,),1,f
il

E(+,,t, () -- (?,,(()
fCt,,(,t)= (a,,,tt)
E(q,,[, () 3 (q,,t()
dCq,,[,[)- (q,,,tL)
[(q,,),()=(x,,O
S (+,,J,[). (q,,L)

f ,a) = (a,z)
d (?,

a
 f-t : C o, z-,f , t, no,z4 ,

3Jr o,"rn a-b Crfe-

%o QO,- t-8 +L{ 931q- 9-t.ab u'k *![c-
Zo ef u +! Ef.^+of qD tti q.+aL!-
^Dr.Aal-
- aq{+?UJ bi PDA
F' l+"1 r.mb ua-f eq3zr= e- r.l t
u \^q!d_ .

ob+2,,,n a rpoA to atuf,t w bft*T t =1,^t[ d e (a, t

a; ho C,rr) ts nt t ,l) J

gut 5 Uxa Ppn bb o.t+pr L^a l^.1ry

L=f of 1ot,s;>no1vD.J
\

M=C0,2,T,€,no,4,F)

4= |ro,f,,J
_ A

f = la,bt '

7= f c, b,A\

8; ,4 f h o^ra b<t ,<-o

t (orr, ,A ,Z)
lr
I

I
?
 S (qr" ,b ,zo) = (q" ,bz-)
^)
t")

S(qro,b,4)= t%",8) ,

s(qro,b,c-) = (t,,a1 ' '

1, o A & t* -+'l'\r. Starl S+u.tG 6b urr I C

Zoef. b y- i^i4{^f ft.,^S"t 6'? tAi qJa.t&-
F={qr,? i,
f,'d s}u\. Lo5

@l ol"+ai a- Por b ac+pt +{^4. U^g%

?t ^l | ,^: € Ca,b)" qnJ
L haL,-l) < +gt-) f
Jt.c- ?DA _clc$+_ l+.
bo j^Xtr
Iwl"tot-) (nrc-'J]
b1

o rvl=f o,z,f ,E,1r,4rF)

a
Q. '-1q^,*,\
Z=ta,bJ
I = fr-^-;b,2"3 4'
'a

Eu tho^srr b".t-^l
gL%o,&,bJ =(qo,'a%)
(t%)b, zo)> G,o,bzo)
d (e a, o) : Cq. ,a^)
"t
0 (q- ,b,b) = Cn ,bL)
t (U,e,b)> (q-,e)
 il

%ea-u tli 4c,

X.ef Ls LG m {fi 4fz^qq_
ii F= lq,1 L8
ii
ii

6L4nh q. pD A ,b acgpt_

t= $o"br"
I
I
[^r,r3 .
i
lt Qnl,
t, 8o ,'++* PDA b " act+p+ U€
c

L=W h'nl*)?
M'(Q,,2,T,E,%o,4,p)
li

li
Q,t t %o,1r,,qrrl

.t
d(%o , Q, zo) = (4,o, M.,-) ..
e [ (qr",Q,o-)' (+",a-anl,
SC+o,bra) -C4i,'e)
6Cqt,, 6r*) -- (%,, L)
ECfun L)?-) =C7tr, L)
% ea t, b a4- gari s*l; dh -1.
e I u +t' c.n +u r-/aur
"-pztnr\ a .

t
 -,.:-:--::-_. .:-.- _ -_- _,-.:. :

qpu-J 'o,(ygl'r-,
0

'- 6: &t-r o*t r b4-

i
F-_
t
iI
1>--
I
l
!
I
.I

ro
Y
I
D

"
C n-^-l -^.)
"""t,&"-^fr
^. Ja<-
%-n 66 rnovz4 *rta-U-t
oa,Lbb ' q' eAr^roy b<t s:ut :

"+i"-l D>
", (%o,-qoW,z) F, (q",ablolo,ad-zrr)
a ( O" ,bbb ,aoue-%)
l- C"%, bb , onoQ
J-( %,b,yA)
t- (q, , e-^z-) i
(g:r ,ola;-^tJi,"r)

t.

_ l:
I
I
I
I
I
t:
ll
ti
-L
 --: -';-::
-:''--')-'''--:: - ----=--
'-: --

o'tno;n a PPA bo ott'P 'tL& to"2"o'g'

--;,::---':.--'-:-'. -------*

' L: t -.qo,+bf 3
:bt o' f ^91 s+at.' ----=:::=jjj-::"

^^ol
L=[ r^r.^rR [t.*l etcr+u)t!
((qr. ,.a,4.) = (%-9zr)
i
I
I
6Cn o,b,a) = L+P4
t

i
s 6 (q",cr,0') =
1
I q E t%,b,a)=
r tt%rq, b1 =
I
t.

:
r t tq",b,b)=
i St qr, o ,d) = e q,', t)
6 (qo ,b ,b)
s ( ou , ,b ,7n),= cfur-, t")

-+1.4- .h*^f I tn anJatf.LJ 3 fr1, c ?rt cr'

€, +i.r +*6H m c'"-\ t€
a8'
-ozi t+c^^

Lo g ta, to)+ \

8 , 1ro ,7n,P)
 6(%n,e,h)' Ca,z^)
6 (%, ot h)= (qr"
,qa)
t U^ , 7n) = Cq"" ,'l,o)
b, r

iJ*) e, o),= f (9,o,aa;,(tu,,g)l

{Cq,,b,c*)= tf", l.J
5(-q^,4,b)= (a^,*l
j Lcta ,b.b) = I tq. ,bb>, ( t) J
,

tlq4 t,b,b)
,a) =
, ,e( 4,
,?) ",
|t =,. Car, ,Q;
E Cq, ,
,1,?o): (arz.J
;'';"i
.fb ct Lupl ++{ Ehd+ : Uu. qt % rn,rrMer b,
-l{"{ P o n b." \rq. q,l.ri-E aalrbaa- t'g .q_0^ o\-rn

.\f
a, a bb o-o-,7n)
-\qnqsbr4,
t)

(\,
C r,, , Mra-l-Z-) f 1^ ,aa ,bb 4-e-1^) - (qo o, @o.a.Z
-t ,+ ,
)'
(+,
,t,bu*.C tuJu-}
Ctrr,2,6) t r%q
"
 Nsl - 4.t9^^^'^Jrt"c PD Fr
Qal€&rr^.r\^-i ghc h
trr rur=[q,z,a,E,fu,o_,P) bz a PPA'
PDA rJ &I"aJr^i^'igh c 4

6(er.,o,Z) Kr.l e,rr.l1 6.nr- qJr"^o" F

l\ -ttu^, tCfu,q,Z)
e.t gt 6tqr,L,L) rJ not-e.;^-pt^i
3 no^r b4- "*f\ '

Do4lr +hr- csr.ditr cr-g gh61^td be- g ah'g|i d

PDA EO b^ &l*r^^t^itlc ' &t f,i^r' .fk t^'
b4r^U ,
fu PDA q v\'6n- &]lcr^^i^it&c'

+h{ g
l.a-+"^.a-a
t
*u)*3 0 d'd['"^'^+r]ic'?

iili o,,
tffin.
'- -,
&'{.*r ; Lti39^^^
"' ^^.,-a PDA
li b* \'t- 'Q^'r^A ^{.i6rnl
a

.i .t* +': f f"*

*t
"t
il
ii ,a,,. O (Cq,,a,)
a' \ l- -'
t\4' '/r,../-'J-" f\t
t& O g€
,i*^* +t-{- +rt^4i}i oos, '
ll-
Ve1 , tu rf Tt
ii
&f^ul g

ll tai h rrl cirt^'d e ..{

u,l c^d cn^dn */al$ rr1 (to,e'z) o ^ 16

ii. @ ' 9r^o^rd ;
li e,^-FI , *o"^ tCqr,a,z) .t'J "^*5.1
c^t"'' ir :;"'
6(t"
ll +r"u^ i.e aA L'lrn'-*tii*.,-t t; ":g
i U.iI^ ++4$- gAs"dd *"* bz "^t
\^ot-4-2
Y %':'-s
q u:- q-!ad< q
iit! g$lt n,, ,s\r,^! 'J5 k
',\H, +1* pD+ grlr. !${e us c^s'^/.J # QD
'

objt u;;VEC' '

" *
 I
I
I

t
I

t- "- _ , -:,-,a: .,- .:. , -: --

I

1-- --- ' ---.-- - i------

I 93 -tr.r PDA 'oU,tl1z.,n^/,

L=tqnbnl^t,tJ bI ^
I

t=ta^bn1^t,r\
rl-7 o"t 4{L
^^rqi'H
S(qro,e,"") =ta,o,^u)
Jtq.,o, c,.)= (q-,e)
:till:,'3:t:i;li
t tqr, ,Q., ?.o) . Cq',, L) .

o6Y\r-
g.r-t$J [ ( q, ,a,z) l^a*'-<, *t

@ UI^qX tJ c.arr.Jl, c^s,^.t-ldrr llI ftl.^+i+t on

{(ovr r L,.o) = Ctu,,L)

gjrcr *t. tna^^ln ,J ar6.^rJr& frna,,.B S(fur,e.,%
1^9Aru q. g Z- gU.-cwd ra.n* b{- &f'J nrl";cl U hrou-
Srn cr loo+. . -ft-c- u$ d'{ A1tr , L,n-U4J5qgl ,@ ?{'c"^ Pbt'\
q &J4.r -.i^^r,& C .

1A PDA Lb oltrpl '14*-&kl l-a4'v3u L(m)=i^\

hl e Cc*a)^ o^A naC.o) = r,rs r'o) A *.i Xj*e c ? ('
 ia-

S UP ld,L)
.6 tq", [.. a)
5( % ,\%

A ul' c4n^d b AJ'rg J

4b t^.-J
3
^h 4\

.t
.r
i1

-\\

i
{
 Sl%,t ,b) Cw, b b)
=
I L+, a , b)' C ?^, ey,
o)
d
{1q", b , -- C %, L)
Lqu ,t,g) - Cq, ,4)

fi'ul- c^^,{LN n^ gJ'k1d

h-r*- *Lf Cnr+ C*e
z-eT
h g^h'
fCq-rQrc,*)= C%r,o)
.t1^:J .}ln^^r b ,e &t1 -ft 4"-+n+ ,-- f, (U
i 14
.( e,Z Pho^t / .x^ + t2;- 4rdtA^*J. B.^-F fhl-r{ o}r.
tTz'4\

,b-,-)
go
,z)
-t'1"-- %5zr PD+ n - d"+c-q h^J^,.rJd C
^a""t
,.

e-1e^bLn
A

..._ LLtf
l}-t
_d- |^ tl?
94\
 Dg 4+< ?DA b qLu++
'A" y
lr--1%
L ? -.t &J11'.i^l W c 7
z")
S (4" , b,7) = Ca^ p%)

S ( %, Q, 4)= Ca-, *),, l9.',t)

6 (u,b, a) = L%, baL
t(qo,Q,b)z CqoloL,
E C% ,b , b)z Cu , bb) , C+',gl -
[(q,tAial= L*t,L)-
btz C4tt,9) " - :-
L,HoC
t! Vl4 t-t+ c-^r..lY b- ; d"*trr^'"^J lt6. c tl
t{
&Cqt t a-,2) 3r" n-r d hana- 6r+ -oal o^# ' &'.-'!r
Ir

-Of"- :
li j*a1* .t\^to ,tt-',.tf f, Qsch L*;? '+\5o
"r-r

il
ti
ll

ll

tl
tl
t!
tl
t