J. Agron.

Indonesia 38 (3) : 232 - 237 (2010)

Evaluation of Fruit Characters, Xanthones Content, and Antioxidant Properties

of Various Qualities of Mangosteens (Garcinia mangostana L.)

Ani Kurniawati1*, Roedhy Poerwanto1, Sobir1, Darda Effendi1, and Herry Cahyana2

1
Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Bogor Agricultural University,
Jl. Meranti Kampus IPB Darmaga 16680, Indonesia
2
Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Science, University of Indonesia

Received 4 Mei 2010/Accepted 26 October 2010

ABSTRACT

Xanthone in mangosteen fruit hull has antioxidant activities. The objective of this experiment was to determine
xanthones content, physical and chemical characters, and antioxidant potentials of several groups of mangosteens qualities.
The experiment was carried out from January 2008 to August 2008. The research used a randomized complete block design
with four replications. The treatments were four physical fruit conditions: large size mangosteens (≥ 100 g), small size
mangosteens (min. 50 g), yellow sap dotted fruits, and scabbed fruit. The parameters being observed were physical and
chemical characteristics, xanthone content, and radical scavenging activity of mangosteen fruit hull extract. The results
demonstrated that the physical condition of fruit significantly affected physical fruit hull characters and chemical fruit
characters. Characters of fruit hull, thickness, fresh weight, and dry weight, differed among fruit qualities. The physical
condition of fruit hull also significantly influenced total soluble solid and vitamin C content, but did not affect total titrable
acid and degree of acidity of the fruits. Fruit hulls of all groups of mangosteen qualities had similar antioxidant properties
with the IC50 value of 5.57-6.11 ppm.

Keywords: benzophenone, scab, vitamin C, yellow sap

INTRODUCTION by increasing the added values of low quality fruits, such

as fruits with scabs and yellow sap dotted fruits. Since
Mangosteen (Gracinia mangostana L.) is one mangosteen’s hull has a relatively large unedible portion
of main exported fruits from Indonesia. Fruit physical to the total fruit’s weight, making use of the hulls will be
appearance, rather than chemical properties, is the major advantageous to reduce wastes as well as to add values
factor determining mangosteen marketability, both for of the unmarketable mangosteens. Processing mangosteen
domestic and international markets (Suyanti et al., 1999). hulls has a great economical potential since the hulls contain
Hence, physical qualities of mangosteen fruits determine xanthones, a bioactive phenols that have been reported to
consumers’ acceptability and mangosteen’s market price. have antibacterial properties (Suksamrarn et al., 2003),
The important physical characters of mangosteen’s fruits antiinflamation, antioxidant, and anticancer properties
include the dotless hull surface, the presence of scabs and (Hartati, 2000; Moongkarndi et al., 2004; Cahyana, 2006).
yellow sap dotted hulls. Scabbed fruits and yellow sap Xanthone was reported to have more than only vitamin E and
dotted fruits are not attractive for consumers, due to their vitamin C. So far, biosynthesis of xanthone in mangosteen
faded and dirty images. The yellow sap dotted fruits on their tree are rarely studied, so biological functions of xanthone
hull’s outer surface, or lead to the inside fruit and fruit flesh in mangosteen trees have not been completely explained.
are categorized as low quality fruits, have low consumers’ On the other hand, research on xanthones isolation and
acceptability and economic values. bioactivities has been widely conducted (Parveen and Ud-Din
In addition to fruit physical appearances, fruit weight Khan, 1988; Chairungsrilerd et al., 1996; Gopalakrishnan
or size determines fruit marketability. Based on fruit weight, and Balaganesan, 2000). Hence, there are gaps between
mangosteens can be classified into 5 classes: Super (≥ 125 xanthone research in the field of agronomy and in chemistry
g fruit-1), A (100–111 g fruit-1), B (76.9-90.9 g fruit-1), C or pharmachology.
(62-66.7 g fruit-1), D (50-55.5 g fruit-1) (Waluyo, 2003). Report pertaining availability of antioxidant activity
Generally, consummers prefer large mangosteen therefore on mangosteen’s hull provides an inspiration to carry out
small fruits are cheaper than the large ones. a study on antioxidant potency from various groups of
Efforts to increase mangosteen farmers’ income are mangosteen’s quality. Mangosteen’s hull is one of potential
not only by improving cultivation technology but also antioxidant sources because it is the biggest portion of
mangosteen fruit. Searching for natural antioxidant source is
important because several synthetic antioxidants and some
* Corresponding author. e-mail: ani_kurniawati@yahoo.co.id that are usually used have negative effect to people’s health.

232 Ani Kurniawati, Roedhy Poerwanto, Sobir, Darda Effendi, and Herry Cahyana
J. Agron. Indonesia 38 (3) : 232 - 237 (2010)

It is not only very important to prevent various degenerative Measurement on chemical characters were conducted
diseases, but antioxidant has also been utilized in industries on Total Soluble Solid (TSS), Total Titratable Acidity
for long time. (TTA), degree of flesh acidity, content of xanthones and
The exploitation of mangosteen’s hull potential can benzophenone, and activity of free radical scavengers. Total
be derived from mangosteen fruits having low consumers’ soluble solid was measured using hand refractometer. and
acceptance, such as low quality mangosteen fruits or stated in oBrix. Total titratable acidity was observed on
infeasible fruits for export. This effort is also an important filtrate from the following preparation procedure. Fruit flesh
point, considering that many non-producer countries have was refined, 10 g of the paste was taken and put into the
tried to develop xanthones in phytopharmaca industries glassware before water was added, shaken and then filtered.
and Indonesia as a producer has great chance to develop The filtrate was added with phenolphthalein indicator, then
this industry. The exploitation of potential of mangosteen’s titrated with NaOH 0.1 N until pink color appeared. Degree
xanthone as antioxidant has also great prospect for of flesh acidity was measured by using pH meter.
phytopharmaca and food industries. Therefore, research Content of ascorbic acid was measured by the
pertaining xanthones content evaluation on mangosteen’s following procedure. Ten gram of fruit flesh paste was put
hull related to fruits’ physical condition, including its into a 100 mL measuring cylinder, then added with water and
antioxidant activity evaluation is required. shaken. The homogenized solution was filtered. The filtrate
Research was aimed at studying physical and chemical was then added with indicator of 1% amylum solution, and
characters of mangosteen fruits particularly in the xanthone titrated with 0.01 N iodium.
content and antioxidant properties potential. Content of xanthones and benzophenone were
measured using following procedures. Extraction was
MATERIALS AND METHODS conducted to dried mangosteen’s hull in the form of
powder, then as much as 100 g powder was extracted with
Research was carried out in Bogor from January to 100 mL methanol solution (p.a). Analysis of xanthones and
August 2008 using mangosteens harvested from Leuwiliang benzophenone was carried out by using methanol eluent
Mangosteen Orchard. Analysis of fruit characters were and formic acid, and they were detected at wave length of
conducted in Ecophysiology Laboratory, Department of 234 nm (Teixiera et al., 2003). The activity of free radical
Agronomy and Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, IPB. scavengers was measured using DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-
Analysis of fruits quality were done in Center of Tropical picrylhidrazyl) method. As much as 1 mL of 0.4 mM DPPH
Fruit Laboratory, IPB. Antioxidant activity assay was carried and 3.9 mL of ethanol were added into 100 µL of extract in
out in Laboratory of Research Group on Crop Improvement various test concentrations. The absorbance was measured
(RGCI), Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, Faculty using spectrophotometer UV-VIS (Rohman and Riyanto,
of Agriculture, IPB. Xanthones and benzophenone content 2005). The antioxidant potential were presented in the form
analysis were carried out in Integrated Laboratory, Faculty of IC50.
of Agriculture, IPB. Data were analysed using F Test at level D = 5%, and
The experiment used randomize block design with further test was carried out by Duncan Multiple Range test
four replications to test a single factor of classification of at level D = 5%.
morphological quality of mangosteens, using 20 fruits for
each classification. Fruits were purchased from the fruit RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
collector (Head of Farmers Group) immediately after the
fruits were harvested. Fruits were harvested 4 times in a Fruit Characters
three days interval.
Sample fruits were classified into four types of The physical character of mangosteen affected the
physical conditions as treatment, namely scabbed fruits percentage of hull fresh weight and affected the percentage
(i.e. fruits with coverage of scab less than 90%), yellow of aril + seed and hull dry weight (Table 1). The increase
sap dotted fruits on their outer surface of fruits (i.e. fruits in fruit size is simultaneously followed by the increase of
with coverage of yellow dots of 90%), big size dotless fruits hull weight because mangosteen fruit weight mostly comes
(weight ≥ 100 g fruit-1, without dot and yellow sap dots on from hulls, whereas the edible portion of mangosteen fruit
the outer hull surface), and small size dotless fruits (weight is around 36% (Gunawan, 2007). The highest percentage
≤ 100 g fruit-1, without scab and yellow sap dots on the outer of hull dry weight came from the yellow sap dotted fruits.
hull surface). These suggested that large size mangosteen contained more
Fruit physical characters observed in this study were water in their hulls whereas scabbed fruits and yellow sap
fruit weight, aril hull weight, thickness of fruit hull, weight dotted fruits had lower water content.
of aril and seed, dry weight of hull, and hull firmness. Data Fruit physical condition influenced the thickness of
on fruit physical characters were displayed in the form of fruit hull. Scabbed fruits and yellow sap dotted fruits had
percentage of hull’s fresh weight to fruit weight, percentage thicker hull and a lower water content so they had higher
of weight of aril and seed to fruit weight, percentage of hull dry weight. Fruits in small size and dotless appearance
hull’s dry weight to aril hull weight, and percentage of hull’s had thin hull, with average thickness of 7.7 mm (Tabel 2).
dry weight to fruit weight. Fruit size is one of the important fruit qualities that can be

Evaluation of Fruit Characters, Xanthones...... 233

J. Agron. Indonesia 38 (3) : 232 - 237 (2010)

Table 1. Percentage of hull weight to fruit weight, aril and seed weight to fruit weight, and percentage of hull dry weight to
hull fresh weight

Fruit physical Hull fresh weight to Aril and seed weight to Hull dry weight to Hull dry weight to fruit
condition fruit weight fruit weight aril hull weight weight
............................................................................... % ...........................................................................
Yellow sap dotted 68.17a 35.47a 36.68c 27.09a
Scabbed 65.47ab 33.07b 37.71bc 25.57b
Small size 66.45ab 27.65c 39.84a 25.06b
Large size 64.23b 30.15bc 38.60ab 23.72c
F-test * * ** **
Note: Number followed by the same letter at the same column is not significantly different based on DMRT at level D = 5%; *, ** =
significant at D = 5% and D = 1%, respectively

improved by increasing carbohydrate availability for fruits might be caused by water lost in the yellow sap dotted fruits
or improving sink capacity of fruits. Techniques that had and scabbed fruits. Because of relatively low water content
been applied to increase fruit size includes girdling on in yellow sap dotted fruit’s hull, this group had harder hull
orange, application of fruit thinner agent, and application and the fruits were more difficult to peel.
of fruit enhancer agent (Agusti et al., 2002). Fruit size was
also determined by fruit’s sink power at fruit growth which Chemical Characters
is determined by physiological condition (Yamaki, 2010).
Although mangosteen size becomes an important factor Physical properties of mangosteen’s outer surface
determining fruit quality, no study foccusing on how to affected the TSS value. Scabbed fruits had the highest
enlarge mangosteen fruit size is reported. TSS of 20.23 oBrix and differed only with small-dotless
Yellow sap-dotted mangosteen fruits had the highest fruits (Table 3). Mangosteen fruits from five mangosteen
value of fruit’s firmness of 0.89 kg sec-1 but this value did production centers in Java had TSS ranged between 14.74-
not significantly differ from other fruit groups (Table 2). This 17.96 oBrix and TTA between 0.59-1.20%, with value of

Table 2. Physical characters of mangosteen hull

Fruit physical Hull thickness Hull’s fresh weight Hull’s dry weight Firmness
condition (cm) (g) (g) (kg sec-1)
Yellow sap dotted 0.99a 68.39b 27.1b 0.89
Scabbed 0.90ab 71.65b 28.0b 0.86
Small size 0.77b 57.20c 21.6c 0.85
Large size 0.92a 87.00a 32.3a 0.88
F test * ** * ns
Note: Number followed by the same letter at the same column is not significantly different based on DMRT at level D = 5%; *, ** =
significant at D = 5% and D = 1%, respectively; ns = not significant at D = 5%

Table 3. Chemical qualities of mangosteen fruit on various fruit physical conditions

Fruit physical Total Soluble Solid Total Tetratable Acidity Vitamin C
pH
condition (oBrix) (%) (mg (100 g)-1)
Yellow sap dotted 19.19ab 0.39 3.51 34.76b
Scabbed 20.23a 0.34 3.55 37.06b
Small size 18.63b 0.36 3.49 32.65b
Large size 19.10ab 0.37 3.52 42.75a
F test * ns ns *
Note: Number followed the same letter at the same column is not significantly different based on DMRT at level D = 5%; * = significant
at D = 5%; ns = not significant at D = 5%

234 Ani Kurniawati, Roedhy Poerwanto, Sobir, Darda Effendi, and Herry Cahyana
J. Agron. Indonesia 38 (3) : 232 - 237 (2010)

TSS and TTA for Leuwiliang Plants 14.74 oBrix and 1.16% , Role of xanthones in mangosteen plants had been
respectively (Gunawan, 2007). However, fruits quality and rarely reported. A research on mango showed mangoes
nutrition content might vary referring to production system resistent to malformation contained high mangiferin (1,3,6,7-
and season (Pieper and Barrett, 2009). tetrahydroxy xanthone-C2-ß-D-glucoside). Malformation
Mangosteen fruit scabs might be caused by attacks is abnormal inflorescence syndrome that was affected
of aphids when fruits were still young and small or when by physiological problems and by pathogen attack such
flowers were blooming (Verheij, 1997), friction among as Fusarium moniliforme var. subglutinans. Mangiferin
fruits while the fruits are still on the trees or fruits with mechanism in malformation prevention improves antifungal
leaves at young periods that caused injury and then enlarged compound and checks hormone balance so malformation
simultaneously as the fruits were developing (Tirtawinata, can be prevented (Singh, 2006). Franklin et al. (2009)
2002). So far, there was no information on the relationship reported that in Hypericum perforatum, xanthone played
between pathogen attack and fruit’s soluble solids. a role as phytoalexin that repressed pathogen growth when
Fruit size influenced the content of vitamin C, with cells were experiencing biotic stresses. Xanthone function
large fruits had the highest content of vitamin C. Hanamura on mangosteen plant has not been reported. However,
et al. (2008) reported there was difference of vitamin C considering studies on mangiferin, xanthone might also
content on Acerola fruits (Malpighia emarginata DC.) play a role in preventing biotic stresses condition.
between cultivars, planting regions, and fruit maturity
levels. So far, there was no report on mechanism explaining Antioxidant Properties
relationship between fruit size and vitamin C content. Davey
et al. (2000) stated that vitamin C in cell did not only take a Antioxidant properties of mangosteen’s hull extract
role as antioxidant, but also as cofactor for several enzymes did not differ significantly among fruit groups, with value
and contributed to cell division and enlargement. of IC50 ranged between 15,289-23,544 µg g-1 crude extract
(CE) methanol of mangosteen’s hull (Table 4). DPPH
Xanthones and Benzophenone Content methods, in this research was defined as concentration of
materials that were required to prevent formation of DPPH
Xanthones and benzophenone content differed radical as much as 50%.
significantly among fruit condition groups (Table 4). There Franklin et al. (2009) stated that xanthones served
were significant different in the content of xanthone and not only as phytoalexin, but xanthones in cell culture of
benzophenone among fruit groups, except between groups Hypericum perforatum also functioned as antioxidant. Role
of yellow sap fruits and scabbed fruits. Benzophenone is of antioxidant in cell culture was to protect cell from damages
an intermediate compound for forming various xanthone due to existence of ROS (Radical Oxygen Species). Other
types, so it is possible that if intermediate compound in antioxidant resources from plants that has been reported are
xanthones formation was at high concentration then final leaf of orange jasmine (Murraya paniculata L.) with IC50
compound produced would increase, assuming other factors value of 126.17 μg mL-1 (Rohman and Riyanto, 2005), and
influencing its biosynthesis were similar. cherry fruit (Cornus mas L.) with IC50 value of 0.29–0.69
No study explaining the mechanisms of scab formation mg mL-1 (Tural and Koca, 2008). Within natural phenolic
on mangosteens was reported. Scab formation can be groups, compounds that had been reported to have an
classified into two groups, based on the the nature of the scab, antioxidant activity other than xanthones are flavonoid and
i.e. scabs due to pest attacks and due to physical damages. tannin (Karthikumar et al., 2007).
If xanthone function is taken into account, scab formation Drogoudi et al. (2008) reported that there were
might act as a defend mechanism against pathogen attacks differences in levels of antioxidant activities in apple
since it caused an increase of xanthone accumulation. polyphenol played a major role as antioxidant in apple

Table 4. Content of xanthone and benzophenone and free radical scavangers activity on various fruit physical conditions

Xanthone Benzophenone IC50-DPPH

Fruit physical condition
( μg g CE)
-1 (ppm)
Yellow sap dotted 15,289b 2,190b 6.11
Scabbed 23,544a 12,149a 5.58
Small size 20,434ab 8,301ab 6.60
Large size 18,502ab 7,048ab 6.48
F test * * ns
Note: Number followed the same letter at the same column is not significantly different based on DMRT at level D = 5%; * = significant
at D = 5%; ns = not significant at D = 5%

Evaluation of Fruit Characters, Xanthones...... 235

J. Agron. Indonesia 38 (3) : 232 - 237 (2010)

hulls, while vitamin C had a less significant role. Celik et characteristics of seven apple cultivars. Sci. Hort.
al. (2008) reported that antioxidant capacity of cranberry 115:149-153.
fruits was affected by fruit maturity stages, whereas Roussos
et al. (2007) reported that phenol content and antioxidant Franklin, G., L.F.R. Conceicao, E. Kombrink, A.C.P.
potential were affected by plant’s growth environment. Dias. 2009. Xanthone biosynthesis in Hypericum
perforatum cells provides antioxidant and
CONCLUSION antimicrobial protection upon biotic stress.
Phytochemistry 70:65-73.
Physical condition of mangosteen fruits affected the
thickness of mangosteen’s hull, hull’s fresh- and dry-weight, Gopalakhrisnan, G., B. Balaganesan. 2000. Two novel
but did not influence firmness of fruit hull. Group of large xanthones from Garcinia mangostana. Fitoterapia
fruits had the highest content of vitamin C. Scabbed fruits 71:607-609.
had significantly higher xanthone and benzophenone content
compared to yellow sap dotted fruits, but these levels were Gunawan, E. 2007. Hubungan agroklimat dengan
similar to those of other fruit groups. Antioxidant potential fenofisiologi tanaman dan kualitas buah manggis di
of mangosteen’s hull extract in free radical scavenger for lima sentra produksi di Pulau Jawa. Tesis. Sekolah
all fruit groups were similar with IC50 value ranged between Pascasarjana. Institut Pertanian Bogor. Bogor.
5.57-6.11 ppm.
Hanamura, T., E. Uchida, H. Aoki. 2008. Changes of the
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT composition in acerola (Malpighia emarginata
DC.) fruit in relation to cultivar, growing region and
Thank to Dr Adiwirman, Lecturer of Department maturity. J. Sci. Food Agric. 88:1813-1820.
of Agronomy and Horticulture for suggestions during
writing process; Pemi Pidianti S.P, who has contributed in Hartati, S. 2000. Potensi pengembangan genus Garcinia
this reserach activity; Research Center for Tropical Fruit sebagai sumber bahan baku farmasi. hal. 384-394.
(PKBT)-IPB for providing consumables and equipments for Dalam Prosiding Seminar Nasional Tumbuhan Obat
fruit’ physical and chemical character tests; and Dr Krisantini Indonesia XVII. Bandung 28-30 Maret 2000.
for editing the English version of the manuscript.
Karthikumar, S., Vigneswari, K. Jegatheesan. 2007.
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