Surv-Lecture 3

Structuring System Process Requirements
Systems analysis is the part of the systems development life cycle in which you determine how the
current information system functions and assess what users would like to see in a new system.
Analysis has two sub phases: requirements determination and requirements structuring.
In the last chapter, you learned of various methods that systems analysts use to collect the
information necessary to determine information systems requirements. In this chapter, our focus
will be on one tool that is used to coherently represent the information gathered as part of
requirements determination—data flow diagrams.
Data flow diagrams (DFD) enable you to model how data flow through an information system,
the relationships among the data flows, and how data come to be stored at specific locations.
Data flow diagrams also show the processes that change or transform data. Because data flow
diagrams concentrate on the movement of data between processes, these diagrams are called
process models.
Process Modeling:
 Graphically representing the functions, or processes, that capture, manipulate, store, and
distribute data between a system and its environment and between components within a
system.
 Utilize information gathered during requirements determination.
 Processes and data structures are modeled.
 A common form of a process model is a data flow diagram (DFD).
Deliverables and Outcomes: deliverables that result when DFDs are used to study and
document a system’s processes.
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 Context data flow diagram (DFD)(Thorough description of each DFD component)
First, a context diagram shows the scope of the system, indicating which elements
are inside and which are outside the system.
Second, DFDs of the system specify which processes move and transform data,
accepting inputs and producing outputs.
Finally, entries for all of the objects included in all of the diagrams are included in
the project dictionary or CASE repository.
 DFDs of current physical system ( Adequate detail only)
 DFDs of current logical system (Enables analysts to understand current system)
 DFDs of new logical system
Technology independent
Show data flows, structure, and functional requirements of new system
Data Flow Diagramming Mechanics:

 Represent both physical and logical information systems
 Only four symbols are used
 Useful for depicting purely logical information flows
 DFDs that detail physical systems differ from system flowcharts which depict details of
physical computing equipment
Figure 7-2 Comparison of DeMarco and Yourdon and Gane and Sarson DFD symbol sets
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 Process: work or actions performed on data (inside the system)
 Data store: data at rest (inside the system)
 Source/sink: external entity that is origin or destination of data (outside the system)
 Data flow: arrows depicting movement of data
Developing DFDs:
 Context diagram is an overview of an organizational system that shows:
 the system boundaries,
 External entities (outsource components) that interact with the system.
 Major information flows between the entities and the system.
 Note: only one process symbol, and no data stores shown
FIGURE 7-4 Context diagram of Hoosier Burger’s food-ordering system

 Level-0 diagram is a data flow diagram that represents a system’s major processes, data
flows, and data stores at a high level of detail.
 Processes are labeled 1.0, 2.0, etc. These will be decomposed into more primitive
(lower-level) DFDs.
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FIGURE 7-5
Level-0 DFD of Hoosier Burger’s food-ordering system
The main processes represent the major functions of the system, and these major functions correspond to
actions such as the following:
1. Capturing data from different sources (e.g., Process 1.0)
2. Maintaining data stores (e.g., Processes 2.0 and 3.0)
3. Producing and distributing data to different sinks (e.g., Process 4.0)
4. High-level descriptions of data transformation operations (e.g., Process 1.0)
Data Flow Diagramming Rules:

 There are two DFD guidelines that apply:
 The inputs to a process are different from the outputs of that process.
 Processes purpose is to transform inputs into outputs.
 Objects on a DFD have unique names.
 Every process has a unique name.
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Decomposition of DFDs:
 Functional decomposition is an iterative process of breaking a system description down
into finer and finer detail.
 Creates a set of charts in which one process on a given chart is explained in
greater detail on another chart.
 Continues until no subprocess can logically be broken down any further.
 Level-1 diagram results from decomposition of Level-0 diagram.
 Level-n diagram is a DFD diagram that is the result of n nested decompositions
from a process on a level-0 diagram.
 Primitive DFD is the lowest level of a DFD.
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Balancing DFDs:
 Conservation Principle: conserve inputs and outputs to a process at the next level of
decomposition
 Balancing: conservation of inputs and outputs to a data flow diagram process when that
process is decomposed to a lower level
 Balanced means:
 Number of inputs to lower level DFD equals number of inputs to associated
process of higher-level DFD
 Number of outputs to lower level DFD equals number of outputs to associated
process of higher-level DFD
 Data flow splitting is when a composite data flow at a higher level is split and different
parts go to different processes in the lower level DFD.
 The DFD remains balanced because the same data is involved, but split into two parts.
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DFD for Hoosier Burger’s inventory control system (Home task) 1
Guidelines for Drawing DFDs:

 Completeness
 DFD must include all components necessary for system.
 Each component must be fully described in the project dictionary or CASE
repository.
 Consistency
 The extent to which information contained on one level of a set of nested DFDs is
also included on other levels
 Timing
 Time is not represented well on DFDs.
 Best to draw DFDs as if the system has never started and will never stop.
 Iterative Development
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 Analyst should expect to redraw diagram several times before reaching the closest
approximation to the system being modeled.
 Primitive DFDs
 Lowest logical level of decomposition
 Decision has to be made when to stop decomposition
 Rules for stopping decomposition
 When each process has been reduced to a single decision, calculation or database
operation
 When each data store represents data about a single entity
 When the system user does not care to see any more detail
 When every data flow does not need to be split further to show that data are
handled in various ways
 When you believe that you have shown each business form or transaction, online
display and report as a single data flow
 When you believe that there is a separate process for each choice on all lowest-
level menu options
Four Different Types of DFDs:
 Current Physical
 Process labels identify technology (people or systems) used to process the data.
 Data flows and data stores identify actual name of the physical media.
 Current Logical
 Physical aspects of system are removed as much as possible.
 Current system is reduced to data and processes that transform them.
 New Logical
 Includes additional functions.
 Obsolete functions are removed.
 Inefficient data flows are reorganized.
 New Physical
 Represents the physical implementation of the new system.
Using DFDs as Analysis Tools:

 Gap Analysis is the process of discovering discrepancies between two or more sets of
data flow diagrams or discrepancies within a single DFD.
 Inefficiencies in a system can often be identified through DFDs.
Using DFDs in Business Process Reengineering BPR (home task )2
Electronic Commerce Application: Process Modeling using Data
Flow Diagrams (home task) 3
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Structuring System Process Requirements

Data Flow Diagramming Mechanics:

FIGURE 7-4 Context diagram of Hoosier Burger’s food-ordering system

Data Flow Diagramming Rules:

Guidelines for Drawing DFDs:

Using DFDs as Analysis Tools:

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