Bio2 11 - 12 Q4 1102 FD

Unit 11: Plant and Animal Organ Systems and Processes: Transport/Circulation and
Regulation of Body Fluids
Lesson 11.2
Transport and Circulation in Animals
Contents
Introduction 1 Learning Objectives 2 Warm Up 2
Learn about It! 3 Transport Mechanism in Invertebrates 4 Invertebrates with No Circulatory

System 4 Invertebrates with Circulatory System 5 Transport Mechanism in Vertebrates 7
Comparison of Circulatory Pathways 10 The Cardiovascular System of the Human Body 12
The Human Heart 12 Path of the Blood Through the Heart 14 Comparison of Circulatory
Circuits: Systemic and Pulmonary 16 Blood 18 Capillary Exchange 25
Key Points 27 Check Your Understanding 28 Challenge Yourself 29 Photo Credits 29
Bibliography 29
Unit 11: Plant and Animal Organ Systems and Processes:

Transport/Circulation and Regulation of Body Fluids
Lesson 11.2
Transport and Circulation in Animals
Introduction
Convenient means of transport are important in today’s world. People are always busy and on-
the-go. Some need to go to their offices for work, some go to school to study, some go to other
places for other business, and more. The proper means of transport is important to make sure
that people get to their destinations in an efficient manner. The circulatory system of an
animal’s body does the same thing. The blood which circulates throughout the body serves as
the transportation to deliver the necessary food, nutrients, and oxygen needed. In exchange, it
also gets all the toxic wastes and substances to be processed and delivered outside the body.
The details and structures of this process will be discussed in detail in this lesson.
11.2. Transport and Circulation in Animals 1

DepEd Competency
Learning Objectives
Compare and contrast the following
In this lesson, you should be able to do the
processes in plants and animals:
following:
transport/circulation
● Distinguish the transport mechanism in (STEM_BIO11/12-IVa-h-1).
invertebrates and vertebrates.
● Differentiate the types of circulatory

pathways in different animals.
● Describe the structure and function of

the cardiovascular system in the
human body.
Warm Up
Story Mountain 20 minutes In this activity, the students will apply the story
mountain format from a scientific concept. A story mountain is a concept of analyzing the
problem and solution in a storyline.
Material
● A device with an internet connection
Procedure
1. Recall the functions of the red blood cells (RBC), white cells (WBC), and platelets.
Alternatively, you may also browse the web to help you.
2. Create a story with the RBC, WBC, and platelets as the main characters. Think of your own
plot for the story.
3. Fill up the appropriate parts of the story mountain shown below based on the plot that
you have created.

Story mountain format
4. Answer the guide questions afterward.
Guide Questions
1. What is the problem in your story?
2. How did the characters resolve the problem?
3. What are platelets? How are these related to the circulatory system?
Learn about It!
All animal cells require a steady supply of oxygen and nutrients, and their waste products
must be removed in order for them to properly function. All of these tasks are facilitated by the
circulatory system. The mechanism of the circulatory system has evolved over time from simple
diffusion to an extensive network of vessels.

How does the transport mechanism of
circulation differ in invertebrates and
vertebrates?
Transport Mechanism in Invertebrates

The circulatory system is responsible for the movement of fluids between various parts of the
body. However, there are certain invertebrates such as sponges, cnidarians, and flatworms that
lack this system. These animals do not necessarily need a circulatory system because of their thin
body wall.
Invertebrates with No
Circulatory System
In cnidarians such as
hydras,
cells are either part of an
external layer, or they line
the
gastrovascular cavity (See
Fig. 11.2.1). Each cell is
exposed and can
independently exchange
gases and rid itself of
wastes.
The cells that line the
gastrovascular cavity are
specialized to complete the
digestive process. They pass
nutrient molecules to other
cells by diffusion.
Another example of a flatworm is the planarians. In planarians, a trilobed gastrovascular

cavity branches throughout the small, flattened body (See Fig. 11.2.1). No cell is very far from
one of the three digestive branches, so nutrient molecules can diffuse from cell to cell. Similarly,
diffusion meets the respiration and elimination needs of the cells. Structures

known as flame cells also function in excreting wastes from the organism by filtering out waste
materials. These materials are later propelled out of the body through excretory pores.
Invertebrates with Circulatory System

Most invertebrates have a circulatory system that transports oxygen and nutrients, such
as glucose and amino acids, to their cells. There it picks up wastes, which are later excreted from
the body by the lungs or kidneys. There are two types of circulatory fluids: blood and
hemolymph. The blood is always contained within blood vessels. The hemolymph is a mixture
of blood and tissue fluid, which fills the body cavity and surrounds the internal organs.
Fig. 11.2.2. In an open circulatory system, hemolymph surrounding body tissues also acts as
the circulatory fluid. The arthropods such as grasshoppers have an open circulatory system
that uses hemolymph which is pumped by the heart into tissue spaces.

Hemolymph is seen in animals that have an open circulatory system consisting of blood
vessels plus open spaces (See Fig. 11.2.2). Open circulatory systems were likely the first to
evolve, as they are present in simpler and evolutionary older animals. For example, in
arthropods, and mollusks like gastropods and bivalves, the heart pumps hemolymph via
vessels into tissue spaces that are sometimes enlarged into saclike sinuses. Eventually,
hemolymph drains back to the heart. In the grasshopper, an arthropod, the dorsal tubular heart
pumps hemolymph into the dorsal aorta, which empties into the hemocoel. When the heart
contracts, openings called ostia (singular: ostium) are closed; when the heart relaxes, the
hemolymph is sucked back into the heart by the way of the ostia.
The hemolymph of a grasshopper is colorless because it does not contain hemoglobin or any
other respiratory pigment. It carries nutrients but no oxygen. Oxygen is taken to cells, and
carbon dioxide is removed from them, by way of air tubes called tracheae, which are found
throughout the body. The tracheae provide efficient transport and delivery of respiratory gases,
provide efficient transport and delivery of respiratory gases, while at the same time restricting
water loss.
Blood is seen in animals that have a closed circulatory system, in which blood does not leave
the vessels. For example, in annelids, such as earthworms, and in some mollusks, such as squid
and octopuses, blood consisting of cells and plasma is pumped by the heart into a system of
blood vessels. Valves prevent the backward flow of blood.
For instance, the earthworm has red blood that contains the respiratory pigment hemoglobin.
Hemoglobin is dissolved in the blood and is not contained within blood cells. The earthworm
has no specialized organ, such as lungs, for gas exchange with the external environment. Gas
exchange takes place across the body wall, which must always remain moist for this purpose.

In a closed circulatory system, interstitial fluid surrounding body tissues is distinct from
blood acting as the circulatory fluid.
Transport Mechanism in Vertebrates

All vertebrate animals have a closed circulatory system, which is called a cardiovascular
system (cardio, heart; vascular, vessel). It consists of a strong, muscular heart in which the atria
(singular, atrium) receive blood and the muscular ventricles pump blood through the blood
vessels. There are three kinds of blood vessels: the arteries, which carry blood away from the
heart; the veins, which return blood to the heart; and the capillaries, which exchange materials
with tissue fluid (see Fig. 11.2.3).

Fig. 11.2.3. The three types of blood vessels are arteries, veins, and capillaries. The
arterioles are the smaller arteries while venules are smaller than veins.
An artery or a vein has three distinct layers (See Fig. 11.2.4). The outer layer consists of fibrous
connective tissue, which is rich in elastic and collagen fibers. The middle layer is composed of
smooth muscle and elastic tissue. The innermost layer called the endothelium is similar to
squamous epithelium.
Fig. 11.2.4. The three distinct layers of arteries and veins are the endothelium, elastic fibers,
and connective tissue.

Arteries have thick walls, and those attached to the heart are especially resilient. They are able
to expand and accommodate the sudden increase in blood volume that results after each
heartbeat. Arterioles are small arteries whose diameter can be regulated by the nervous and
endocrine systems. Arteriole constriction and dilation affect blood pressure in general. The
greater the number of vessels dilated, the lower the blood pressure.
Arterioles branch into capillaries, which are extremely narrow, microscopic tubes with a wall
composed of only one layer of cells (see Fig. 11.2.3). Capillary beds, which consist of many
interconnected capillaries, are so prevalent that in humans, almost all cells are within 60-80
micrometers of a capillary. But only about 5% of the capillary beds are open at the same time.
After an animal has eaten, precapillary sphincters relax, and the capillary beds in the
digestive tract are usually open. During muscular exercise, the capillary beds of the muscles
are open. Capillaries, which are usually so narrow that red blood cells pass through in a single
file, allow an exchange of nutrient and waste molecules across their thin walls.
Venules as shown in
Fig. 11.2.3 and veins
collect blood from
the
capillary beds and
take
it to the heart. First,
the
venules receive
oxygen
and nutrients from
the
coronary arteries,
and
then they join to form
a
vein. The wall of a vein
is much thinner than
that of an artery, and
this may be associated
with lower blood
pressure in the veins,

valves within the veins point, or open, toward the heart, preventing backflow of blood when they
close.
Comparison of Circulatory Pathways

Two types of circulatory pathways are seen among vertebrate animals. In fishes, blood follows a
one-circuit (single-loop) circulatory pathway through the body. The heart of these organisms
has a single atrium and a single ventricle.
The pumping action of the ventricle sends blood under pressure to the gills, where gas exchange
occurs. After passing through the gills, blood returns to the dorsal aorta, which distributes blood
throughout the body. Veins return oxygen-poor blood to an enlarged chamber called the sinus
venosus that leads to the atrium. The atrium pumps blood back to the ventricle. This single
circulatory loop (see Fig. 11.2.5) has an advantage in that the gill capillaries receive oxygen-poor
blood and the capillaries of the body called systemic capillaries, receive fully oxygen-rich blood.
It is disadvantageous in that after leaving the gills, the blood is under reduced pressure.
As a result of evolutionary changes, other vertebrates have a two-circuit (double-loop)

circulatory pathway. The heart pumps blood to the tissues through a systemic circuit and also
pumps blood to the lungs through a pulmonary circuit. This double-pumping action is an
adaptation to breathing air on land.
In amphibians (see Fig. 11.2.5), the heart has two atria and a single ventricle. Oxygen-poor
blood from the systemic veins returns to the right atrium. Oxygen-rich blood returning from the
lungs passes to the left atrium. Both of the atria empty into the single ventricle. Oxygen-rich and
oxygen-poor blood are kept somewhat separate because oxygen-poor blood is pumped out of
the ventricle before the oxygen-rich blood enters. When the ventricle contracts, the division of
the main artery also helps keep the blood somewhat separated. More oxygen-rich blood is
distributed to the body and more oxygen-poor blood is delivered to the lungs, and perhaps to
the skin, for recharging with oxygen.

Fig. 11.2.5. The single-loop circulatory pathway is mostly common in fishes which has one
ventricle and one atrium. The double-loop circulatory pathway is mostly seen in reptiles,
birds, and mammals. These animals either have a three-chambered heart or
four-chambered heart.
In most reptiles, a septum partially divides the ventricle. In these animals, the mixing of
oxygen-rich and oxygen-poor blood is kept to a minimum. In crocodilians, which include both
alligators and crocodiles, the septum completely separates the ventricle. These reptiles have a
four-chambered heart. The heart of birds and mammals is also divided into left and right halves
(see Fig. 11.2.5). The right ventricle pumps blood to the lungs, and the larger left ventricle pumps
blood to the rest of the body. This arrangement provides adequate blood pressure for both the
pulmonary and systemic circuits.

How does the mechanism of circulation happen
in the human body?
The Cardiovascular System of the Human Body

In the cardiovascular system of humans, the pumping of the heart keeps blood moving
throughout the body. Skeletal muscle contraction which presses against veins is the main force
responsible for the movement of blood in the veins.
The Human Heart

The heart, which can be seen in Fig. 11.2.6, is a cone-shaped, muscular organ about the size of
a fist. It is located between the lungs directly behind the sternum (breastbone) and is tilted
so that the apex of the pointed end of the heart is oriented to the left.
The major portion of the heart, called the myocardium, consists of cardiac muscle tissue. The
myocardium receives oxygen and nutrients from the coronary arteries, not from the blood it
pumps. The muscle fibers of the myocardium are branched and tightly joined to one another at
intercalated disks.
The heart lies within the pericardium, a thick, membranous sac that secretes a small quantity
of lubricating liquid. The inner surface of the heart is lined with endocardium, a membrane
composed of connective tissue and endothelial tissue. The lining is continuous with the
endothelium lining of the blood vessels.
Internally, a wall called the septum separates the heart into the right side and the left side.
The heart has four chambers. The two upper, thin-walled atria have wrinkled, protruding
appendages called auricles. The two lower chambers are the thick-walled ventricles, which
pump the blood away from the heart.

Fig. 11.2.6. The human heart has four chambers and four valves. These structures inside the
human heart help in the proper flow of the blood during circulation.
The heart also has four valves, which direct the flow of blood. These valves also prevent the
backward movement of the blood. The two valves that lie between the atria and the ventricles
are called the atrioventricular valves. These valves are supported by strong fibrous strings
called chordae tendineae. The chordae, which are attached to the muscular projections of the
ventricular walls, support the valves and prevent them from inverting when the heart contracts.
The atrioventricular valve on the right side is called the tricuspid valve because it is three flaps
or cusps. The valve on the left side is called the bicuspid or mitral valve because it has two
flaps.
The remaining two valves are the semilunar valves. These valves are called so because their
flaps resemble half-moons, between the ventricles and their attached vessels. The pulmonary
semilunar valve lies between the right ventricle and the pulmonary trunk. The aortic
semilunar valve lies between the left ventricle and the aorta.

Signals for contraction originate at the sinoatrial (SA) node, a clump of specialized cells in the
wall of the right atrium. The SA node is known as the cardiac pacemaker because it generates
an action potential about seventy times a minute.
How does the structure of the human heart

relate to its function?
Path of the Blood Through the Heart

Both atria and then both ventricles contract simultaneously due to the presence of
intercalated disks. These disks are structures that ensure the synchronized beating of the
heart. This synchronized beating allows blood to be pumped out and can be through and out of
the heart in the following manner (see Fig. 11.2.7. for illustration):
● The superior vena cava and the inferior vena cava, which carry oxygen-poor blood that
is relatively high in carbon dioxide, empty into the right atrium.
● The right atrium sends blood through an atrioventricular valve (tricuspid valve) to the
right ventricle.
● The right ventricle sends blood through the pulmonary semilunar valve into the
pulmonary trunk and the two pulmonary arteries to the lungs.
● Four pulmonary veins, which carry oxygen-rich blood, empty into the left atrium. ● The
left atrium sends blood through an atrioventricular valve (bicuspid or mitral valve) to the
left ventricle.
● The left ventricle sends blood through the aortic semilunar valve into the aorta and to
the rest of the body.

Fig. 11.2.7. The pathway of the blood from the body through the human heart controlled by the
different valves.
From this, we can say that the oxygen-poor blood never mixes with oxygen-rich blood, and
that blood must go through the lungs in order to pass from the right side to the left side of the
heart, as is typical in a double-loop circulatory system. Because the left ventricle has the harder
job of pumping the blood to the entire body, its walls are thicker than those of the right ventricle,
which pumps blood a relatively short distance to the lungs.
People often associate oxygen-rich blood with all arteries and oxygen-poor blood with all veins.
This is mostly true with some exceptions. For example, pulmonary arteries contain oxygen-poor
blood while pulmonary veins carry oxygen-rich blood.

The pumping of the heart sends blood out under pressure into the arteries. Because the left side
of the heart is the stronger pump, blood pressure is greatest in the aorta. Blood pressure
then decreases as the cross-sectional area of arteries and then arterioles increases. Therefore, a
different mechanism is needed to move blood in the veins.
Comparison of Circulatory Circuits: Systemic and Pulmonary

As discussed, the human cardiovascular system includes two major circular circuits, the
pulmonary circuit, and the systemic circuit.
In the pulmonary circuit (see Fig. 11.2.8.), the path of the blood can be traced as follows:
Fig. 11.2.8. The pulmonary circuit collects oxygen-poor blood from all parts of the body to the lungs.
● Oxygen-poor blood from all regions of the body collects in the right atrium and then
passes into the right ventricle, which pumps it into the pulmonary trunk.
● The pulmonary trunk divides into the right and left pulmonary arteries, which carry
blood to the lungs.

● As blood passes through pulmonary capillaries in the lungs, carbon dioxide is given off
and oxygen is taken up.
● The oxygen-rich blood returns to the left atrium of the heart, through pulmonary
venules that join to form pulmonary veins.
The aorta and the venae cavae are the major blood vessels in the systemic circuit (see Fig.
11.2.9.). To trace the path of blood to any organ in the body, you may start with the left
ventricle, the proper branch of the aorta, the organ, and the vein returning blood to the vena
cava, which enters the right atrium. In the systemic circuit, arteries contain oxygen-rich
blood and appear dull red, or when viewed through the skin, blue.
Fig. 11.2.9. The systemic circuit carries oxygen-rich blood from the lungs throughout the body.

The coronary arteries are extremely important because they supply oxygen and nutrients to
the heart muscle itself. The coronary arteries are just above the aortic semilunar valve. They lie
on the exterior surface of the heart, where they branch into arterioles and then capillaries. In
the capillary beds, nutrients, wastes, and gases are exchanged between the blood and the
tissues. The capillary beds enter the venules, which join to form the cardiac veins, and these
empty into the right atrium.
Blood
Blood is considered a connective tissue with a fluid matrix. The blood of mammals has a
number of functions that help maintain homeostasis, including:
● transporting gases, nutrients, waste products, and hormones throughout the body; ●
combating pathogenic microorganisms;
● helping to maintain water balance and pH;

● regulating body temperature; and
● carrying platelets and factors that ensure clotting to prevent blood loss.
Blood has two main portions: a liquid portion called plasma, and the formed elements,
consisting of cells and platelets.
Plasma contains many types of molecules, including nutrients, wastes, salts, and hundreds of
different types of proteins (see Fig. 11.2.10.). Some of these proteins are involved in buffering
the blood, effectively keeping the pH near 7.4. They also maintain the blood’s osmotic pressure
so that water has an automatic tendency to enter blood capillaries. Several plasma proteins are
involved in blood clotting and others transport large organic molecules in the blood.
Albumin is the most plentiful of the plasma proteins, transports bilirubin, a breakdown product
of hemoglobin, and various types of lipoproteins transport cholesterol. Another very significant
group of plasma proteins are the antibodies, which are proteins produced by the immune
system in response to specific pathogens and other foreign materials.

The formed elements are of three types: red blood cells or erythrocytes, white blood cells or
leukocytes, and platelets or thrombocytes.
Fig. 11.2.10. Components of the blood
The red blood cells (RBCs) in Fig. 11.2.11, are small, biconcave disks that at maturity lack a
nucleus and contain the respiratory pigment hemoglobin. Hemoglobin contains four globin
protein chains, each associated with heme, an iron-containing group. Iron combines with
oxygen, and in this way, oxygen is carried in the blood. If the number of RBCs is insufficient,

or if the cells do not have enough hemoglobin, the individual suffers from anemia and has a
tired, run-down feeling.
side view top view
Fig. 11.2.11. The red blood cells contain hemoglobin which makes it red in color. These
formed elements lack nucleus which makes it biconcave disks.
In adults, RBCs are manufactured in the red bone marrow of the skull, the ribs, the vertebrae,
and the ends of the long bones. The hormone erythropoietin, produced by the kidneys,
stimulates RBC production. Now available as a drug, erythropoietin is helpful to persons with
anemia and is also sometimes abused by athletes who want to enhance the oxygen-carrying
capacity of their blood.

Before they are released from the bone marrow into blood, RBCs synthesize hemoglobin and
lose their nuclei. After living for about 120 days, they are destroyed chiefly in the liver and the
spleen, where they are engulfed by large phagocytic cells. When RBCs are destroyed,
hemoglobin is released. The iron is recovered and returned to the red bone marrow for reuse.
The heme portions of the molecules undergo chemical degradation and are processed by the
liver as bile pigments in the bile. The color of the feces is primarily because of the bile pigments.
White blood cells (WBCs or leukocytes) also play a vital role in the immune system. Take note
that while white blood cells are found in the circulatory system, they play no role in
oxygen or nutrient transport and are instead for immunity.
White blood cells differ from RBCs because they are larger, have a nucleus, lack hemoglobin,
and without staining appear translucent. White blood cells appear light blue with staining unless
they have granules that bind with certain stains. There are fewer RBCs than WBCs in the blood.
White blood cells can be divided into granular and agranular leukocytes. The cytoplasm of
granular leukocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils) contains spherical vesicles, or
granules (see Fig. 11.2.12.), filled with enzymes and proteins that these cells use to help defend
the body against invading microbes and other parasites.
Neutrophils (see Fig. 11.2.12.) have a multilobed nucleus, resulting in their other name,
polymorphonuclear cells. They are the most abundant of the WBCs and are able to squeeze
through capillary walls and enter the tissues, where they phagocytize and digest bacteria. The
thick, yellowish fluid called pus that develops in some bacterial infections contains mainly dead
neutrophils that have fought the infection. Basophil granules stain a deep blue and contain
inflammatory chemicals such as histamine. The prominent granules of eosinophils stain a deep
red, and these WBCs are involved in fighting parasitic worms, among other actions.

Fig. 11.2.12. The granulocytes consist of neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils.
The agranular leukocytes which are also called mononuclear cells lack obvious granules and
include the monocytes and the lymphocytes. Monocytes (see Fig. 11.2.13.) are the largest of
the WBCs, and they tend to migrate into tissues in response to chronic, ongoing infections,
where they differentiate into large phagocytic macrophages. These long-lived cells not only fight
infections directly but they also release growth factors that increase the production of different
types of WBCs by the bone marrow. Some of these factors are available for medicinal use and
may be helpful to people on chemotherapy for cancer. The third function of macrophages is to
interact with lymphocytes to help initiate the adaptive immune response.
Fig. 11.2.13. The monocytes are the largest known leukocytes which are large phagocytic
macrophages.

Lymphocytes (see Fig. 11.2.14.) are the second most common type of WBC in the blood. The
two major types of lymphocytes are the T cells and B cells. Each of these plays a distinct role in
adaptive immune responses to specific antigens. One type of T cell, the helper T cell, initiates
and influences most of the other cell types involved in adaptive immunity. The other type, the
cytotoxic T cell, attacks infected cells that contain viruses. In contrast, the main function of B
cells is to produce antibodies. Each B cell produces just one type of antibody that is specific for
one type of antigen. An antigen is a molecule that causes a specific immune response because
the immune system recognizes it as “foreign”. When antibodies combine with antigens, the
complex is often phagocytized by a macrophage.
Fig. 11.2.14. The lymphocytes have a distinct role in adaptive immunity because of T cells and
B cells.
Platelets (see Fig. 11.2.15.) result from the fragmentation of large cells called megakaryocytes,
in the red bone marrow. Platelets are produced at a rate of 200 billion a day. These formed
elements are involved in blood clotting or coagulation.

Fig. 11.2.15. The platelets are known for its important function in blood clotting.
When a blood vessel in the body is damaged, platelets clump at the site of the damaged
vessel and partially seal the leak. Platelets together with the injured tissues release a clotting
factor called prothrombin activator that converts prothrombin in the plasma to thrombin. This
reaction requires calcium ions. Thrombin, in turn, acts as an enzyme that serves two short
amino acid chains from a fibrinogen molecule, one of the proteins in plasma. These activated
fragments then join end to end, forming long threads of fibrin.
Fibrin threads plug in the damaged area of the blood vessel and provide the framework for the
clot. Red blood cells are also trapped within the fibrin threads which make the clot appear red. A
fibrin clot is present only temporarily. As soon as the blood vessel repair is initiated, an enzyme
called plasmin destroys the fibrin network and restores the fluidity of plasma.

Capillary
Exchange
Capillary exchange (see Fig. 11.2.16.) happens between a systemic capillary and tissue fluid,
the fluid between the body’s cells. Blood that enters a capillary at the arterial end is rich in
oxygen and nutrients, and it is under pressure created by the pumping of the heart. Two forces
primarily control the movement of fluid through the capillary wall: (1) osmotic pressure, which
tends to cause water to move from tissue fluid into the blood, and (2) blood pressure, which
tends to cause water to move in the opposite direction. At the arterial end of the capillary, the
osmotic pressure of blood is lower than the blood pressure. Osmotic pressure is present
because of salts and the plasma proteins. Because osmotic pressure is lower than blood
pressure at the arterial end of a capillary, water exits a capillary at this end.
Fig. 11.2.16. The capillary exchange happens in three major steps: filtration, no net
movement, and reabsorption.
Midway along the capillary (see Fig. 11.2.16.), the two forces essentially cancel each other, and
there is no net movement of water because the blood pressure is lower. Solutes now diffuse
according to their concentration gradient where oxygen and nutrients (glucose and amino
acids) diffuse out of the capillary, and carbon dioxide and wastes diffuse into the

capillary. The red blood cells and all plasma proteins remain in the capillaries. The substances
that leave the capillary contribute to tissue fluid, the fluid between the body’s cells. Because the
plasma proteins are large to pass out of the capillary, tissue fluid contains all components of
plasma but has much lower amounts of protein.
Since the blood pressure has fallen at the venule end of the capillary, osmotic pressure is
greater than blood pressure, and water tends to move into the capillary. The same amount of
fluid that left the capillary returns to it (see Fig. 11.2.16.). Tissue fluid contained within lymphatic
vessels is called lymph. The lymph is returned to the systemic venous blood.
Did You Know?

What is the difference between donating whole blood and donating
plasma?
A person who “gives blood” donates 450 to 500 milliliters (about a

pint) of blood to a non-profit blood bank. After being screened for
disease-causing agents, the blood may go to patients who need
transfusions following trauma or surgery. However, the blood is
separated into its components, such as red blood cells, platelets, or
clotting proteins. In this way, a single blood donation can help several
patients.
Plasma donation is another option. In this process, a machine

separates out the plasma from a donor’s blood. The red blood cells
are returned to the donor. The plasma center sells the plasma to
pharmaceutical companies, which use it to manufacture treatments
for hemophilia, hepatitis, and other diseases.

Key Points
___________________________________________________________________________________________
● The circulatory system is responsible for the movement of fluids between various parts of the body. It
transports oxygen and nutrients, such as glucose and amino acids, to their cells. It also removes wastes,
which are later excreted from the body by the lungs or kidneys.
● Invertebrates without circulatory systems have a gastrovascular cavity that is lined with specialized cells.
● Invertebrates with circulatory systems can either have an open circulatory system where the hemolymph is
distributed to all other tissues. While in a closed circulatory system, the body distributes blood to the
pulmonary and systemic circulatory circuits.
● The heart is a cone-shaped, muscular organ about the size of a fist. It is located between the lungs
directly behind the sternum (breastbone) and is tilted so that the apex.
● Blood is considered a connective tissue with a fluid matrix. It has numerous functions in the body. It is
composed of plasma and formed elements such as RBCs, WBCs, and platelets.
● Capillary exchange happens between a systemic capillary and tissue fluid, the fluid between the body’s
cells. Two forces primarily control the movement of fluid through the capillary wall: (1) osmotic pressure and
(2) blood pressure.
___________________________________________________________________________________________ 11.2. Transport and Circulation in

Animals 27

Check Your Understanding
A. Identify the terms being described by the following statements.
1. It refers to the major portion of the heart that receives oxygen and nutrients from the
coronary arteries.
2. It is a blood vessel that has thicker walls to accommodate the sudden increase in the
volume of blood.
3. These blood vessels drain blood from the arteries.

4. It is a component of blood that contains proteins that are involved in buffering the blood.
5. It is a type of circuit that collects oxygen-poor blood from all regions of the body to the
lungs.
B. Write true if the statement is correct and false if it is not.
1. The circulatory system ensures that there is a steady supply of oxygen and nutrients,
and the wastes of the body are constantly removed.
2. Both hemolymph and blood are present in animals with a closed circulatory system.
3. Some animals that do not have circulatory systems have a gastrovascular cavity that
contains specialized cells.
4. Hemoglobin is a respiratory pigment that is dissolved in the blood which gives the blood
its color.
5. All arteries carry oxygen-rich blood.

6. Organisms that follow a single circulatory pathway have a heart with one atrium and one
ventricle.
7. The double loop circulatory pathway contains only the systemic circuit during circulation.
8. The septum separates the heart into the right side and left side.
9. Valves are present in the heart to permit the entry of oxygen and nutrients in the blood.

10. Capillary exchange happens between a systemic capillary and tissue fluid.
C. Provide the possible consequence should the following events take place.
1. The sinoatrial node of the heart fails to function.

2. The walls of the left ventricle are not thicker.
3. Hemoglobin is not present in the blood.
4. The human heart is not four-chambered.
5. There is no osmotic pressure during the capillary exchange.
Challenge Yourself
Compare and contrast the following.
1. Hemolymph and blood

2. Open circulatory system and closed circulatory system
3. Single circulatory pathway and double circulatory pathway
4. Systemic Circulation and Pulmonary Circulation
5. Agranular leukocytes and granular leukocytes
Photo Credits
Monocytes by Domdomegg is licensed under CC-BY SA 4.0 via Wikimedia Commons.
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia by Bibi Saint-Pol is licensed under CC-BY SA 3.0 via Wikimedia
Commons.
Bibliography
Hoefnagels, Marielle. Biology: The Essentials. 2nd ed. McGraw-Hill Education. 2016. Mader,
Sylvia S., and Michael Windelspecht. Biology. 11th ed. McGraw-Hill Education. 2014.

Reece, Jane B, Martha R. Taylor, Eric J. Simon, Jean L. Dickey, and Kelly Hogan. Biology Concepts
and Connections. 8th ed. Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd. 2016.
Simon, Eric J., and Jane B. Reece. Campbell Essential Biology. 5th ed. Pearson Education Inc.,
2013.
Starr, Cecie, Christine A. Evers, and Lisa Starr. Biology Applications and Concepts. 8th ed. Cengage
Learning Asia, Pte. Ltd. 2012.
Starr, Cecie, Christine A. Evers, and Lisa Starr. Biology: Today and Tomorrow. 4th ed. Cengage
Learning Asia Pte. Ltd., 2014.

Bio2 11 - 12 Q4 1102 FD

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Bio2 11 - 12 Q4 1102 FD

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Bio2 11 - 12 Q4 1102 FD

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Unit 11: Plant and Animal Organ Systems and Processes: Transport/Circulation and

Regulation of Body Fluids

Introduction 1 Learning Objectives 2 Warm Up 2

Learn about It! 3 Transport Mechanism in Invertebrates 4 Invertebrates with No Circulatory

Key Points 27 Check Your Understanding 28 Challenge Yourself 29 Photo Credits 29

Unit 11: Plant and Animal Organ Systems and Processes:

11.2. Transport and Circulation in Animals 1

Unit 11: Plant and Animal Organ Systems and Processes:

● Differentiate the types of circulatory

● Describe the structure and function of

11.2. Transport and Circulation in Animals 2

Unit 11: Plant and Animal Organ Systems and Processes:

4. Answer the guide questions afterward.

Learn about It!

11.2. Transport and Circulation in Animals 3

Unit 11: Plant and Animal Organ Systems and Processes:

Transport Mechanism in Invertebrates

Another example of a flatworm is the planarians. In planarians, a trilobed gastrovascular

11.2. Transport and Circulation in Animals 4

Invertebrates with Circulatory System

11.2. Transport and Circulation in Animals 5

Unit 11: Plant and Animal Organ Systems and Processes:

Unit 11: Plant and Animal Organ Systems and Processes:

Transport Mechanism in Vertebrates

11.2. Transport and Circulation in Animals 7

Unit 11: Plant and Animal Organ Systems and Processes:

and connective tissue.

11.2. Transport and Circulation in Animals 8

Unit 11: Plant and Animal Organ Systems and Processes:

Unit 11: Plant and Animal Organ Systems and Processes:

Comparison of Circulatory Pathways

As a result of evolutionary changes, other vertebrates have a two-circuit (double-loop)

Unit 11: Plant and Animal Organ Systems and Processes:

11.2. Transport and Circulation in Animals 11

The Cardiovascular System of the Human Body

The Human Heart

11.2. Transport and Circulation in Animals 12

Unit 11: Plant and Animal Organ Systems and Processes:

How does the structure of the human heart

Path of the Blood Through the Heart

Unit 11: Plant and Animal Organ Systems and Processes:

11.2. Transport and Circulation in Animals 15

Comparison of Circulatory Circuits: Systemic and Pulmonary

11.2. Transport and Circulation in Animals 16

Unit 11: Plant and Animal Organ Systems and Processes:

11.2. Transport and Circulation in Animals 17

Unit 11: Plant and Animal Organ Systems and Processes:

● helping to maintain water balance and pH;

11.2. Transport and Circulation in Animals 18

Unit 11: Plant and Animal Organ Systems and Processes:

11.2. Transport and Circulation in Animals 19

Unit 11: Plant and Animal Organ Systems and Processes:

11.2. Transport and Circulation in Animals 20

Unit 11: Plant and Animal Organ Systems and Processes:

11.2. Transport and Circulation in Animals 21

Unit 11: Plant and Animal Organ Systems and Processes:

11.2. Transport and Circulation in Animals 22

Unit 11: Plant and Animal Organ Systems and Processes:

11.2. Transport and Circulation in Animals 23