Rynie Intership Report

UNIVERSITY INSTITUTE OF THE GULF OF GUINEA
P.0. Box: 12489 Douala-Cameroon Fax (237) 233 428 902
Tel: (237) 233 43 04 52/ 233 37 50 60
Website: www.Iug-univ.com
E.C
EMMA CONSTRUCTION SARL
ACADEMIC INTERNSHIP REPORT ON
CONSTRUCTION PROCESSES OF STRUCTURAL

ELEMENTS (R.C. PILLARS AND BEAMS)
(Case of: G+5 Building at CAMRAIL-Douala)
An Internship carried out from 04/06/2023-04/08/2023 at
EMMA CONSRUCTION SARL Douala-Cameroon

As partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the
SPECIALITY: CIVIL ENGINEERING

OPTION: BUILDING SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
LEVEL: TWO (II)
Written and presented by:
NKWENTI RYNIE DETRICH CHO

Under the supervision of:
Academic supervisor Professional supervisor
MR KILA SYLVESTER KILA MR EMMANUEL
M.sc Civil Engineering C.E.O of E.C SARL

CONSTRUCTION PROCESSES OF STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS (BEAMS & PILLARS)
CERTIFICATIONS-LETTER OF APPROVAL
This internship written by NKWENTI RYNIE DETRICH CHO under the supervision
of MR KILA SYLVESTER KILA and approved by the member of jury has been
submitted and accepted by IUG-ISTA as partial fulfillment of the requirement for the
award of the HIGHER NATIONAL DIPLOMA (HND) in the department of CIVIL
ENGINEERING under the option of Building Science And Technology for the year
2023/2024.
Head of Department
Names: Dr. Eng. Guillaume POHSIE
Date……………………………...........
Signature………………………...........
SUPERVISORS
Academic Supervisor Professional Supervisor
Names: MR KILA SYLVESTER Names: MR EMMANUEL
Date……………………………... Date……………………………...
Signature……………………….. Signature………………………..
JURY
Members of Jury Signatures
PRESIDENT………………………………... Signature………………………..
MEMBER…………………………………… Signature………………………..
MEMBER…………………………………… Signature………………………..
Researched, Prepared and Presented by: NKWENTI RYNIE DETRICH CHO

I
Civil Engineering student IUG DOUALA-ISTA
DEDICATION
TO
MY LOVELY
Family

II
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Firstly, a special thank you to my academic supervisor, Mr. KILA Sylvester for his
mentorship and advice throughout the preparation of this piece of work.
Next, to the founder of IUG late Mr. Louis Marie DJAMBOU for the outstanding
establishment he established and for taking a great step to make our country a better place for
learning and development.
Also, to the current President of IUG Mr. Cedric Steve DJAMBOU, thank you for keeping
this establishment in very good conditions.
To the Director of ISTA Dr. FANJIP Rene Constant, thank you for managing and piloting
the affairs of the school to a higher level.
I want to say thank you to the head of department Dr. Eng. Guillaume POHSIE, for always
controlling and maintaining peace in the civil engineering department.
In addition, I say a big thank you to the team which received and trained me throughout this
period.
Also, I say a big thank you to my lecturers Mr. PHONCHU Claret, Mr. NKWEYA
Francis, Mr. AGANDEH Elvis, Mrs. TENDONGFOR Lydia and the entire IUG staff for
their professional assistance, advice, motivation and support throughout my studies.
I will love to say thank you to my entire family especially my parents Mr NKWENTI
Gilbonth, Mme. Sylvie NJUM and my aunty Mme. FRI Brendaline for their academic
support and advice.
I thank the almighty GOD for his endless and supernatural love which kept me strong and
healthy as I started my internship process. His love and blessings gave me the courage to face
my fears while I walked through my internship path.
Without forgetting I say thank you to all my classmates and friends for their love and support.

III
ABSTRACT
Internship is an experience where students studying in different fields of life such as;
Engineering, Medicine, Banking, etc. are given the opportunity to put into practice the
theory learned in school. As a civil engineering second year student, specialized in Building
science and technology, this academic internship was carried for eight weeks at Emma
construction sarl Douala-Cameroon. After the completion, this Internship Report which is
divided into four chapters, titled construction processes of structural elements (pillars and
beams), and written under the supervision of Mr kila sylvester, aims to give out the various
methods involved in the construction of structural elements (pillars and beams), including
some of the difficulties I faced. Firstly, chapter one talks about the historical background of
the enterprise. Emma construction SARL has fifteen workers; it was created in 2020, by
Mr. Emmanuel with an initial capital of one million francs. Next, in chapter two, its main
aim was to highlight some of the weekly activities and the details on the different task carried
out which includes; formwork making, reinforcement, concreting and masonry works.
Furthermore, chapter three, focuses on the theme; “construction processes of structural
elements (pillars and beams)”. Structural elements include slabs, stairs, beams, lintels and
frames which together transmit the loads of the building to the foundation. Finally, chapter
four contains; the balance sheet of the enterprise which stated some problems, we
encountered while working on site such as; financial problems and technical difficulties.
Also, in this chapter, I listed out some of the company’s strengths like; their quality
services, good equipment, and their good teamwork. Although, I also listed out some of the
company’s weaknesses; like poor site installation, poor food and water services, and no
payment of overtime to workers, I also recommended that; the enterprise should improve on
their site installations, refectories and also, pay workers for overtime. The bibliography
highlights; concrete lecture Notes by Mr. Ponchu, and design for reinforced concrete. To
conclude, this internship was a very great experience which, I learned how to produce
reinforcement for pillars, beams and slabs, fabricate formwork, cast beams, lintels and slabs.
Key words:
Construction processes, Structural element, Beams and Pillars.

IV
RESUME
Le stage est une expérience où les étudiants étudient dans différents domaines de la vie
tels que ; L’ingénierie, la médecine, la banque, etc. ont la possibilité de mettre en
pratique la théorie apprise à l’école. Etudiant en deuxième année de génie civil,
spécialisé en science et technologie du bâtiment, ce stage académique s’est déroulé
pendant huit semaines chez Emma construction sarl Douala-Cameroun. Après
l’achèvement, ce rapport de stage qui est divisé en quatre chapitres, intitulés processus de
construction d’éléments structurels (piliers et poutres), et rédigé sous la supervision de M.
Kila Sylvester, vise à donner les différentes méthodes impliquées dans la construction
d’éléments structurels (piliers et poutres), y compris certaines des difficultés que j’ai
rencontrées. Tout d’abord, le premier chapitre traite du contexte historique de l’entreprise.
Emma construction SARL compte une quinzaine d’ouvriers ; elle a été créée en 2020, par M.
Emmanuel avec un capital initial d’un million de francs. Ensuite, dans le deuxième chapitre,
son objectif principal était de mettre en évidence certaines des activités hebdomadaires et les
détails sur les différentes tâches effectuées, notamment : Travaux de coffrage, d’armature, de
bétonnage et de maçonnerie. De plus, le chapitre trois se concentre sur le thème ; « Processus
de construction d’éléments structurels (piliers et poutres) ».Les éléments structurels
comprennent les dalles, les escaliers, les poutres, les linteaux et les charpentes qui, ensemble,
transmettent les charges du bâtiment aux fondations. Enfin, le chapitre quatre contient : le
bilan de l’entreprise qui fait état de certains problèmes, que nous avons rencontrés en
travaillant sur le site tels que ; problèmes financiers et des difficultés techniques. De plus,
dans ce chapitre, j’ai énuméré certains des points forts de l’entreprise comme ; Leurs services
de qualité, leur bon équipement et leur bon travail d’équipe. Cependant, j’ai également
énuméré certaines des faiblesses de l’entreprise ; comme une mauvaise installation du site,
des services de nourriture et d’eau médiocres et l’absence de paiement des heures
supplémentaires aux travailleurs, j’ai également recommandé que ; L’entreprise devrait
améliorer ses installations sur le site, ses réfectoires et également payer les travailleurs pour
les heures supplémentaires. La bibliographie met en évidence ; notes de cours sur le béton par
M. Ponchu, et conception pour le béton armé. Pour conclure, ce stage a été une très belle
expérience au cours de laquelle, j’ai appris à produire des armatures pour des piliers, des
poutres et des dalles, à fabriquer des coffrages, des poutres coulées, des linteaux et des dalles.
Mots clés : Processus de construction, Elément structurel, Poutres et

piliers.

V
PREFACE
For the educational level of Cameroonian Youths to push further, it is permitted by the
Ministerial Degree N 90/E/50/MINEDUC/ET on December 24, 1971 the creation of
educational institution on the national territory of Cameroon. Also, in view of making
Cameroonian Technicians more competitive, the decree N 90/030 of February 18 1992
was adopted. Reformed universities permitted the creation of Educational Institutions among
which the University Institute of the Gulf of Guinea (IUG). Since its creation in 1993, the
advanced school of management has been striving to answer the urgent calls of economic
operators in need of foremen and managerial staff. Studies carried out on them have clearly
shown that these operators were asking for a training system whose purpose was to serve the
public. They were expressing the need for another training system.
We should also take into consideration that the private sector was and is still booming,
needing competent training not only based on New technology requirements but also on
logistic. Therefore, attention was to be given to all these requirements and was to be done
gradually. So the University Institute of the Gulf of Guinea in its own way to meet the
requirements of the country created the following schools to train students in different
sectors:
 ESG (L’ ECOLE SUPERIEUR DE GESTION) – French was created in 1993.
 ESG (HIGHER SCHOOL OF MANAGEMENT) – English section was created in
2006 with the launching of the National Diploma.
This part of training scheme was created to help students from the English
subsystem of education wishing to pursue their studies in management of
enterprises.
 ISTA (L’INSTITUT SUPERIEUR DES TECHNOLOGY ADVANCEE)
 HIGHER INSTITUTE OF ADVANCED TECHNOLOGY created in 2002.
 ISA (L’INSTITUT SUPERIEUR DES SCIENCE APPLIQUE)
The University Institute of the Gulf of Guinea is one of the first bilingual universities to
be established in Cameroon. Since its creation, in 1993 it has being training students in
different sectors and has established three different schools in order to better train this
youths for in better learning conditions and environment.
Its three schools (ISTA, ESG and ISTA) all have very good infrastructures and they are all
located at PK-8 BASSA DOUALA and welcomes students and teachers from all the
different parts of the national territory and internationally irrespective of their language or
color. Students been admitted into any of IUG’s schools must have at least a GCE A/L.

VI
IUG in its three schools train students in the three professional cycles as listed below.
HND CYCLE
ISTA;
Department of Telecommunications and Networks
 Network and Security
 Telecommunication
Department of Electrical Power System
Department of civil engineering
 Department of Building Science and Technology
 Public Works
Department of Computer Engineering
 Software Engineering
 Hardware Maintenance
 Industrial Computing and Automation
Department of Fashion
ESG:
 Department of Assistant manager
 Department of Accountancy
 Department of Banking and Finance
 Department of Marketing-Trade sales
 Logistics and Transport Management
 Information System Management
 Human Resources Management
 International Trade
 Corporate Communication

VII
ISA
 Department of Nursing Science
 Department of Midwifery
 Department of Medical Diagnostic, Imaging and Radiation Therapy
 Department of Pharmacy Technology
 Department of Physiotherapy
 Department of Dental Therapy
 Department of Laboratory Technology
Professional Bachelor’s
 Telecommunications
 Civil Engineering
 Electrical Power System
IUG also offers post graduate programs in the following fields to better train students
who after obtaining their degree which to further their studies in the following fields of
learning.
Professional Master’s
 Civil Engineering
 Electrical Engineering
 Electronics and Industrial Computing
 Thermal Engineering, Energy and Environmental Management
 Electromechanical Engineering
 Quality Health Safety Environment
 Automotive Technology

VII
Civil Engineering student IUG DOUALA-ISTA I
Contents
CERTIFICATIONS-LETTER OF APPROVAL ................................................................. I
DEDICATION......................................................................................................................... II
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT .................................................................................................... III
ABSTRACT ........................................................................................................................... IV
RESUME ................................................................................................................................. V
PREFACE .............................................................................................................................. VI
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ............................................................................................. XII
LIST OF FIGURES ............................................................................................................. XII
LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................................... XII
GENERAL INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND OF STUDIES .............................. 2
I.1. Definition of Academic Internship ............................................................................... 2
I.2.The Attestation of an Academic Internship ................................................................. 2
CHAPTER ONE: Presentation of enterprise ........................................................................ 3
Section I: General presentation .......................................................................................... 3
1.1. Historical background of the enterprise .............................................................. 3
1.2. Location plan of the Enterprise ............................................................................ 4
1.3. Organogram of the company: .............................................................................. 5
CHAPTER TWO: REVIEW OF INTERNSHIP ACTIVITIES ......................................... 7
2.1. Internship activities ....................................................................................................... 7
2.2. Evaluation of Internship ............................................................................................. 11
CHAPTER THREE: Case Study: ........................................................................................ 12
3.1 General introduction: .................................................................................................. 12
3.2. Literature review on structural elements (what are structural elements) ............... 12
3.2.1. Definition of structural elements ......................................................................... 12
3.2.2. Types of structural elements used in construction ............................................ 12
3.2.3. Functions of structural elements in buildings .................................................... 13

IX
3.3. Literature review on Beams ....................................................................................... 15
3.3.1. Introduction .......................................................................................................... 15
3.3.1. Definition of beams .......................................................................................... 15
3.3.2. Characteristics of beams ................................................................................. 15
3.3.4. Types of Beams used in construction .................................................................. 15
3.3.5. Calculation of beams ............................................................................................ 16
3.3.6. Types of loads on beams ....................................................................................... 16
3.3.4.1. Reinforce concrete beams ................................................................................. 17
3.3.7. The Realization Procedure of Reinforced Concrete Beams ............................. 19
3.4. Literature review of pillars (columns) ................................................................... 23
3.4.1. Introduction: ......................................................................................................... 23
3.4.1. Definition of columns ....................................................................................... 23
3.4.2. Function of columns in buildings ................................................................... 23
3.4.3. Types of Columns in civil engineering ........................................................... 23
3.4.7.1 Reinforced Concrete Pillars: ................................................................................. 24
3.4.7.1.1. Purpose and Function .................................................................................. 24
3.4.7.1.2. Design Considerations .................................................................................... 25
3.4.7.1.3. Braced vs. Un-braced Columns ..................................................................... 25
3.4.7.1.4. Construction ................................................................................................. 25
3.4.7.1.5. Materials Used for realizing RC Columns: .................................................. 26
3.4.7.1.6. Design Considerations: ................................................................................ 26
3.4.7.1.7. Construction procedure of RC columns .................................................... 26
CHAPTER FOUR: Balance sheet of the Internship with the Enterprise ........................ 28
4.1. Problems I encountered during my internship......................................................... 28
4.1.1. Some problems faced while working as a site technician.................................. 28
4.2. Strengths and Weaknesses of the Enterprise............................................................ 29
4.2.1. Strengths of the enterprise ................................................................................... 29

X
4.2.2. Weaknesses of the enterprise ............................................................................... 31
4.3. Total evaluation of Internship.................................................................................... 31
SUMMARY ............................................................................................................................ 34
RECOMMENDATIONS....................................................................................................... 35
1. Recommendations to the company ............................................................................ 35
2. Recommendations to the Institution ......................................................................... 35
CONCLUSION ...................................................................................................................... 36
BIBLIOGRAPHY .................................................................................................................. 37
APPENDIX ............................................................................................................................. 38

XI
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
E.C: Emma Construction
R.C: Reinforced concrete
CAMRAIL: Cameroon Railway
HA: High Adherence Steel
CAD: Computer Aided Drawing
DPC: Damp Proof Course
ISO: International Standard Organisation
Cm: Centimeter
m: meters
MPA: Mega Pascal
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1: background of enterprise........................................................................................ 3

Figure 2: Location plan of enterprise..................................................................................... 4
Figure 3: Presentation of the Emma Construction SARL ................................................... 5
Figure 4: Structural elements of a building......................................................................... 12
Figure 5: point load on a beam ............................................................................................. 16
Figure 6: Distributed load on a beam .................................................................................. 16
Figure 7: uniformly variable load ........................................................................................ 16
Figure 8: columns ................................................................................................................... 23
Figure 9: reinforced concrete pillars (columns) .................................................................. 24
Figure 10: kicker pillar layout .............................................................................................. 27
Figure 11: Picture taken while casting staircase ................................................................. 38
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1: internship activities ................................................................................................. 10
Table 2: internship activities ..................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

XII
GENERAL INTRODUCTION AND

BACKGROUND OF STUDIES
Prepared and Presented by: NKWENTI RYNIE DETRICH CHO

1
GENERAL INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND OF STUDIES

The HND (HIGHER NATIONAL DIPLOMA) is basically a two year studying program
which students take starting from the first year of studies in a particular field. During the first
year, the students are expected to carry out an academic internship for a minimum duration of
one month under the supervision of a well-trained and competent enterprise which offers
services corresponding to that which the student is studying in school. During this period, the
students have as objective to practice and see the importance of their field of studies to
humans, the working conditions in which they will experience after their studies, the various
activities involved in their working places and other things that were not explained in school.
I.1. Definition of Academic Internship
An academic internship is an experience that students studying in a particular field are

expected to participate or take part in the activities involved in their field of studies in order
to upgrade and improve on their professional skills and become better practitioners of in that
field. Before this internship, students are expected to drop their applications in different legal
and state recognized establishments such as enterprises, companies, factories and institutions.
At the end of the training they are being evaluated based on their physical and mental
performances and are certified by the education board based on their results.
I.2.The Attestation of an Academic Internship

After receiving professional training which is the main reason and aim of the Internship, an
attestation is handed to the student to attest to the fact that the student is competent and has
completed a professional training course in a legal and recognized firm. The attestation
contains the name of the student, the start date of the training, the end date, the name of the
supervisor, the company name and the company location. This attestation will be a great tool
for the student in the future to proof his/her competence in a particular field of work.
At the end of the training, the student is required to write an internship Report which is a
document that contains his entire Internship experience, what he/she did throughout the
period and the problems they faced during the Internship period.
Throughout my internship period, at EMMA CONSTRUCTION SARL, from the 4th of

June to the 4th of August, I was able to experience so many real life problems involved in the
civil engineering field which I had never experience in school.

2
CHAPTER ONE: Presentation of enterprise

Section I: General presentation
1.1. Historical background of the enterprise
EC
Emma Construction
EMMA CONSTRUCTION SARL is a civil engineering firm based in Douala, the
economic capital of Cameroon. They are specialized in building and construction and they
offer construction services across all cities in the national territory but they are mostly based
in Douala because the high demand for their services here. The firm was created in 2020 by
MR EMMANUEL, a Cameroonian civil engineer and technician who after working in the
field for more than ten years decided to take a great path in creating a firm which will reduce
unemployment and also give a chance to young Cameroonians to build their dream homes.
The firm was created with the aim of offering to clients the best building services in the
region. In the recent years, The EMMA CONSTRUCTION firm has successfully achieved
some successful construction projects which has really influenced the population as they have
seen their competence and are willing to pay for their services. With its well qualified and
competent team, they offer all the some services that make up the construction industry and
some of these services include; construction, finishing and estimates.
SOCIAL STATUS SERVICE PROVISION
NAME AND LOGO EMMA CONSTRUCTION SARL
DATE OF 2020, Douala, Cameroon.

CREATION,HEADQUARTER
TELEPHONE (+237) 682 48 49 60
EMAIL
NAME OF DIRECTOR Eng. EMMANUEL
ACTIVITIES EXECUTION OF WORK ON SITE
STRUCTURE LIMITED COMPANY
CAPITAL 1 000 000 FCFA

ENROLMENT 15 EMPLOYEES
Figure 1: background of enterprise

3
1.2. Location plan of the Enterprise

1.2.1. Road map to the enterprise
To Carrefour AGIP To Ndokoti

To CAMRAIL
CAMRAIL Douala
EMMA CONSTRUCTION
FIRM
CAMRAIL STADIUM
Figure 2: Location plan of enterprise

4
1.3. Organogram of the company:

Presentation of Emma Construction firm
Managing
Director/ CEO
Structural Architect &

Engineer Drafts man
Site Project Site

Accountant Manager Supervisor
Site
Foreman
Technicians &
Laborers
Figure 3: Presentation of the Emma Construction SARL

5
REVIEW OF INTERSHIP
ACTIVITIES

6
CHAPTER TWO: REVIEW OF INTERNSHIP ACTIVITIES

2.1. Internship activities
As a civil engineering student, my academic internship program was aimed to give me a
chance to explore and work in a construction firm as a structural engineer and site technician.
Throughout my internship at EMMA CONSTRUCTION SARL, I worked as a site
technician. Some my functions as the site technician in the firm were;
1. Carrying out some construction works such as;

 Site inspection and clearance
 Soil excavation works both manual and mechanical
 Concrete works
 Block Masonry works
 Rod bending of pillars, beams and reinforcement positioning
 Formwork fabrication and formwork striking works
2. As site technician I worked according to the engineers and architect’s instructions.
3. I realized the structure with the various materials needed.
More to that, during my internship, I also worked as a site laborer and it was also a great
experience sharing the tasks with the laborers on site and assisting in some of the most
difficult tasks on site which requires a lot of energy and techniques. While working, I could
collect some of my functions and duties that I was given being on the construction site. Some
of them include the following,
I. I supplied materials to the various site technicians.

II. I batched and mixed materials as prescribed by the engineers.
III. I transported materials and equipment to the site on daily bases.
My internship gave me the possibility of experiencing some of the activities carried out by
site technicians and practicing them. After the training I now possess the techniques and
capacities of a site technician and I can work in many construction projects as site technician.
In this chapter, the main objective is to highlight some of the activities which I carried out
throughout my internship period. As I had the opportunity to engage myself in several
projects and tasks on the field, it is important to list some of them here in order to make a
better report.

7
DATES ACTIVITIES CARRIED OUT ON SITE Tools

ON DAILY BASES AND THEIR DESCRIPTIONS used

th
4 June Introduction to place of work, workers and supervisors Hammer, wood
 Assembling of equipment for work saw, nail bar,
 Realization of formwork for the 3th floor of the tape.
structure
5th June  Realization of formwork for the 3th floor of the structure Hammer, wood
To using seasoned wood. saw, nail bar,
10th June tape.
12th June  Rod bending and reinforcement placement Hammer, metal
To saw, nail bar,
13th June pincer, tape
14th June  Casting of rib beams with RC Hammer, wood
To Design mix of 25MPA (1:1:1.5) saw, nail bar,
17th June tape.
19th June  Mold removal from rib beam formwork Hammer, wood
To  Placing of rib beams saw, nail bar,
20th June tape.
21st June  Placing of precast rib beams Hammer, metal
To  Hollow block placing saw, nail bar,
23th June tape.
24th June  Hollow block placing Hammer, metal
 Positioning of rib beams saw, nail bar,
tape.
26th June  Realization of half turn staircase with two flights from Hammer, metal
To the 3th to the fourth floor of the building. saw, nail bar,
28th June  Preparing materials such as wood and concrete materials tape, wood
to be used for the stair fabrication. saw.
 The stair was designed according to the dimensions Spirit level.
R=15cm & G=30cm
29th June  Iron bending and calculation of stair reinforcement Hammer, metal
To  Reinforcement for staircase with HA D14 saw, nail bar,
30th June  Placing of Staircase main reinforcement tape, wood saw

8
3rd July  Concreting of stair using a manual method Hammer,

To Concreting was done with use of buckets for transportation trowel, line,
th
4 July and vibrated manually to reduce the voids in the concrete. spirit level.
5th July  Reinforcement for hollow block slab with rods of Hammer, metal
To diameter 6mm and binding wire saw, nail bar,
6th July  Anchoring of steel bars and verification. tape, wood saw
7th July  Concreting of hollow floor slab by manual process Shovels,
To Concrete was transported with the use of a step scaffold trowels, floats,
8th July from ground level to the floor which was casted. lines.
10th July  Transportation of materials (sand, gravel and cement) Buckets,
To To the construction site for the realization of reinforced shovels,
11th July concrete pillars with the use of buckets and shovels. Wheel barrows
12th July  Fabrication of Formwork for pillars with wood Hammer, metal
To  Positioning of reinforcements for pillars on the required saw, nail bar,
13th July positions to be casted. tape, wood saw
14th July  Batching and mixing of concrete following design mix Buckets,
To of 25MPA (1:1.5:1.5) shovels,
15th July  Casting of reinforced concrete (RC) pillars Wheel barrows
17th July  Casting of reinforced concrete pillars Buckets,
To Length= 40cm width= 15cm height= 300cm shovels,
19th July Wheel barrows

th
20 July Casting of reinforced concrete pillars Buckets,
To shovels,
Length= 40cm width= 15cm height= 300cm
shovels,
Wheel barrows
To shovels,
To shovels,

9
28th July  Transportation of blocks to site for construction of Wheel barrows

To masonry walls (15x20x40) 60liters
th capacity
29 July
31st July  Transportation of blocks to site for construction of Wheel barrows
To masonry walls (15x20x40) 60liters
capacity
1stAugust
2ndAugust  Transportation of blocks (15x20x40) to site for Wheel barrows
construction of masonry walls 60liters
capacity
3rdAugust  Transportation of blocks to site for construction of Trowels,
masonry walls shovels, tapes,
 Batching and mixing of mortar to ratio 1:6 according to lines, spirit
the Engineer’s design recommendations levels, plumb
The batching ratio 1:6 is one of the most common bobs, wooden
design mixtures for cement mortar and it stands for a saw, floats.
batching proportion of 1 part of cement to 6 equal
parts of well sieved cement for the mortar which will be
used for the construction of all the block walls on site
 Block wall masonry with the use of blocks of dimension
(15x20x40) cm.
 The designed height of the wall according to the
architect’s design is 3m high.
4thAugust  Finalization of some block walls remaining Trowels,
 Transportation of blocks for masonry walls construction shovels, tapes,
 Batching and mixing of mortar lines, spirit
 Block wall masonry with the use of blocks of dimension levels, plumb
(15x20x40) cm. bobs, wooden
 Finalization of my work saw, floats.
 Arrangement of tools used throughout the working

process
 Cleaning of used tools
 Cleaning of site for beam reinforcement placing
Table 1: internship activities

10
2.2. Evaluation of Internship

After completing my ACADEMIC internship at EMMA CONSTRUCTION SARL, I
have gathered so much knowledge and skills which has may me realize how the civil
engineering field operates and how to interact with other persons in the field. Some of the
things I have learned include:
 Entrepreneurial skills
 Building plan and conception skills (using CAD programs such as AutoCAD)
 Quantity surveying skills
 Technical working skills
 Communication skills
With these skills, I am able to carry out some works such as;
 Concrete works
 Excavation works
 Finishing works
 Reinforcement works
 Formwork fabrication
With all these competence, I wish to continue perfecting them as I continue my education and
I also wish to keep learning and realizing other projects so as to become a more qualified
civil engineer to the society.
More to that I have being able to make errors and be corrected by professionals who have
more experience and competence in the civil engineering field.
Though I experienced a lot of difficulties throughout this training period, but I think the
overall experience obtained was a positive one and could be used in the future for similar
cases and domains.
Also, with the help of the entire EMMA CONSTRUCTION SARL, I was given all the
attention, affection and motivation which I needed in order to achieve this huge learning
objective.

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CHAPTER THREE: Case Study:
3.1 General introduction:
Figure 4: Structural elements of a building
In civil engineering, it is very important to consider the stability of the structure while
designing the building. During the designing of the structure, the engineers in partnership
with the architects are responsible for designing the members which transfers the loads of the
building to the soil. Some of these members are known as structural elements and their sizes
and dimensions play an important role in the stability and safety of the structure.
3.2. Literature review on structural elements (what are structural

elements)
3.2.1. Definition of structural elements

Structural components typically include beams, columns, walls, floors, roofs, foundation
footings, and other elements that contribute to the overall stability and strength of the
construction. These components are often made from steel, concrete, wood, or a combination
of other construction materials.
3.2.2. Types of structural elements used in construction
In the realm of Civil engineering, Structural elements play a crucial role in creating robust
and stable constructions. Let’s delve into some of the key components which are frequently
used in our construction today:
1. Beams: Beams are structural members with significantly greater longitudinal dimensions
than lateral dimensions. They are loaded in the longitudinal direction and can have various
cross-sectional shapes, such as rectangular, circular, or triangular. Standard sections like
channels, tees, angles, and I-sections are also common for beams
2. Columns and Tension Structures:
o Columns: These vertical members endure axial compression. They are also known as struts
or stanchions. Columns can have circular, square, or rectangular cross sections.
o Tension Structures: These elements handle tensile forces. Examples include cables and
suspension bridges.

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3. Frames: Frames consist of interconnected beams and columns. They provide stability and
load distribution in structures like buildings and bridges.
4. Trusses: Trusses are assemblies of interconnected bars (usually triangular) that efficiently
transfer loads. They find use in roofs, bridges, and other structures.
5. Foundations: These are the base elements that support the entire structure. Foundations can
be shallow (footings) or deep (piles or caissons).
6. Walls: Walls provide lateral stability and enclosure. They can be load-bearing or non-load-
bearing.
7. Floors and Roofs: These horizontal elements distribute loads and provide functional spaces.
8. Lintels: Lintels are horizontal beams that are meant to support the load above openings like
doors and windows.
9. Stair cases and elevators: These are structural elements which provide vertical circulation
between different floors or levels in buildings. They are mostly casted out of reinforced
concrete, wood, steel and other construction material.
3.2.3. Functions of structural elements in buildings

After stating out some of the most common structural elements which are used in the civil
engineering we can state out their purposes or functions.
Certainly! The structural elements in a building play crucial roles in ensuring stability,
safety, and functionality. Let’s explore these components and their functions:
1. Foundation:
o The foundation is the lowest part of the building structure, resting on the soil below ground
level.
o Its main function is to distribute the load evenly and safely to the ground.
o Types of foundations include shallow foundations (such as individual footings, combined
footings, strip foundations) and deep foundations (like pile foundations and drilled shafts) .
2. Plinth Level:
o The plinth level (or plinth) is an offset created between ground level and the superstructure of
the building.
o It prevents moisture entry from the ground surface into the building.
o Standard plinth height is at least 45 cm (3 feet) above ground level.
3. Earth Filling:
o Earth filling is done between the plinth walls.

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o It compact’s the open space between ground level and the plinth level, providing a solid
base for flooring.
o Earth must be filled up to the top of the plinth level using materials like soil, coarse
aggregate, or brick bat.
4. Damp Proof Course (DPC):
o DPC is a waterproofing layer (e.g., asphalt or waterproof cement) at the plinth level.
o It prevents dampness from rising into the superstructure walls.
o Dampness can weaken walls and create unhealthy living conditions.
5. Load-Bearing Walls:
o These walls support vertical loads from the superstructure.
o They distribute the load to the foundation.
o Load-bearing walls contribute to overall stability.
6. Beams and Columns:
o Beams and columns distribute loads horizontally and vertically.
o Beams transfer loads between columns.
o Columns transfer loads from beams to the foundation.
7. Floors and Roofs:
o Floors create functional spaces for occupants.
o Roofs protect the building from weather elements.
o Both contribute to the building’s overall functionality.
8. Bracing Systems:
o Bracing elements (such as diagonal braces) enhance structural stability.
o They resist lateral forces (e.g., wind or seismic loads).
9. Building Envelopes:
o Envelopes (walls, roofs, windows) shield the interior from external elements.
o They provide insulation, weatherproofing, and aesthetics.
10. Staircases and Elevators:
o Vertical circulation solutions allow movement between floors.
o Staircases and elevators serve this purpose

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3.3. Literature review on Beams
3.3.1. Introduction
In civil engineering, a beam is a fundamental structural element that plays a crucial role in
supporting loads and distributing them to its supports. Let’s delve into the details:
3.3.1. Definition of beams:
o A beam is a horizontal structural component that spans between two supports (mostly
pillars). Its primary function is to carry loads and resist bending.
o Also, Beams can withstand vertical gravitational forces, but they can also handle horizontal
loads (such as those due to earthquakes or wind) in certain cases.
3.3.2. Characteristics of beams:
o Beams act in bending, which occurs when loads act perpendicular to the beam’s axis.
o They are commonly used to distribute vertical loads, such as the dead and live loads of floors
in buildings, to columns or walls.
o Real-world examples of beams include:
 Timber roof rafters
 Concrete or steel beams in parking garages supporting the deck
 Timber purlins (horizontal elements in steel framing)
 The concrete deck of a suspension bridge
3.3.4. Types of Beams used in construction:
o In civil engineering, Beams come in various types based on their support systems and
configurations:
 Simply Supported Beam: The most common type, statically determinate, with one pin and
one roller support.
 Cantilever Beam: These are beams which are fixed at one end and free at the other.
 2-Span Continuous Beam: Supported at both ends and at an intermediate point.
 3-Span Continuous Beam: Supported at three points.
 X-Span Continuous Beam: Multiple spans with continuous support.
 Fixed Beam: Both ends are fixed.
 Beam with Roller & Fixed Support: Combination of roller and fixed supports.

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3.3.5. Calculation of beams:
o Simply supported beams are straightforward to analyze because they are statically
determinate. Equilibrium equations allow us to calculate internal and reaction forces.
o Supports determine the type of beam, and understanding these systems is essential for
structural engineers.
3.3.6. Types of loads on beams
3.3.6.1: Point load or concentrated load

The point load is defined as a load applied to a single location of the whole span length.
 It is also called a concentrated load.

 Acts over a small distance.
 The load is denoted by P, and the arrow shows the load direction.
Figure 5: point load on a beam

2: Distributed load:
This load is divided into two main loads such as,
2.1. Uniformly distributed load (UDL)
The loading magnitude remains the same for the whole span, called uniformly distributed
load. It is denoted usually by q or w.
Figure 6: Distributed load on a beam
2.2. Uniformly varying load (UVL)

The load whose magnitude is continuously varying throughout the span of the beam
 It is also called a non-uniformly distributed load.

 It is also divided into two different types Triangular or Trapezoidal Load.
Figure 7: uniformly variable load

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3: COUPLE FORCES
This forces act on the same span having the same load and opposite forces.
 In the case of unequal load, one force makes them rotate.

 Expresses as kip.m, kg.m, N.m, lb.ft etc.
3.3.4.1. Reinforce concrete beams
Reinforced concrete beams play a crucial role in structural engineering, providing strength
and stability to various types of buildings and structures. Let’s delve into the basics of
reinforced concrete beams:
A. Definition and Composition:
o Reinforced Concrete (RC) is a composite material that combines concrete (usually in the
form of a slab) with steel reinforcement (typically steel bars). The resulting material is
known as reinforced concrete.
o In such beams, the tension caused by bending moments is primarily resisted by the steel
reinforcement, while the concrete itself can handle the corresponding compression.
B. Design Considerations:
o Determining Loads and Load Combinations: Before designing a reinforced concrete beam,
engineers must consider the loads (such as dead loads, live loads, and environmental loads)
that act on the structure.
o Defining Beam Dimensions: The dimensions of the beam, including its width and depth, are
crucial for its strength and stability.
o Calculating Required Reinforcement: The amount and arrangement of steel reinforcement
are critical factors in beam design.
o Verifying Crack Width: Engineers ensure that the beam’s crack width remains within
acceptable limits.
o Considering Deflection Limits: Controlling deflection (sagging or bending) is essential for
the beam’s performance.
C. Types of Reinforced Concrete Beams:
o Rectangular Beams: These are the most common type of reinforced concrete beams,
characterized by their rectangular cross-section.

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o Flange Beams: Flange beams have a wider top (flange) and a narrower bottom.
o Other categorizations of reinforce concrete beams include:
 Precast Concrete Beams: These are prefabricated beams produced off-site.
 Pre-stressed Beams: These include post-tensioned and pre-tensioned beams, where the steel
reinforcement is pre-stressed to enhance strength.
2. Static System and Support Types:
o Beams often act together with columns as frames. A common static system for beams is
the simply supported beam, which has roller and pin supports.
o Roller Support: Provides vertical support.
o Pin Support: Provides both vertical and horizontal support.
o The overall statics of the building determine the beam’s role within the structure.
3. Applications (uses) of Concrete Beams:
o Concrete beams are frequently used in various structures, including:
 Warehouses
 High-rise Buildings
 Residential Buildings
 Stadiums
 Airports
 Bridges
 Factories
o The choice between in-situ concrete beams and prefabricated beams depends on regional
practices and building requirements.
D. Purpose of stirrups in R.C beams
 Stirrups are used to counter the shear force. It is also called shear reinforcement in the
beam.
 Shear force is maximum at the end supports (simply supported beams) and zero at the
mid-span. That’s why the spacing of stirrups or rings is close to each end support
compared to the middle.
 Stirrups are made in a rectangular shape with reinforcement bars wrapped around the
beam’s top and bottom bars.
 Sometimes, stirrups are placed diagonally and vertically to avoid shear failure in case of
cracks in beams.

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3.3.7. The Realization Procedure of Reinforced Concrete Beams

3.3.7.1. Architectural phase:
In this phase, the architect is in-charged of drawing the plans which are the major content of
the architectural file of the expected building and some of these plans include:
 Distribution plans (from ground to last floor)

 Site plans
 MEP plans (mechanical, electricity and plumbing)
3.3.7.2. Planning Phase:

1. Interpretation of formwork plan
The formwork plan of a structure is a structural document which shows the details on how the
structural elements are to be realized to meet up to the building’s requirement. The structural
engineer is in-charge of drawing the formwork plan after carrying out all the necessary
analysis and sizing the required elements such as beams, slabs, footings, columns etc.
The first stage to be considered in the realization of a reinforced concrete beam is the
interpretation of formwork plan after the pillars have being casted.
2. Scheduling the activities involved in the realization of the beams (PERT/GANTT)
Scheduling is a systematic way of setting an order and time for planned events involved in a
particular project. It is important to use this technique to plan how the reinforced concrete
beams are to be casted and there different durations of the tasks involved for realizing the
beams.
3. Establish a formwork rotation plan
A formwork plan helps the foreman identify how the various formworks will be used on site
with respect to their sizes and functions.
4. Establish a stock of materials plan
This plan shows how the various materials required for the activity are to be supplied on site
and how they will be stocked through-out the project to avoid unexpected expenses and better
manage materials.
5. Create a manpower(labor) management charts

19
Manpower diagrams show the contractor or sub-contractor the best choice of team required in
order to complete the project accurately.
6. Establish a break even analysis report
This compares between two different methods which could be used for a single activity and
gives the contractor the possibility of choosing a more efficient method between them.
3.3.7.3. Construction Phase:

1. Fabrication of reinforcements:
Since reinforcement is one of the major requirements of a reinforced concrete beams, it is

important to take special measures to ensure that the reinforcement is well fabricated.
i. Cutting of bars according to length of beams.

ii. Design of stirrups and required hooks.
iii. Tying of reinforcement.
iv. Cutting of binding wires with pincer to ensure strong bond between main bars and
stirrups.
v. Addition of hooks at required angles.
2. Fabrication of formwork (mold) panels
After the fabrication of reinforcement, it is important to fabricate the formwork for the beam
with respect to the dimensions of the beam such as (length, width and height). In case of a
complex beam it is important to fabricate the mold with quality materials.
3. Placing of reinforcements
After the fabrication of the reinforcement according to the design requirements, the next step
is to position the reinforcement on their required positions respecting the concrete cover of
2cm-3cm so as to create a ready platform for concreting.
4. Positioning of builders line at a height of 1m from the ground level of the floor
Before positioning the formwork of the beam, the carpenter is expected to take an accurate
level from the floor with the use of a water level. This water level gives an accurate and
précised level from one measured point on the pillar to the other pillars. A height of 1m is
measured from one point of a floor to a pillar and is marked out using a pen or marker. After

20
marking the point, the water level is used to transfer the height to the other pillars and then
the two points are linked using a line then they are drawn from one point to the other.
5. Installation of formwork panels on the sides of the walls
After the fabrication of the formworks for different beams, they should be installed at their
various positions before being concreted. The formwork is always positioned to be able to
resist the load of the fresh concrete acting against it so a special consideration should be taken
when installing them.
6. Installation of formwork supports
After the installation of the formwork, the formwork is supported using struts which are
nailed either on the floor or on the other formworks to be casted. The main aim of supporting
the formwork is to give it the available strength needed to resist the load of wet concrete
when poured into it.
3.3.7.4. Concreting Phase:

The concreting phase is the stage in which concrete ingredients are batched mixed and casted
according to specifications. This stage involves the following;
1. Batching and mixing of concrete materials (sand, gravel, cement and water)
Materials are batch either by volume or by weight with respect to the design ratio. They are
then mixed with water and supplied either through pumps or buckets.
2. Transportation of mixed concrete to casting platform.
The mixed concrete is transported either by machine or manually to avoid segregation over
long distances. The transportation of concrete can sometimes be ineffective due to long
distances between concrete mixing posts and casting places. So in order to minimize this we
have to ensure that our mixing posts are close to the point where the casting is to take place to
avoid segregation.
3. Wetting the inside of the formwork and Casting of concrete in formwork.
Water is poured into the mold and the fresh concrete is poured inside it. Since we want to
obtain a plain and attractive concrete element, with the mold being wet, it gives us a greater
probability of achieving our objective.

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4. Compaction (vibration) of concrete.
To reduce the air contained in the concrete generally, 5% to 8% of voids from total volume
contains in the concrete mix. With the vibration, it reduces significantly. Also, compaction
helps to avoid segregation and to avoid bleeding in concrete. Vibration of concrete can be
done by; surface vibration, internal vibration, concrete vibration table or rebar vibration.
5. Concrete curing
Since concrete releases heat during setting, it is important to carry out curing of the concrete
element to reduce the concrete temperature while it sets. In general, concrete gains most of its
strength, 70-80% of characteristic strength, within 7days of concreting. In this background,
curing is done for 7days. Larger concrete-like very high volume concrete beams, the curing
period shall be determined based obtained based on the tests carried out.
6. Removal of mold (formwork)
After the casting and curing of the formwork, it is important to release the formwork after the
fresh concrete has obtained at least one day strength. The removal of the formwork is to
allow the worker cast another beam using the same mold or formwork and to also give the
element a finished look and appearance.
7. Arranging of formwork materials such as wood and panels which were used.
After the removal of the mold or formwork, the panels used are carefully kept in a specified
order to ensure that they could be reused without confusion and that they don’t affect the
circulation of the site.

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3.4. Literature review of pillars (columns)
3.4.1. Introduction:
Figure 8: columns
RC pillar
In the realm of civil engineering, a column is a vertical structural member designed to

withstand compression forces and transmit loads to the foundation below. Essentially,
columns act as the “backbone” of a structure, providing support and stability. Let’s delve
into more details:
3.4.1. Definition of columns:
Columns are vertical load-bearing members that primarily support axial compressive
loads. They play a crucial role in transferring the loads from upper parts of a building (such
as beams, slabs, or roofs) to the lower parts (such as floors or foundations).
3.4.2. Function of columns in buildings:
Columns serve as the main support for the entire structure. They help distribute the weight
of the building and maintain its stability. Without columns, buildings would lack the
necessary strength to withstand various loads and forces.
3.4.3. Types of Columns in civil engineering:
3.4.3.1. Axially Loaded Columns:
These columns bear vertical loads along their centroid axis without significant bending.
However, practical columns often experience some bending due to real-world conditions.
3.4.3.2. Eccentrically Loaded Columns:

a. Uniaxial Eccentrically Loaded Columns: When loads act at a distance (‘e’) from the
centroid of the column cross-section, causing moments along the x-axis or y-axis.
b. Biaxial Eccentrically Loaded Columns: Loads applied at any point of the cross-
section (not along the axes) create moments about both the x- and y-axes
simultaneously.
3.4.4. Based on Column Ties:
 Tied Columns: Longitudinal bars tied together with smaller bars spaced uniformly up
the column. These steel ties confine the main longitudinal bars.

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 Spiral Columns: Contain spirals to hold the main longitudinal reinforcement.
3.4.5. Based on Shape of Cross Section:
 Geometric Shaped: Rectangular, round, octagonal, square, etc.

 L-shaped, T-shaped, V-shaped.
3.4.6. Based on Construction Materials:
 Reinforced Concrete Columns

 Composite Columns
 Steel, Timber, Brick Columns
3.4.7. Based on Frame Bracing:
 Braced Columns
 Un-braced Columns
3.4.8. Other Types includes:
 Pre-stressed Concrete Columns

 Greek and Roman Columns
3.4.7.1 Reinforced Concrete Pillars:
Figure 9: reinforced concrete pillars (columns)

In civil engineering, reinforced concrete (R.C.) columns play a crucial role in the structural
framework of buildings and other structures. Let’s delve into the details:
3.4.7.1.1. Purpose and Function:

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o Columns are vertical or inclined compression members that transfer superstructure loads
(such as the weight of floors, roofs, and other loads) to the foundation.
o Their primary function is to provide stability and support to the overall structure.
3.4.7.1.2. Design Considerations:
o Shape: Columns can take various shapes, including rectangular, square, circular, elliptical,
and octagonal.
o Compression Reinforcement: Adequate compression reinforcement (usually steel bars) is
provided to ensure stability.
o Member Size: The size of the column is determined to guarantee structural stability.
o Slenderness Ratio: Columns are classified as short or slender based on their slenderness
ratio, which influences their failure mode.
o Axial and Bending Loads: Columns experience axial, uniaxial, or biaxial loads depending
on their location and loading conditions.
o Effects of Imperfections: Euro code 2 (EN 1992-1-1:2004) emphasizes considering
imperfections in column design.
3.4.7.1.3. Braced vs. Un-braced Columns:
o Braced Columns:
 Lateral stability is provided by shear walls, lift shafts, and stairwells.
 Horizontal loads are resisted by stiff stabilizing members.
 Braced columns do not contribute significantly to overall horizontal stability.
o Un-braced Columns:
 Lateral resistance comes from bending in columns and beams.
 Column ends can deflect laterally.
 Un-braced columns play a role in overall horizontal stability.
3.4.7.1.4. Construction:
o Materials: Concrete columns are commonly constructed on-site using reinforcing steel bars
(rebar) and concrete.
o Durability: Concrete columns are highly durable and suitable for various structures,
including high-rise buildings, bridges, and retaining walls.

25
3.4.7.1.5. Materials Used for realizing RC Columns:
o Concrete: The primary material for RC columns is concrete, which provides compressive
strength. High-quality concrete with the right mix design ensures durability and load-bearing
capacity.
o Steel Reinforcement: Steel bars (rebar) are embedded within the concrete to enhance tensile
strength. These rebar resist bending and prevent the column from failing under lateral loads.
o Formwork: Temporary formwork is used to shape the concrete during casting. It ensures that
the column has the desired cross-sectional shape.
o Ties or Spirals: Lateral ties or spirals made of steel reinforce the column against buckling
and improve its ductility.
o Jacketing Materials: In retrofitting existing columns, materials like concrete, steel, or fiber-
reinforced polymer (FRP) can be used for jacketing. Concrete-filled steel jackets are a
recent technique used for strengthening existing columns.
3.4.7.1.6. Design Considerations:
o Column Shape: Columns can be rectangular, square, circular, or other shapes (such as
elliptical or octagonal).
o Slenderness Ratio: Columns are classified as short or slender based on their slenderness
ratio. This ratio influences the mode of failure.
o Axial and Bending Loads: Columns experience axial loads (compression) and bending
moments. Braced columns resist lateral loads through shear walls or stabilizing members,
while un-braced columns bend under lateral forces.
o Durability and Fire Resistance: Designers consider durability requirements, fire resistance,
and bond requirements when determining concrete cover and reinforcement.
o Critical Moments and Axial Forces: Structural analysis helps determine critical moments
and axial forces.
o Reinforcement Area and Spacing: Calculations ensure adequate reinforcement area and
proper spacing of bars
3.4.7.1.7. Construction procedure of RC columns
The design and construction of reinforced concrete (R.C.) columns involve several steps to
ensure their stability and load-bearing capacity. Let’s break down the process:
1. Column Layout Work:

26
o Determine the location of the columns practically in the field.

o Mark the positions of the columns on the ground based on the structural drawings.
o With the use of a concrete kicker set out the pillar.
Figure 10: kicker pillar layout

2. Column Reinforcement Work:
o After marking the column locations, place reinforcement according to the instructions in the
structural drawings (formwork plan).
o Check the following on the structural drawings:
 Numbers and diameter of vertical bars.
 Spacing between vertical bars.
 Development length (which depends on the bar diameter).
 Proper lapping of alternate bars to come at the same height (avoiding interference with beams
or slabs).
3. Column Formwork:
o Construct formwork for the column. The typical floor height is usually kept around 3 meters.
o Ensure the formwork is properly aligned and secured.
4. Pouring Concrete into Column:
o Casting the column involves pouring concrete into the formwork.
o Ensure proper compaction and vibration to eliminate air voids.
o Allow the concrete to cure and gain strength.
5. Setting Out Procedures:
o Prepare the site for column construction (using a kicker).
o Use a theodolite to ensure the columns are vertical.
o Measure the column height accurately.
o Check the distance between columns.

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CHAPTER FOUR: Balance sheet of the Internship with the Enterprise
4.1. Problems I encountered during my internship
4.1.1. Some problems faced while working as a site technician

In every phase of learning or working, one must encounter some difficulties while carrying
out some activities in their fields. In the construction field, as an intern in a construction
company we face some challenges which might be caused by many things and some of these
challenges stand as a barrier to our internship and learning process.
Throughout my working with EMMA CONSTRUCTION I faced so many difficulties both

while working on the site and out of the site and some of these problems are,
i. Financial problems
In every activity in life, finance is one of the main requirements and it plays a great role in the
successful achievement of the project. Some of these affected activities due to lack of finance
include,
 Transportation money.
 Feeding money.
 Buying of work equipment.
 Health care and sanitation.
ii. Technical difficulties I faced
I had to experience some difficulties while carrying out some tasks and activities on site.
Some of these problems were in activities like,
 Block laying problems
During the first days of my internship, I had many difficulties in placing and aligning blocks
correctly and also in squaring the angles of block walls. But after my internship experience, I
think I am better in that domain now and I can do better than before.
 Difficulties in Builders line positioning
One of the most important thing do when laying blocks is to position the builder’s line
correctly and accurately and it was one of the major issues I faced while working on site.
 Using of plumb bob

28
 Accuracy in masonry.
 Squaring of complicated angles and joints.
4.2. Strengths and Weaknesses of the Enterprise

Every firm which has workers and offers services to its clients must have their strengths and
their weaknesses. Though some may seem to be more perfect than others due to their services
rendered and the price at which they offer them, the truth is no one is truly perfect and
everyone have their weak points.
After my internship at the Emma construction firm, as a student and a junior technician I
was able to pick out some of their strengths and weak points.
4.2.1. Strengths of the enterprise

a. Quality services
Though the firm has existed for only about 3 years, they have being able to accomplish so
many great projects which has made the population to admire and love their services. Their
works are always done with accuracy and quality.
b. Good equipment
As a beginning construction firm, you are required to have good equipment so as to maximize
your work and minimize loss. The firm has being able to get some of the necessary materials
which are needed to facilitate the site works. Some of this equipment includes:
 Good vibrating equipment for concrete

 Good concrete mixers
 Modern and advanced saws
c. Client satisfaction
According to ISO 9001, a company should produce quality goods and ensure that the
consumers or customers are satisfied with them. The firm has taken a great step to ensure that
their technicians respect and follow the standards of construction and make sure that after the
realization of each of their structures, their clients should be satisfied.
d. The good teamwork
Teamwork is the collaborative effort of a group to achieve a common goal or to complete a

task in an effective and efficient way. It is very important in civil engineering to have a very

29
wonderful team which works together as one. The firm has a great teamwork and they all
almost share the same ideas and that has let to its enormous growth in a very short period of
time.
e. Safety
Safety is the process of protecting employees from work related illness and injury and that is
one of the most important things that the firm takes into consideration while working.
f. Communication
On site, communication can be in the form of signals, signs, drawings, photos, and verbal
meetings. It is one the basic requirements a company needs to ensure that their services are
delivered on time and with quality.
The EMMA CONSTRUCTION firm has improved on their communication skills and
workers easily talk between each other and bosses easily pass instructions to the workers.
This has really impacted the firm positively.
g. Time Management
Time management is one of the things that enable construction companies make profit
because most often clients will prefer to pay high and get their work done in shorter
durations. The firm has a good time managing principle which enables them work normally
without pressure and deliver quality.
h. Labor distribution
With their experience foreman, he has the experience needed to ensure that all the works to
be carried out on site are done by the necessary personnel and at the required time. It is
important to have a good labor distribution method in a construction company so as to share
site tasks accordingly and increase on the manpower required to complete certain tasks on
time.

30
4.2.2. Weaknesses of the enterprise
1. No Respect for hierarchy from some workers

It is very important in an enterprise for the employees to respect their boss but while working
on the firm I noticed that some of the workers especially labor don’t take the foreman’s
orders serious and they ignore him sometimes while he gives those orders. Although the
foreman considers and tolerate them sometimes but it is important that they offer their
maximum respect to him so that he can better manage them.
2. Poor Site installation

Site installation is a systematic way of arranging and positioning materials, equipment and
cantonments on site to facilitate circulation. The firm has to improve on its site installation
techniques so as to make their sites more accessible.
3. Poor food and water services

It is said that a hungry man is an angry man and if workers don’t eat well they won’t be able
to work well. Throughout my internship the was a constant problem of lack of good drinking
water on site and that affected me greatly while I was working and I suggest that they should
improve on the availability of water on their sites for workers.
4. No payment of overtime; workers are supposed to be paid for overtime services.
4.3. Total evaluation of Internship

Civil engineering is one of the branches in which we learn every day and with the
association we make with different persons involved in this field, we become more competent
and qualify to face the job market. Because we are in a world in which things change every
day, we are obliged to improve on our skills by doing research, making demands for
internship in companies, learning and asking questions so as to build our desire and passion
for the field in which we find ourselves.
After successfully completing my academic internship at Emma Construction Sarl, I have

gathered so much technical knowledge and skills which have made me realize how the civil
engineering field operates in reality and how to interact with other persons in the field.
Also, with these technical skills, I wish to continue perfecting them as I continue my
education and I also wish to keep learning and realizing other projects so as to become a
more qualified civil engineer to the society.

31
More to that I have being able to make errors and be corrected by professionals who have
more experience and competence in the civil engineering field. It is said that making errors is
one of the signs to show that you are gradually progressing in what you are learning and you
have a great probability of succeeding.
Though I experienced a lot of difficulties throughout this training period, I think the overall
experience obtained was a positive one which will play a vital role in my education and could
be of great use in the nearest future for similar cases and domains.
With the help of the entire EMMA CONSTRUCTION SARL, I was given all the attention,
affection and motivation I needed in other to achieve this huge objective which has been my
greatest desire and ambition.
Before coming for this internship, they were certain things involved in the field that I
completely ignored but I can proudly say now that I have completed the training successfully
and I have something to show for it. Some of the skills I learned include;
 Entrepreneurial skills
 Time Management ability
 Technical skills
 Communication skills
Finally, I wish to always practice all I learned and try to become better than and I am now.
Without forgotten to give to also to others especially the younger generations coming up what
has being given to me throughout this period of working with the EMMA
CONSTRUCTION TEAM.I also wish to keep moving further in this career so I could be a
job creator, employer, mentor and leader in the future after my graduation.

32
SUMMARY, EVALUATION
AND CONCLUSION

33
SUMMARY
This internship report titled Construction Processes of Structural Elements (beams &
pillars), was a product of a two months (eight weeks) academic internship which was done
at Emma Construction SARL from the 04/06/2023-04/08/2023. During this period, I took
part in activities such as;
 Rod bending
 Prefabrication of structural elements (rib beams)
 Casting of reinforced concrete pillars and beams
 Hollow block placing and casting of hollow floor slabs
This knowledge really impacted my learning process and helped me so much in the
preparation of this report. I can finally conclude that this internship played a great role in my
professional experience and were hoping to really refine the ideas we learned from the
experience and keep pushing forward until we achieve our goals.

34
RECOMMENDATIONS
As an intern at Emma Construction Sarl for a period of eight weeks of site work, I was
able to pick out some of the problems I faced and experienced while working with them.
1. Recommendations to the company

a. The should create rules and regulations for workers and interns to follow:
Workers should respect and follow the rules being given to them by the foreman so as to
ensure a growing and united team.
b. They should improve on site installation on site to ensure circulation
It is very important that the firm try to improve on the level at which they organize their sites
and also how they stock materials.
c. They should create clean refectories for workers and interns to eat in
Workers can’t work without eating so the firm should improve on the quality of food they
offer to workers and create clean sheds and cantonments for workers to rest and eat.
d. They should provide First aid Boxes for workers and interns on Site
As workers are working, there is a probability of having an injury. So for a good construction
site to run without problems, they should have a first aid box.
e. They should pay workers for overtime
The law says that a worker working for more than eight hours should be paid for overtime by
his/her employer but while working at the firm, I noticed that workers are not paid for their
overtime services and so I strongly suggest that they try to revise their laws and change some
2. Recommendations to the Institution

After the completion of the internship, as I intern I was able to come up with some
recommendations which might be needed by the school.
a. All safety wears should be given to interns before internship to ensure their safety
b. The school transportation buses should be used to transport students to the sites
c. Academic supervisors should be appointed before the start of the internship.

35
CONCLUSION
Internship is a very important requirement in the training process of a student because it
makes the intern see the bridge or the link between school work and real life. So it is
important for every engineering student who wishes to improve on his/her professional skills
to get a company and have at least a two month internship. This internship will help build the
student to a more qualified and eligible student which will play a great role in both the
academic performance of the intern and his/her career in the future.
After taken a one year course comprised of two semesters in civil engineering, I had the
chance of going in for an academic internship. During this internship I took part in activities
such as;
 Rod bending
 Prefabrication of structural elements (rib beams)
 Casting of reinforced concrete pillars and beams
 Hollow block placing and casting of hollow floor slabs
To conclude, with all these skills which were acquired while working on site, we are now
able to;
 Produce reinforcement for pillars, beams and lintels

 Fabricate formwork for pillars and beams
 Evaluate bill of quantities for structural elements
 Prefabricate rib beams
 Cast reinforced concrete beams, pillars and slabs
 Place hollow blocks on rib beams
 Estimate materials for the realization of beams, pillars and slabs.

36
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. Reinforced concrete beams 1112
2. Structural design lecture notes, department of civil engineering university of
Qatar
3. LIMIT STATE DESIGN of reinforced concrete by P.C Verghese, PHI
4. Reinforced concrete: Limit state by A.K. Jain
5. Reinforced concrete by B.C. Punmia, A.K. Jain and A.K. Jain
6. Design of reinforce concrete by JACK C. MCCORMAC ninth edition
7. Solution manual for design of structural elements, 3rd edition by Chanakya
Arya
8. Concrete curing time by Structural Guide
9. Compaction time by Structural Guide
10. ENGINEERS FORUM, March 2020 vol.30 No.01
11. Structural bridge design-Appendix B – Reinforced Concrete Design Tables
by Nabeel Al-Bayati, Ashur University College, Baghdad-Iraq April 2017.
12. Lecture notes on Concrete by MR PHONCHU CLARET, Civil Engineering
Department- IUG Douala in October 2023.
13. Reinforced concrete lecture notes on designing of reinforced concrete beams
by MR NKWEYA FRANCIS, department of civil engineering-IUG Douala.
14. Civil Engineering Academic Internship report by KEUYETAT SAMYRA.
15. Civil Engineering Academic Internship report by CHE KASLIE.
16. Civil Engineering Academic Internship report by MIH CLINTON.

37
APPENDIX

38
Figure 11: Picture taken while casting staircase

39

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UNIVERSITY INSTITUTE OF THE GULF OF GUINEA

P.0. Box: 12489 Douala-Cameroon Fax (237) 233 428 902

Tel: (237) 233 43 04 52/ 233 37 50 60

ACADEMIC INTERNSHIP REPORT ON

CONSTRUCTION PROCESSES OF STRUCTURAL

An Internship carried out from 04/06/2023-04/08/2023 at

EMMA CONSRUCTION SARL Douala-Cameroon

SPECIALITY: CIVIL ENGINEERING

Written and presented by:

NKWENTI RYNIE DETRICH CHO

MR KILA SYLVESTER KILA MR EMMANUEL

M.sc Civil Engineering C.E.O of E.C SARL

Names: Dr. Eng. Guillaume POHSIE

Academic Supervisor Professional Supervisor

Names: MR KILA SYLVESTER Names: MR EMMANUEL

Members of Jury Signatures

Researched, Prepared and Presented by: NKWENTI RYNIE DETRICH CHO

Researched, Prepared and Presented by: NKWENTI RYNIE DETRICH CHO

Researched, Prepared and Presented by: NKWENTI RYNIE DETRICH CHO

Construction processes, Structural element, Beams and Pillars.

Researched, Prepared and Presented by: NKWENTI RYNIE DETRICH CHO

Mots clés : Processus de construction, Elément structurel, Poutres et

Researched, Prepared and Presented by: NKWENTI RYNIE DETRICH CHO

 ESG (L’ ECOLE SUPERIEUR DE GESTION) – French was created in 1993.

 ESG (HIGHER SCHOOL OF MANAGEMENT) – English section was created in

2006 with the launching of the National Diploma.

subsystem of education wishing to pursue their studies in management of

 ISTA (L’INSTITUT SUPERIEUR DES TECHNOLOGY ADVANCEE)

 HIGHER INSTITUTE OF ADVANCED TECHNOLOGY created in 2002.

 ISA (L’INSTITUT SUPERIEUR DES SCIENCE APPLIQUE)

Researched, Prepared and Presented by: NKWENTI RYNIE DETRICH CHO

 Network and Security

Department of Electrical Power System

Department of civil engineering

 Department of Building Science and Technology

Department of Computer Engineering

 Industrial Computing and Automation

 Department of Assistant manager

 Department of Banking and Finance

 Department of Marketing-Trade sales

 Logistics and Transport Management

 Information System Management

 Human Resources Management

Researched, Prepared and Presented by: NKWENTI RYNIE DETRICH CHO

 Department of Nursing Science

 Department of Medical Diagnostic, Imaging and Radiation Therapy

 Department of Pharmacy Technology

 Department of Dental Therapy

 Department of Laboratory Technology

 Electrical Power System

 Electronics and Industrial Computing

 Thermal Engineering, Energy and Environmental Management

 Quality Health Safety Environment

Researched, Prepared and Presented by: NKWENTI RYNIE DETRICH CHO

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT .................................................................................................... III

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ............................................................................................. XII

LIST OF FIGURES ............................................................................................................. XII

LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................................... XII

GENERAL INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND OF STUDIES .............................. 2

I.1. Definition of Academic Internship ............................................................................... 2