REHABILITATION OF FENCE WALL AT THE ARCHITECTURAL

STUDIO

BY

ADEMUYIWA AYOMIDE EMMANUEL

[R2022/410/001]

SALAMI SUNDAY UTHMAN

[R2022/410/003]

AJOYE JOHN PROMISE

[R2022/410/006]

OWOEYE EBUNOUWA EMMANUEL

[R2022/410/007]

OSAGIE EMMANUELLA AKHERE

[R2022/420/013]

BEING A PROJECT SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL

ENGINEERING, SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY,
REDEEMER COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT,
MOWE, NIGERIA.
IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD
OF NATIONAL DIPLOMA [ND] IN CIVIL ENGINEERING

JULY, 2024
 DECLARATION

We, ADEMUYIWA AYOMIDE EMMANUEL, and SALAMI UTHMAN

SUNDAY, AJOYE JOHN PROMISE, OWOEYE EBUNOUWA EMMANUEL,
OSAGIE EMMANUELLA AKHERE, student in the, DEPARTMENT OF
CIVIL ENGINEERING, REDEEMER’S COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY AND
MANAGEMENT, Mowe, Nigeria hereby declare that this project
entitled “REHABILITATION OF FENCE WALL ALONG THE
ARCHITECTURAL STUDIO”, submitted by us is based on our original
work. Any material[s] obtained from other sources or work done by
any other persons or institutions have been duly acknowledged.

ADEMUYIWA AYOMIDE EMMANUEL

[R2022/410/001]
...................................................
Signature & Date

SALAMI UTHMAN SUNDAY

[R2022/410/003]
...................................................
Signature & Date

AJOYE JOHN PROMISE

[R2022/410/006]
...................................................
Signature & Date
OWOEYE EBUNOUWA EMMANUEL
[R2022/410/007]
...................................................
Signature & Date

OSAGIE EMMANUELLA AKHERE

[R2022/420/013]
...................................................
Signature & Date
 CERTIFICATION

This is to certify that this project was carried out by ADEMUYIWA

AYOMIDE EMMANUEL [R2022/410/001], and SALAMI SUNDAY
UTHMAN [R2022/410/003], AJOYE JOHN PROMISE [R2022/410/006],
OWOEYE EBUNOUWA EMMANUEL [R2022/410/007], OSAGIE
EMMANUELLA AKHERE [R2022/420/013] at the Department of civil
Engineering, Redeemer’s college of Technology and management
Redemption city, Nigeria and has been approved as meeting the
requirements of the Department of civil Engineering, Redeemer’s
college of Technology and management.

ENDR. ADEGBOYEGA I. A DATE

(PROJECT SUPERVISOR)
......................................................... ......................................

ENDR. ADEGBOYEGA I. A
(HEAD OF DEPARTMENT)
...................................................... .......................................
 ABSTRACT

The project involves the rehabilitation of an existing partitioning

fence which has been subjected to wear and tear resulting from
aging; this led to the cracking of the wall.
The materials used are high quality and have good strength and
durability making them suitable material for the rehabilitation wall.
Repair and rehabilitation of fence wall structures has emerged as a
big challenge for civil engineers globally. Every nation wants to retain
its historical monuments as heritage buildings.
This project work is based on the rehabilitation of a fence wall and
decorating of external side wall of the fence, its cleared and removal
all the grasses and refuse that around the wall, we plastered all the
surface of the wall, where it was defeated by the erosion of rainfall,
again the ground was cleared and removed all the dirty and
unwanted maternal. The affected and damaged blocks were
changed.
 DEDICATION
This project is dedicated to God almighty for His wisdom and
knowledge granted to us throughout the period of this project may
His name be highly exalted.
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We thank God for the strength and the grace granted to us

throughout this project. We are most grateful first to acknowledge
the supreme being, God the Father, the Son and the Holy Spirit who
has made His work a successful one and who also has spared our life
throughout the course of the research. We give him all the glory.
We also wish to thank our supervisor and head of department ENGR.
ADEGBOYEGA I.A for his wonderful support during the period of this
project.
We must also show deep appreciation to our lecturers, ENGR. EDEN
EMMANUEL, MR. TAIWO EMMANUEL, MR. ALABI and all the
lecturers that had contributed to our project.
Our heartfelt appreciation goes to our caring and loving parents Mr
and Mrs OWOEYE, Mr and Mrs SALAMI, Mr and Mrs OSAGIE, Mr and
Mrs AJOYE, Mr and Mrs ADEMUYIWA for their constant support,
constant Advice and leadership, we say thank you.
Our acknowledgements will be inconclusive if we fail to recognize
our siblings, friends and course mates for their support in all
ratifications
 TABLE OF CONTENTS
Front page
Declaration
Certification
Abstract
Dedication
Acknowledgement
Table of Contents
Chapter one
Background of study
Keyword
Statement of problem
Current state and issue
Aims and objective
Significance of study
Scope of study
Rehabilitation process
Quality assurance and testing
Maintenance and monitoring
Final evolution and reporting
Chapter Two
Literature review
Introduction
Methodology
Planning phase
Conduct a site assembly
Establishing budget and timeline
Materials and equipment
Prepare worksite

Demolition and removal

Testing and inspection
Finishing touches
 CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND TO PROJECT

Fence rehabilitation refers to the process of repairing and restoring a
damaged or deteriorated fence to its original condition or improving
it to meet new requirements. When rehabilitating a fence, it's crucial
to start by assessing the current state of the fence. Additionally,
ensuring that the fence is properly secured in the ground with stable
posts and adequate support is crucial for its long-term stability.
Regular maintenance, such as cleaning the fence and inspecting for
damage, can help extend its lifespan and keep it looking good.
Fence walls, also known as perimeter walls or boundary walls, have
been an integral part of human civilization for centuries. The concept
of enclosing spaces with barriers for security, privacy, and
delineation dates back to ancient times. In the early stages of human
settlement, fence walls were primarily constructed using natural
materials such as wood, stone, or earth to create boundaries around
villages, farms, or important structures. fence walls continue to be
essential elements of residential, commercial, and institutional
properties worldwide. Modern fence walls are designed not only for
security and privacy but also for aesthetic enhancement, noise
reduction, and environmental protection. Sustainable materials,
innovative construction techniques, and smart technologies are
increasingly integrated into fence wall design to meet the demands
of a rapidly changing world. The design and construction of a fence
involve considerations like the intended purpose, local regulations,
maintenance requirements, and the surrounding environment.
Proper installation and maintenance of a fence are crucial to ensure
its longevity and effectiveness in serving its purpose. By investing
time and effort in the rehabilitation process, you can revitalize your
fence, improve its functionality, and enhance the overall aesthetics
of your property.

1.1.2 KEY WORD

(i) Rehabilitation: Rehabilitation refers to the process of

restoring or repairing existing infrastructure to extend its
useful life or improve its performance. This can include
repairing structural defects, upgrading outdated systems, or
enhancing safety and functionality.
(ii) Cracking: Cracking in civil engineering refers to the
development of fractures or fissures in concrete, asphalt, or
other materials used in construction. Cracks can occur due
to several factors, including shrinkage, thermal changes,
structural overloading, or poor construction practices.
Managing and repairing cracks is crucial to maintaining the
integrity and longevity of infrastructure.
(iii) Clearing: Clearing is typically one of the initial stages of site
preparation in construction, ensuring that the site is ready
for subsequent phases such as excavation, foundation
laying, and building construction. It is critical for ensuring
the safety, efficiency, and success of the overall
construction process.
(iv) concrete formwork: Concrete formwork plays a vital role in
modern construction by providing the necessary structure
and support for pouring and shaping concrete elements.
Choosing the appropriate formwork system based on
 project requirements and considering factors like cost,
timeline, and safety are essential for successful concrete
construction projects.
(v) Reinforcement: Reinforcement refers to the technique of
adding materials (usually steel bars or meshes) into
concrete to improve its tensile strength and durability.
Reinforcement helps concrete structures withstand tension
forces that would otherwise cause cracking or failure.
(vi) Concrete casting: A fundamental aspect of construction,
and precise execution is critical to ensure structural
integrity, durability, and safety of buildings and
infrastructure. Advances in materials and construction
techniques continue to improve the efficiency and
performance of concrete casting processes in modern civil
engineering projects.
(vii) Finishing: Finishing involves the final treatment of surfaces
to achieve desired functional and aesthetic properties. This
includes techniques such as smoothing, texturing, colouring,
sealing, and polishing to enhance the appearance,
durability, and usability of concrete, asphalt, and other
construction materials.

1.2 STATEMENT OF PROBLEM

1.2.1 CURRENT STATE AND ISSUES
The rehabilitation of the fence around the school currently exhibits
significant signs of deterioration, compromising both its aesthetic
and functional purposes. Broken sections of the fence have broken
and missing panels, creating gaps that allow unauthorized access,
fence posts have become loose due to soil erosion and inadequate
foundational support, causing the fence to lean or sag. The
dilapidated state of the fence detracts from the overall appearance
of the school, giving it an unkempt and neglected look.

1.3 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES

The aims of the project are to repair and replace broken panels and
sections of the fence.
The Objectives of the Project include:
To restore the integrity of the fence and prevent unauthorized
access, thereby enhancing the overall security of the school
premises.
To eliminate physical hazards associated with the deteriorated fence,
ensuring a safer environment for students, staff, and visitors.
To use durable materials and proper construction techniques to
extend the lifespan of the fence.
Repair and replace broken panels and sections of the fence.
Reinforce weak and damaged posts with concrete or other stabilizing
materials.

1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY

Rehabilitating a fence is more than just a repair task; it carries
several significant implications that span aesthetic, functional,
environmental, economic, and social aspects. Here is an in-depth
look at the significance of fence rehabilitation.
Fence rehabilitation carries significant benefits across various
domains. By improving aesthetics, enhancing safety and security,
promoting environmental sustainability, offering economic
advantages, and fostering community pride, rehabilitating fences is a
crucial practice for property owners. Regular maintenance and timely
rehabilitation not only preserve the functional integrity of a fence
but also contribute to the overall well-being and value of the
property.

1.5 SCOPE OF STUDY

Conducted a thorough inspection of the existing fence to assess its
current condition, identify damage, and determine the extent of
deterioration, documented all areas of damage, including broken
panels, rusted metal, rotting wood, and loose posts, with
photographs and detailed notes. evaluating the specific
requirements for materials, tools, and Labor necessary for the
rehabilitation process.

1.5.1 Rehabilitation Process

Demolition and Removal: Safely remove and dispose of damaged
and deteriorated sections of the fence.
Foundation Work: Reinforce or replace fence posts and their
foundations to ensure stability and longevity.
Construction and Repair: Execute the construction and repair work,
including the installation of new panels, treatment of materials, and
application of protective coatings.

1.5.2 Quality Assurance and Testing

Inspection: Conduct regular inspections throughout the
rehabilitation process to ensure quality and adherence to design
specifications.

Testing: Perform strength and stability tests on the rehabilitated

sections to confirm that they meet safety and security standards.
1.5.3 Maintenance and Monitoring

Maintenance Plan: Develop a maintenance schedule that includes

regular inspections, cleaning, and minor repairs to prevent future
deterioration.
Monitoring: Implement a monitoring system to track the condition
of the fence and promptly address any issues that arise.
Community Feedback: Engage with the school community to gather
feedback on the rehabilitated fence and make any necessary
adjustments.

1.5.4 Final Evaluation and Reporting

Project Evaluation: Conduct a final evaluation to assess the success
of the rehabilitation project, comparing outcomes against the initial
objectives and aims.
Reporting: Compile a comprehensive report detailing the work
completed, materials used, costs incurred, and the overall impact of
the project.
 CHAPTER TWO
2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 INTRODUCTION
Rehabilitation of fence is based on a previous analysis of the
pathologies and in a background knowledge, fundamentally scientific
(Lourenço 2008, Molnár et al. 2008, Terpeluk et al. 2008), but in
rehabilitation is also important, in many of the situations, the field
knowledge, that is only possible to get during several professional
works (Mendes da Silva 2013, Abrantes 2019) and the experience of
Tramo (2019).
fences are ubiquitous in urban and suburban environments, serving
as vital structures for property demarcation, security, and aesthetic
enhancement. Over time, however, these fences can deteriorate due
to various factors such as weathering, structural stresses, and lack of
maintenance. As such, the rehabilitation of concrete fences has
become a pertinent topic in civil engineering and construction
management literature.
An initial review looked at international and Australian examples of
successful rehabilitation techniques post surface Boone et al. (1986),
Reddell and Hopkins (1994), Daniels (no date (after 2003), Holmes
(2001), Hall et al. (2010) and Gould, (2011) provided some insight
into leading practice for successful rehabilitation with the potential
to limit effective rehabilitation. These factors are not, however,
universally applicable as they vary between bioregions and locations
and some also vary seasonally (EPA, 2006).
Firstly, the meaning of ‘successful rehabilitation’ is not used
consistently throughout the literature or even by Western Australian
regulatory bodies and perhaps more critically, there are not yet
uniform standards or criteria for determining ‘successful’
rehabilitation (Mudd, 2009).
According to Smith (2017), the degradation of fences primarily stems
from environmental factors such as freeze-thaw cycles, moisture
ingress, and chemical exposure. These elements contribute to the
weakening of structures over time, leading to cracks, spalling, and
loss of structural integrity. The literature review revealed that there
is considerable flexibility in the terminology used and therefore it is
considered useful to provide the definitions of the terminology used
for this study.
The term ‘rehabilitation’ is often interchanged with ‘restoration’ and
‘reclamation’. The term rehabilitation in this study is used in
preference to restoration and reclamation and is defined as follow:
“a process where disturbed land is returned to a stable, productive
and self-sustaining condition, taking future land use into account.
The process differs from the narrower definition of restoration by
not aspiring to fully replace all of the original components of an
ecosystem” (EPA, 2006).
Various techniques have been proposed for rehabilitating
deteriorated fences. Johnson (2018) emphasizes the importance of
thorough inspection and assessment before initiating any repair
work. Techniques such as epoxy injection for crack sealing and
carbon fiber reinforcement for structural strengthening have been
widely studied (Garcia et al., 2019). These methods aim not only to
restore the original strength of the concrete but also to enhance its
durability against future degradation.
The rehabilitation of fences also intersects with environmental
sustainability and economic viability. Martinez (2020) discusses the
environmental impact of different repair materials and techniques,
highlighting the importance of using eco-friendly materials and
processes. Moreover, Costello (2019) provides insights into the cost-
effectiveness of various rehabilitation strategies, suggesting that
investing in preventive maintenance can mitigate long-term repair
expenses.
Several case studies have demonstrated successful rehabilitation of
fences in various geographical and environmental conditions. For
instance, the rehabilitation of fences in urban settings has required
innovative approaches to preserve architectural heritage while
meeting modern structural standards (Brown & White, 2021).
Despite advancements in rehabilitation techniques, challenges
remain in ensuring the long-term durability and aesthetic appeal of
concrete fences. Future research directions include exploring
advanced materials, automated monitoring systems, and predictive
modeling to optimize maintenance schedules and improve overall
performance (Taylor, 2022).
 CHAPTER THREE
3.0 METHODOLOGY

3.0.1 Planning Phase:

The first steps in the fence rehabilitation process are Inspection and
Determination, during this phase, we;
Visually inspect the fence to identify:
- Damage or deterioration
- Weaknesses or vulnerabilities
- Areas of wear or corrosion
Determine:
- The extent of the damage or deterioration
- The cause of the damage (e.g., weather, rot, pest infestation)
- The necessary repairs or replacements
- The materials and resources needed for the rehabilitation.

The priority of the repairs (e.g., safety concerns, structural integrity),

Some other specific things to look for during the inspection include:
- Cracks or splits in posts, boards, or panels
- Rot, decay, or termite damage
- Loose or missing fasteners
- Rust or corrosion on metal components.
By thoroughly inspecting the fence and determining the extent and
cause of the damage, we were able to develop a plan for the
rehabilitation work that follows;
We determined the exact boundaries and length of the partitioning
fence to be rehabilitated, we also specified the objectives of the
rehabilitation which include:
i.) improve stability
ii.) aesthetic enhancement
iii.) safety compliance

3.0.2 Conduct Site Assessment:

Conducting a site assessment is a crucial step in the fence
rehabilitation process. Here's a detailed checklist that helps us
conduct a thorough site assessment:

-Site Conditions
- Topography: Note the slope, elevation, and terrain features.
- Soil Conditions: Assess the soil type, stability, and potential for
erosion.
- Vegetation: Identify the types of plants, trees, and their proximity
to the fence.
- Climate: Consider the local weather patterns, temperature
extremes, and precipitation levels.
-Fence Conditions
- Type and material: Identify the fence type (wood, metal, vinyl, etc.)
and its condition.
- Height and length: Measure the fence's height and length.
- Condition of posts, boards, and panels: Assess their condition,
damage, or deterioration.
- Gates and openings: Inspect gates, doors, and other openings.

-Damage and Defects

- Identify damage caused by:
- Weather (wind, rain, sun, snow)
- Pests (termites, rodents, etc.)
- Human impact (vandalism, accidents)
- Vegetation (tree roots, branches)
- Note any defects in materials, workmanship, or design.

-Safety and Security

- Identify potential safety hazards:
- Sharp edges or points
- Loose or missing fasteners
- Weak or unstable sections
- Assess the fence's security features:
- Locks and latches
- Barbed wire or other deterrents

-Environmental Factors

- Nearby water sources (rivers, lakes, wetlands)

- Adjacent properties and their uses (residential, commercial,
industrial)
- Local regulations and ordinances affecting fence repair or
replacement

By conducting a thorough site assessment, we were able to gather

essential information to develop an effective plan for fence
rehabilitation, repair, or replacement. We Inspected the current
condition of the fence, assessed any damage, structural integrity
issues, or safety hazards. Considered environmental factors (e.g.,
weather conditions, terrain).

3.0.3 Establishing Budget and Timeline:

We allocated resources for materials, Labor, and equipment,
considering dependencies and potential setbacks.

3.0.4 Materials, tools used and procedures:

The materials used for this project include:

● cement

● aggregate (fine and coarse)

● wood

● sand

● shovel

● water can

● saw blade
 ● nails

● hammer

● measuring tape

● marine board

● granite

● reinforcement

● water

● paint

● reinforcement (formwork)

3.0.5 Prepare Worksite:

We cleared the area around the fence of debris and obstructions, we
also ensure access routes are clear for workers and equipment.

3.0.6 Demolition and Removal:

We removed damaged and deteriorated sections of the existing
fence, dispose of debris responsibly.

3.0.7 Testing and Inspection:

We conducted tests to ensure the fence meets safety and structural
standards, inspect for any remaining issues or areas needing touch-
ups.
3.0.8 Finishing Touches:
We applied finishing treatments such as paint, screeding as required.