Reviewer Ni Bulay Sa ECE

Ece Midterms na gawa ni bulay ‘yes may reviewer’
DIODE THEORY
FORWARD BIASED ‘11 pages ampota’
• Positive battery terminal drives p side through a resistor, and the negative battery terminal is connected to
the n side.
• The circuit is trying to push holes and free electrons toward the junction.
We can calculate the power

dissipation of a diode the
same way as for a resistor.
The power rating is the maximum power the diode

can safely dissipate without shortening its life or
degrading its
properties. A diode has a power rating of 5 W. If the diode
voltage is 1.2V and the diode current is 1.75A,
what is the power dissipation? Will the diode be
The Ideal Diode Model destroyed?
In this model, the diode is assumed to have a
zero-threshold voltage, VTH = 0, and has
nonresistance when forward biased. When
reversed biased, it is assumed to be open- Power dissipated is less
circuited. Therefore, an ideal diode acts like a than power rating, thus the diode will not be
switch that closes when forward biased and destroyed.
opens when reverse biased.
Use the ideal diode to calculate the load voltage and load current in below figure.
Calculate the load voltage and load current in figure below using an ideal diode.
Calculate the load voltage and load current in figure below using an ideal diode
Ihanda mo ang iyong sarili, kaibigan. marami pa ire

The Simplified Diode Model In this model, the diode is assumed to have a threshold voltage, V_th , but
has no resistance when forward biased. When reversed biased, it is assumed to be opencircuited.
Use the second approximation to calculate the load voltage, load current, and diode power in below figure.
The Piecewise-Linear Diode Model

In this model, the diode’s threshold voltage, VTH, and forward resistance are considered. When reversed
biased, it is open-circuited.
The 1N4001 has a bulk resistance of 0.23 Ω. What is the load voltage, load current, and diode power?
Repeat the preceding example for a load resistance of 10Ω.

Checking bulk
resistance:
0.01(10Ω) = 0.1Ω
Therefore 0.23Ω >
0.1Ω, we will
consider bulk
resistance in the
circuit.
DIODE CIRCUITS
Assuming ideal diode, the positive half

cycle or source voltage will forward
Figure A shows a half-wave
bias the diode. Since the switch is
rectifier circuit. The ac
closed, the positive half cycle or
source produces a
source voltage will appear across the
sinusoidal voltage.
load resistor.
On the negative half cycle,

the diode is reversed biased.
In this case, the ideal diode
will appear as an open
switch, and no voltage
appears across the laod
resistor.
Over one full cycle, defined by the period T in the

figure on the left, the average value is zero. The
circuit shown is called a half-wave rectifier, will
generate a waveform vo that will have an average
value of, use in the ac-to-dc conversion process.
The process of removing one-half the input signal to
establish a dc level is aptly called half-wave
rectification.
The applied signal must now be at least 0.7 V

before the diode can turn “on.” For levels of Vi less
than 0.7 V, the diode is still in an open circuit state
and Vo = 0 V as shown in the figure.
SAMPLE PROBLEM
1. Sketch the output vo and determine the dc
1. Sketch the output vo and determine the dc level level of the output for the network of the
of the output for the network of the given figure. given figure.
2. Repeat part (1) if the ideal diode is replaced by a

silicon diode.
3. Repeat parts (1) and (2) if Vm is increased to 200

V and compare solutions using the two equations
2. Repeat part (1) if the ideal diode is replaced by a

silicon diode.
Using silicon diode, the second formula will be

used:
The resulting drop in

dc level is 0.22 V or
about 3.5%
…
3, Repeat parts (1) and (2) if Vm is increased to 200 V and compare solutions using the two equations.
The dc level obtained from a sinusoidal input can be improved 100% using a process called full-wave
rectification.
The most familiar network for performing such a function is shown above in a bridge configuration. During the
period t = 0 to T/2, the resulting polarities across the ideal diodes reveal that D2 and D3 are conducting while
D1 and D2 are in the “o ” state.
Since the area above the axis for one

full cycle is now twice that obtained for
a half-wave system, the dc level has
also been doubled and
Kaibigan, pagkatapos nito mas lalo kang magiging grateful na ME pinili mo…
If silicon diode is used rather than ideal diodes,
A second popular full-wave rectifier appears in below

figure with only two diodes but requiring a center-
tapped (CT) transformer to establish the input signal
across each section of the secondary of the
transformer.
During the positive portion

of vi applied to the primary
of the transformer, D1
assumes the short-circuit
equivalent and D2 the
open-circuit equivalent.
During the negative portion

of vi, reversing the roles of
the diodes but maintaining
the same polarity for the
voltage across resistor R.
Ang dami mong binabasa kaibigan… gets mo ba?
SAMPLE PROBLEM
1. Determine the output

waveform for the network of
below figure and calculate the
output dc level and the
required PIV of each diode.
1. Determine the output waveform for the network of below figure and calculate the output dc level.
The e ect of removing two diodes from the

bridge configuration was therefore to
reduce the available dc level to the
following:
Clippers
➢ Electronic circuits that have the ability to clip – o a portion of the input signal without distorting the
remaining part of the alternating waveform.
➢ Other names are limiters, amplitude selectors and slicers.
Although first introduced as a half-wave rectifier (for sinusoidal waveforms), there are no boundaries on the
type of signals that can be applied to a clipper.
The addition of a dc supply such as shown in figure

can have a pronounced e ect on the output of a
clipper.
Baka gusto mong mag notes, kaibigan.

Things to remember when analyzing series clipper with dc supply.
1. Make a mental sketch of the response of the network based on the direction of the diode and the applied
voltage levels.
2. Determine the applied voltage (transition voltage) that will cause a change in state for the diode.
3. Be continually aware of the defined terminals and polarity of vo.
4. It can be helpful to sketch the input signal above the output and determine the output at instantaneous
values of the input
SAMPLE PROBLEM
Determine the output waveform for the network of Fig. 1
The analysis of parallel configurations is very similar to that applied to series configurations.
Isa pang SAMPLE PROBLEM para sayo lang, kaibigan.
The polarity of the dc supply and the direction of

the diode strongly suggest that the diode will be in
the “on” state for the negative region of the input
signal.
huli ka! Kaibigan, ‘wag kanang mag

procrastinate. Konti nalang to.
Since the dc supply is obviously “pressuring” the diode to stay in the short-
circuit state, the input voltage must be greater than 4 V for the diode to be in
the “o ” state. Any input voltage less than 4 V will result in a short-circuited
diode
Clampers
Circuits that shift the waveform of the input signal either all above or below the reference voltage.
➢ Add or restore a DC level to an electrical signal.
➢ Also known as DC Restorer
➢ Clamping circuit is often used in television receivers as dc restorer. Incoming composite video signal is
normally processed through capacitively coupled amplifiers that eliminate the dc component losing the
reference levels which must be restored using clamping circuits before applying to the picture tube.
➢ The network must have a capacitor, a diode, and a resistive element, but it can also employ an independent
dc supply to introduce an additional shift
Isa-isip at Isa-puso
Clamper circuit
SAMPLE PROBLEM at last na to
Determine vo of the network below for the input indicated.
Note that the

frequency is 1000 Hz,
resulting in a period
of 1 ms and an
interval of 0.5 ms
between levels.
Determine vo of the network below for the input indicated.
The time constant of the discharging network of the given figure is determined by the product RC and has the
magnitude
Congrats kaibigan! Tapos na.. may nagets ka naman?
-bulay

Reviewer Ni Bulay Sa ECE

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Reviewer Ni Bulay Sa ECE

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Ece Midterms na gawa ni bulay ‘yes may reviewer’

We can calculate the power

The power rating is the maximum power the diode

Ihanda mo ang iyong sarili, kaibigan. marami pa ire

The Piecewise-Linear Diode Model

Repeat the preceding example for a load resistance of 10Ω.

Assuming ideal diode, the positive half

On the negative half cycle,

Over one full cycle, deﬁned by the period T in the

The applied signal must now be at least 0.7 V

2. Repeat part (1) if the ideal diode is replaced by a

3. Repeat parts (1) and (2) if Vm is increased to 200

2. Repeat part (1) if the ideal diode is replaced by a

Using silicon diode, the second formula will be

The resulting drop in

Since the area above the axis for one

A second popular full-wave rectiﬁer appears in below

During the positive portion

During the negative portion

Ang dami mong binabasa kaibigan… gets mo ba?

1. Determine the output

The e ect of removing two diodes from the

➢ Other names are limiters, amplitude selectors and slicers.

The addition of a dc supply such as shown in ﬁgure

Baka gusto mong mag notes, kaibigan.

3. Be continually aware of the deﬁned terminals and polarity of vo.

Determine the output waveform for the network of Fig. 1

Isa pang SAMPLE PROBLEM para sayo lang, kaibigan.

Determine the output waveform for the network of Fig. 1

The polarity of the dc supply and the direction of

huli ka! Kaibigan, ‘wag kanang mag

➢ Add or restore a DC level to an electrical signal.

➢ Also known as DC Restorer

SAMPLE PROBLEM at last na to

Determine vo of the network below for the input indicated.

Note that the

Congrats kaibigan! Tapos na.. may nagets ka naman?

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