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Intro To CPP 1

The document discusses the basics of C++ programming including background, structure of C++ programs, identifiers, data types, variables, constants, and input/output statements. It provides examples and explanations of these core C++ concepts.

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nandu111103
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35 views

Intro To CPP 1

The document discusses the basics of C++ programming including background, structure of C++ programs, identifiers, data types, variables, constants, and input/output statements. It provides examples and explanations of these core C++ concepts.

Uploaded by

nandu111103
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Chapter 2

Introduction
to the
C++ Language

©Brooks/Cole, 2004
2.1

Background

©Brooks/Cole, 2004
2.2

C++ Programs

©Brooks/Cole, 2004
Figure 2-2Structure of a C++ program

©Brooks/Cole, 2004
Figure 2-3The greeting program

©Brooks/Cole, 2004
Figure 2-4Examples of comments

©Brooks/Cole, 2004
Figure 2-5Nested block comments are invalid

©Brooks/Cole, 2004
2.3

Identifiers
■ They allow us to
name data and other
objects in the
program.

©Brooks/Cole, 2004
Rules for giving names to
identifiers
■ Alphabet a to z , A to Z
■ Digits 0 to 9
■ No space
■ No sp ch other than _(under score)
■ Cannot start with digit
■ Is case sensitive
■ Cannot be a key word

©Brooks/Cole, 2004
2.4

Data Types
■ It defines a set of op that can be
applied on those values.
■ Set of values for each type is known
as the domain of that type

©Brooks/Cole, 2004
Figure 2-6Standard data types

■ Derived types-Pointers, arrays,structures

©Brooks/Cole, 2004
Figure 2-7Integer types

©Brooks/Cole, 2004
©Brooks/Cole, 2004
CHAR TYPE

■ Any single character from the ch set.


■ Uses one byte.

©Brooks/Cole, 2004
Note:

A character in C++ can be interpreted


as a small integer (between 0 and 255).
For this reason, C++ often treats a
character like an integer.

©Brooks/Cole, 2004
Figure 2-8Floating-point types

©Brooks/Cole, 2004
©Brooks/Cole, 2004
Note:

In C++ the Boolean constants are true


and false. Additionally, following
traditional standards, any nonzero
number is considered true, and zero is
considered false.

©Brooks/Cole, 2004
©Brooks/Cole, 2004
2.5

Variables

©Brooks/Cole, 2004
Figure 2-9Variables in memory

©Brooks/Cole, 2004
Note:

When a variable is defined, it is not


initialized. The programmer must
initialize any variable requiring
prescribed data when the function
starts.

©Brooks/Cole, 2004
Variable Initialization

■ int count=0;
■ int a,b=0;
■ int a=c=d=0;

©Brooks/Cole, 2004
2.6

Constants

©Brooks/Cole, 2004
©Brooks/Cole, 2004
The default type for floating-point literals is
double. Floating-point literals of type float
or long double can be specified by adding
one of the following suffixes:

Suffix Type
f or F float
l or L long double

1 3.14159L // long double


2 6.02e23f // float

©Brooks/Cole, 2004
Note:

A character constant is enclosed in


single quotes.

©Brooks/Cole, 2004
Note:

Use single quotes for character


constants.
Use double quotes for string constants.

©Brooks/Cole, 2004
Note:

The only bool types constants are true,


printed as 1, and false, printed as 0.

©Brooks/Cole, 2004
Other literals
Three keyword literals exist in C++: true, false and nullptr:
true and false are the two possible values for variables of type bool.
nullptr is the null pointer value.

bool foo = true;


bool bar = false;
int* p = nullptr;

©Brooks/Cole, 2004
Figure 2-11 Null characters and null strings

'\0' Null character

"" Empty string

©Brooks/Cole, 2004
2.7

Coding Constants

©Brooks/Cole, 2004
■ literal constant---unnamed constant
‘a’, 5, “hello”
Most common form of constant
■ Defined constant

#define tax_rate 10
■ Memory constant

Const float pi=3.141


const char tab = '\t';

©Brooks/Cole, 2004
Input statements
cin >> variable-name;
Meaning: read the value of the variable called
<variable-name> from the user

Example:
cin >> a;
cin >> b >> c;
cin >> x;
cin >> my-character;
Output statements
cout << variable-name;
Meaning: print the value of variable <variable-name> to the user
cout << “any message “;
Meaning: print the message within quotes to the user
cout << endl;
Meaning: print a new line

Example:
cout << a;
cout << b << c;
cout << “This is my character: “ << my-character
<< “ he he he”
<< endl;

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