Abutli1s Module 5

SCHOOL OF
ARCHITECTURE
ABUTLI1S MODULE 5: Sewage
Disposal Systems, Treatment and
Recycling, and Plumbing Fixtures
NU CLARK
Presented By:
JANVIR MOSES S. ESCALONA, RLA
MODULE 05.1 :
Sewage Disposal Systems,
Treatment, and Recycling
SEWAGE DISPOSAL
SYSTEM
SEVERAL TYPES:
1. CESSPOOL
2. PRIVY
3. SEPTIC TANK
4.PUBLIC SEWER LINE
SEWAGE DISPOSAL
SYSTEM
1. CESSPOOL
is a hole in the ground with
stones and bricks are laid in
such a manner as to allow raw
contaminated sewage to leach
into the under surface of the
ground. (now obsolete).
SEWAGE DISPOSAL
SYSTEM
2. PRIVY
-is a concrete vault constructed
for the collection of raw sewage
sealed with a wooden shelter.
(obsolete)
SEWAGE DISPOSAL
SYSTEM
3. SEPTIC TANK
is a receptacle or vault used
to collect organic waste
discharge from the house
sewer.
SEWAGE DISPOSAL
SYSTEM
4. PUBLIC SEWER LINE -is a public
sewage disposal system consisting of a
sewage treatment unit which conveys
the raw sewage to the disposal system.
• a. Combination public sewer - it conveys
storm water and sanitary waste.
• b. Sanitary Sewer - only carries sanitary waste
to a modern sewage disposal plant rainwater
is prohibited.
• c. Storm Sewer - this carries storm water and
terminates into a natural drainage such as
lakes & rivers.
PUBLIC SEWER LINE
01
MANHOLE-serves as a clean-out and an access for inspection
and repair. Installed on a public sewer line at an interval of 75 to
150 meters, diameter from 0.90 to 1 .20 meters and provided
with iron rungs as ladders to the bottom. A well fitted steel cover
is provided in level with the road.
02
Catch Basin-a receptacle in which liquids are retained for a
sufficient period to the deposit settle-able material.
SEPTIC TANK
SEPTIC TANK
A watertight receptacle which receives the

discharge of a plumbing system or part
thereof and is designed and constructed to
separate solids from the liquid, digest the
organic matter through a period of
detention, and allow the effluent to
discharge into a storm drain; or directly to
the ground outside the tank through a
system of open joint or perforated piping.
SEPTIC TANK
LOCATION/ FEATURES
1. Septic tanks should be located not less than 15 meters away from potable
water to prevent contamination.
2. Where there is public sewer pipe, septic tanks are not allowed.
3. No septic tank shall be installed within or under a house.
4. The inlets and outlets are submerged and arranged so as not to disturb
the sludge or SCUM.
5. The bottom of the Tank should slope (1:10) minimum towards the manhole
in the center to facilitate cleaning.
6. The top cover and the manhole are usually extended 15 cm above the
surface of the soil to overcome surface water infiltration.
SEPTIC TANK
TECHNICAL DATA IN DETERMINING VOLUME OF SEPTIC TANK
1. Minimum Width = 0.90 meters

2. Minimum Length = 1.50 meters
3. Minimum Depth = 1.20 meters
4. For residential = allocate 0.14 to 0.17 cubic meter of liquid per person.
5. To serve 12 persons = not more than 2.0 cu.m.
6. For school industrial establishment = Volume should not be less than 0.057
cu.m. nor more than 0.086 cu.m. per person.
SEPTIC TANK
SEPTIC TANK
CESSPOOL
CESSPOOL
LEACHING CESSPOOL
TRENCH DRAIN
TRENCH DRAIN
SEWAGE TREATMENT
SEWAGE TREATMENT
SEWAGE TREATMENT IN THE FRONT YARD
Private on-site treatment of sewage from

residential is a valid procedure in suburban areas,
where sewers and treatment plants have not yet
been built. Methods of treating the sewage and
returning the partially purified effluent to the
ground and shown below;
SEWAGE TREATMENT
SEWAGE TREATMENT IN THE FRONT YARD
a. Not the best way to clean and recycle water b. Better method but more expensive to install.
SEWAGE TREATMENT
d. Used in low and marshy ground adjacent to a

SEWAGE TREATMENT IN THE FRONT YARD stream, requires careful design and frequent inspection
and servicing.
c. Fast becoming illegal because it puts raw
sewage in direct contact with the earth.
CISTERN TANK
CISTERN TANK
AVERAGE DAILY HUMAN

CONSUMPTION OF WATER:
• 50 to 100 gallons (189.5 liters) per day
• Per person each from 12 to 35 gal.
• Each 100 chickens - 4 gal.
• Each goat- 2 gal.
• Each hog- 4 gal.
CISTERN TANK
CISTERN TANK
MODULE 5.2:
Plumbing
Fixtures
PLUMBING
FIXTURES
Plumbing fixtures are
receptacle intended to
receive water, liquid, or
water-carried wastes and
discharge them into the
drainage system.
Source: Plumbing (Design and estimate) Second Edition by Max Fajardo
PLUMBING
FIXTURES
● WATER CLOSET
● LAVATORY
● BATHTUB
● BIDET
● URINALS
● KITCHEN SINK
WATER CLOSET
Water Closet is a plumbing fixture used to convey
organic body waste to the plumbing system.
Water closets are classified according to:
● Design
● Quality
● Shape
● Color

WATER CLOSET
Design. Water Closets come in various types of
designs:
● Pail Flush type
● Squat type
● Wash Down type
● Reverse type
● Siphon Jet type
● Siphon Vortex
● Direct Flush Valve type
WATER CLOSET
Quality. Water Closets must possess the following
qualities:
● Flush down quietly
● Flush down liquid and waste completely
● Must function efficiently
● Must retain large amount of standing water
surface area to prevent foul odor and
contamination

WATER CLOSET
Shape. Water Closets are classified into two (2)
shapes
● Round type is intended for installation on
limited space
● Elongated type is more comfortable but
required larger space. It also has large
amount of standing water inside the bowl
that is more sanitary and easier to maintain
Color. Water Closets have several kinds of pastel
and bright colors.
PAIL FLUSH TYPE
WATER CLOSET
● Pail flush type is the cheapest,
smallest and simplest form of
water closet.
● It is designed without water tank.
The flushing action can be
agitated by small amount of
water. Intended for installation in
limited space and budget.
SQUAT TYPE
WATER CLOSET
● Squat type is another simple type
of water closet.
● It is also designed without a water
tank and installed flat on the floor.
It is used by squatting, as opposed
to sitting.

WASH DOWN TYPE
WATER CLOSET
● Wash Down type is least efficient,
noisiest, and less expensive type of
water closet. It is recognized by the
bulging shape in front and flushes
through a simple wash down action.
● It discharges waste into a trap-way
located at the front of the bowl. It is
more subject to clogging than other
types. The trap-way is irregular in shape.
REVERSE TYPE
WATER CLOSET
● Reverse type is more expensive than
washdown. It is efficient but
moderately noisy but less likely to be
clogged.
● It flushes through a siphon action
created in the round trap-way
located at the rear of the bowl. It
retains large amount of surface water
as compared with wash down type. Source: Plumbing (Design and estimate) Second Edition by Max Fajardo
SIPHON JET TYPE
WATER CLOSET
● Siphon Jet water closet is more
expensive than wash down and reverse
type, but it is more efficient in service. It
is very sanitary and easier to clean.
● It retains larger amount of standing
water that mostly covers bowl interior,
larger trap-way making it less likely to
clog and the flushing action is silent
than other types.
SIPHON VORTEX
WATER CLOSET
● Siphon Vortex is very efficient, less
noisy, and most expensive. It flushes
by whirlpool motion, followed by a
flush down of liquid and waste
completely.
● It has a large amount of standing
water that mostly covers the bowl
interior making it very sanitary and
easy to clean. Source: Plumbing (Design and estimate) Second Edition by Max Fajardo
DIRECT FLUSH VALVE
TYPE WATER CLOSET
● Direct flush valve type, which is
sometimes referred to as DFV is
installed in places where water supply
has high pressure and is sufficient. It
eliminates use of water tank by flushing
through a flush valve that is directly
connected to the bowl. Preferred for
commercial and institutional
installations due to its efficiency and
WATER CLOSET
TANK

LAVATORY
Lavatory is a bowl or basin used for washing face
and hands. The basin of a lavatory may be of the
following form:
● Rounded
● Square
● Oval
● Rectangular
● Trapezoidal
● Triangular
LAVATORY
Side elevation is either:
● Shallow or deep
● Nearly vertical or gradually sloping side
Material could either be:

● Porcelain
● Formed Steel
● Enameled Cast iron
● Vitreous China
LAVATORY
Another type of lavatory is modeled one-piece with
integral countertop having the following variety:
● Built-in Installation. Lavatory fittings are installed
through a hole drilled at the counter top.
● Fitting Ledge Installation. Lavatory fittings are
installed in a hole provided within the lavatory itself.
● Under the Counter. Lavatory is placed below the
built-in countertop.

LAVATORY
● Built-in Installation.
● Fitting Ledge Installation.
● Under the Counter.

BATHTUBS
● Bathtubs are now designed not only for
one person, but large enough to
accommodate bathing couples.
● The size of the tub, its form, and design
were greatly improved. The lightest bathtub
introduced is the Fiberglass tubs, it is not as
durable as porcelain but it is easier to clean
and maintain.
BATHTUBS

BIDETS
● Bidet is a fixture that appears more likely a
water closet. It is designed for cleaning the
most delicate and well-guarded part of the
body.
● Bidet also serve as a foot bath or for any
function that lower set of bowl might perform.
It is connected to a water supply and drain in
the same manner as bathtub or shower stall.
BIDETS

URINALS
Urinal is a plumbing fixture, usually attached to a
wall, for urination. Urinals are often installed in public
toilets for male users. There are two (2) basic types of
urinals:
● Bowl Urinals. Usually made of vitreous china. It
offers far more privacy because it accommodates
one user at a time
● Trough Urinals. Usually made of stainless steel. It
can accommodate multiple users simultaneously
but requires a single waste pipe Source: Plumbing (Design and estimate) Second Edition by Max Fajardo
URINALS
● Bowl Urinals.
● Trough Urinals.

KITCHEN SINKS
Kitchen sink is a bowl-shaped plumbing fixture
commonly utilized for dishwashing, washing
hands, rinsing and more.
Kitchen sinks are classified according to:
Materials. Kitchen sinks are made from either of
the following materials:
● Cast iron enamel
● Formed steel coated with porcelain material
● Stainless steel
KITCHEN SINKS
Kitchen sink is a bowl-shaped plumbing fixture
commonly utilized for dishwashing, washing
hands, rinsing and more.
Depth. Kitchen sink have different depth
depending on the height to whom it would serve.
● Shallow Well. Less than 6 inches in depth.
● Deep Well. Depth of 6 inches, up to 12
inches.
KITCHEN SINKS
Configurations. Different configurations are
available that fit the preferences setup that
works best.
● Single Well
● Double Well
● Triple Well
● Corner Sink
KITCHEN SINKS
Single Well Double Well
Triple Well Corner Sink

References / Sources
References:
Plumbing (Design and estimate) Second Edition by Max Fajardo

Architectural Utilities 1 (Plumbing & Sanitary) by George S. Salvan
Some photos and illustration from web.
Images Sources:
https://www.ny-engineers.com/mep-engineering-services/plumbing-services/sanitary-
system-design#gallery
SEPTIC TANK
CASE STUDY
A Research work on the Real-World Application of
Public Sewer System and Sewage Disposal System
• Brief background of the Location

• Problems Faced
• Solutions Implemented
• Key Takeaways

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SCHOOL OF

A watertight receptacle which receives the

TECHNICAL DATA IN DETERMINING VOLUME OF SEPTIC TANK

1. Minimum Width = 0.90 meters

SEWAGE TREATMENT IN THE FRONT YARD

Private on-site treatment of sewage from

SEWAGE TREATMENT IN THE FRONT YARD

d. Used in low and marshy ground adjacent to a

AVERAGE DAILY HUMAN

Source: Plumbing (Design and estimate) Second Edition by Max Fajardo

Source: Plumbing (Design and estimate) Second Edition by Max Fajardo

Source: Plumbing (Design and estimate) Second Edition by Max Fajardo

Source: Plumbing (Design and estimate) Second Edition by Max Fajardo

Material could either be:

Source: Plumbing (Design and estimate) Second Edition by Max Fajardo

● Fitting Ledge Installation.

● Under the Counter.

Source: Plumbing (Design and estimate) Second Edition by Max Fajardo

Source: Plumbing (Design and estimate) Second Edition by Max Fajardo

Source: Plumbing (Design and estimate) Second Edition by Max Fajardo

Source: Plumbing (Design and estimate) Second Edition by Max Fajardo

Triple Well Corner Sink

Source: Plumbing (Design and estimate) Second Edition by Max Fajardo

Plumbing (Design and estimate) Second Edition by Max Fajardo

• Brief background of the Location

Source: Plumbing (Design and estimate) Second Edition by Max Fajardo

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