AQA Chemistry GCSE - Using Concentrations of Solutions in Mol Dm3 PhysicsAndMathsTutor.

com

Q1.
This question is about acids.

Hydrogen chloride and ethanoic acid both dissolve in water.

All hydrogen chloride molecules ionise in water.

Approximately 1% of ethanoic acid molecules ionise in water.

(a) A solution is made by dissolving 1 g of hydrogen chloride in 1 dm3 of water.

Which is the correct description of this solution?

Tick (✓) one box.

A concentrated solution of a strong

acid

A concentrated solution of a weak acid

A dilute solution of a strong acid

A dilute solution of a weak acid

(1)

(b) Which solution would have the lowest pH?

Tick (✓) one box.

0.1 mol/dm3 ethanoic acid solution

0.1 mol/dm3 hydrogen chloride solution

1.0 mol/dm3 ethanoic acid solution

1.0 mol/dm3 hydrogen chloride solution

(1)

A student investigated the concentration of a solution of sodium hydroxide by

titration with a 0.0480 mol/dm3 ethanedioic acid solution.

This is the method used.

Page 1 of 15
AQA Chemistry GCSE - Using Concentrations of Solutions in Mol Dm3 PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com

1. Measure 25.0 cm3 of the sodium hydroxide solution into a conical flask
using a 25.0 cm3 pipette.

2. Add two drops of indicator to the sodium hydroxide solution.

3. Fill a burette with the 0.0480 mol/dm3 ethanedioic acid solution to the 0.00
cm3 mark.

4. Add the ethanedioic acid solution to the sodium hydroxide solution until
the indicator changes colour.

5. Read the burette to find the volume of the ethanedioic acid solution used.

(c) Suggest two improvements to the method that would increase the
accuracy of the result.

1 _________________________________________________________
________

___________________________________________________________

2 _________________________________________________________
________

___________________________________________________________
(2)

(d) Ethanedioic acid is a solid at room temperature.

Calculate the mass of ethanedioic acid (H2C2O4) needed to make 250 cm3
of a solution with concentration 0.0480 mol/dm3

Relative formula mass (Mr): H2C2O4 = 90

___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________

Mass = _______________g
(2)

(e) The student found that 25.0 cm3 of the sodium hydroxide solution was
neutralised by 15.00 cm3 of the 0.0480 mol/dm3 ethanedioic acid solution.

The equation for the reaction is:

H2C2O4 + 2 NaOH → Na2C2O4 + 2 H2O

Calculate the concentration of the sodium hydroxide solution in mol/dm3

___________________________________________________________

Page 2 of 15
AQA Chemistry GCSE - Using Concentrations of Solutions in Mol Dm3 PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com

___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________

Concentration = _______________ mol/dm3

(3)
(Total 9 marks)

Q2.
This question is about citric acid (C6H8O7).

Citric acid is a solid.

A student investigated the temperature change during the reaction between citric
acid and sodium hydrogencarbonate solution.

This is the method used.

1. Pour 25 cm3 of sodium hydrogencarbonate solution into a polystyrene cup.
2. Measure the temperature of the sodium hydrogencarbonate solution.
3. Add 0.20 g of citric acid to the polystyrene cup.
4. Stir the solution.
5. Measure the temperature of the solution.
6. Repeat steps 3 to 5 until a total of 2.00 g of citric acid has been added.

The student plotted the results on a graph.

The student’s graph is shown below.

Page 3 of 15
AQA Chemistry GCSE - Using Concentrations of Solutions in Mol Dm3 PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com

(a) The graph shows an anomalous point when 0.60 g of citric acid was added.
This was caused by the student making an error.

The student correctly:

• measured the mass of the citric acid
• read the thermometer
• plotted the point.

Suggest one reason for the anomalous point.

___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________
(1)

(b) Explain the shape of the graph in terms of the energy transfers taking
place.

You should use data from the graph above in your answer.

___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________

Page 4 of 15
AQA Chemistry GCSE - Using Concentrations of Solutions in Mol Dm3 PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com

___________________________________________________________
(3)

(c) A second student repeated the investigation using a metal container

instead of the polystyrene cup. The container and the cup were the same
size and shape.

Sketch a line on above graph to show the second student’s results until
1.00 g of citric acid had been added. The starting temperature of the
solution was the same.

Explain your answer.

___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________
(3)

The student used a solution of citric acid to determine the concentration of a

solution of sodium hydroxide by titration.

(d) The student made 250 cm3 of a solution of citric acid of concentration
0.0500 mol/dm3

Calculate the mass of citric acid (C6H8O7) required.

Relative atomic masses (Ar): H=1 C = 12 O = 16

___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________

Mass = _______________ g
(3)

This is part of the method the student used for the titration.
1. Measure 25.0 cm3 of the sodium hydroxide solution into a conical flask
using a pipette.
2. Add a few drops of indicator to the flask.
3. Fill a burette with citric acid solution.

(e) Describe how the student would complete the titration.

Page 5 of 15
AQA Chemistry GCSE - Using Concentrations of Solutions in Mol Dm3 PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com

___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________
(3)

(f) Give two reasons why a burette is used for the citric acid solution.

1 _________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________

2 _________________________________________________________
________

___________________________________________________________
(2)

(g) 13.3 cm3 of 0.0500 mol/dm3 citric acid solution was needed to neutralise
25.0 cm3 of sodium hydroxide solution.

The equation for the reaction is:

3 NaOH + C6H8O7 → C6H5O7Na3 + 3 H2O

Calculate the concentration of the sodium hydroxide solution in mol/dm3

___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________

Concentration = _______________ mol/dm3

(3)
(Total 18 marks)

Q3.
A student investigated the temperature change in the reaction between dilute
sulfuric acid and potassium hydroxide solution.

Page 6 of 15
AQA Chemistry GCSE - Using Concentrations of Solutions in Mol Dm3 PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com

This is the method used.

1. Measure 25.0 cm3 potassium hydroxide solution into a polystyrene cup.

2. Record the temperature of the solution.

3. Add 2.0 cm3 dilute sulfuric acid.

4. Stir the solution.

5. Record the temperature of the solution.

6. Repeat steps 3 to 5 until a total of 20.0 cm3 dilute sulfuric acid has been
added.

(a) Suggest why the student used a polystyrene cup rather than a glass
beaker for the reaction.

___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________
(2)

The following table shows some of the student’s results.

Volume of dilute sulfuric acid Temperature

added in cm3 in °C

0.0 18.9

2.0 21.7

4.0 23.6

6.0 25.0

8.0 26.1

10.0 27.1

The figure below shows some of the data from the investigation.

Page 7 of 15
AQA Chemistry GCSE - Using Concentrations of Solutions in Mol Dm3 PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com

(b) Complete the figure:

• plot the data from the table

• draw a line of best fit through these points
• extend the lines of best fit until they cross.
(4)

(c) Determine the volume of dilute sulfuric acid needed to react completely
with 25.0 cm3 of the potassium hydroxide solution.

Use the figure above.

Volume of dilute sulfuric acid to react completely =

_____________________ cm3
(1)

(d) Determine the overall temperature change when the reaction is complete.

Use the figure above.

___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________

Overall temperature change = _________________________ °C

(1)

(e) The student repeated the investigation.

Page 8 of 15
AQA Chemistry GCSE - Using Concentrations of Solutions in Mol Dm3 PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com

The student used solutions that had different concentrations from the first
investigation.

The student found that 15.5 cm3 of 0.500 mol/dm3 dilute sulfuric acid
completely reacted with 25.0 cm3 of potassium hydroxide solution.

The equation for the reaction is:

2 KOH + H2SO4 → K2SO4 + 2 H2O

Calculate the concentration of the potassium hydroxide solution in mol/dm3

and in g/dm3

Relative atomic masses (Ar): H = 1 O = 16 K = 39

___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________

Concentration in mol/dm3 = _____________________ mol/dm3

Concentration in g/dm3 = ______________________ g/dm3

(6)
(Total 14 marks)

Q4.
This question is about acids and alkalis.

(a) Dilute hydrochloric acid is a strong acid.

Explain why an acid can be described as both strong and dilute.

___________________________________________________________

Page 9 of 15
AQA Chemistry GCSE - Using Concentrations of Solutions in Mol Dm3 PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com

___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________
(2)

(b) A 1.0 × 10−3 mol/dm3 solution of hydrochloric acid has a pH of 3.0

What is the pH of a 1.0 × 10−5 mol/dm3 solution of hydrochloric acid?

pH = ___________________
(1)

A student titrated 25.0 cm3 portions of dilute sulfuric acid with a 0.105 mol/dm3
sodium hydroxide solution.

(c) The table below shows the student’s results.

Titration Titration Titration Titration Titration

1 2 3 4 5

Volume of
sodium
hydroxide 23.50 21.10 22.10 22.15 22.15
solution in
cm3

The equation for the reaction is:

2 NaOH + H2SO4 ⟶ Na2SO4 + 2 H2O

Calculate the concentration of the sulfuric acid in mol/dm3

Use only the student’s concordant results.

Concordant results are those within 0.10 cm3 of each other.

___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________

Page 10 of 15
AQA Chemistry GCSE - Using Concentrations of Solutions in Mol Dm3 PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com

___________________________________________________________

Concentration of sulfuric acid = ___________________ mol/dm3

(5)

(d) Explain why the student should use a pipette to measure the dilute sulfuric
acid and a burette to measure the sodium hydroxide solution.

___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________
(2)

(e) Calculate the mass of sodium hydroxide in 30.0 cm3 of a 0.105 mol/dm3
solution.

Relative formula mass (Mr): NaOH = 40

___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________

Mass of sodium hydroxide = ___________________ g

(2)
(Total 12 marks)

Q5.
Citric acid is a weak acid.

(a) Explain what is meant by a weak acid.

___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________
(2)

A student titrated citric acid with sodium hydroxide solution.

This is the method used.

1. Pipette 25.0 cm3 of sodium hydroxide solution into a conical flask.

Page 11 of 15
AQA Chemistry GCSE - Using Concentrations of Solutions in Mol Dm3 PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com

2. Add a few drops of thymol blue indicator to the sodium hydroxide solution.
Thymol blue is blue in alkali and yellow in acid.
3. Add citric acid solution from a burette until the end-point was reached.

(b) Explain what would happen at the end-point of this titration.

Refer to the acid, the alkali and the indicator in your answer.

___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________
(3)

(c) Explain why a pipette is used to measure the sodium hydroxide solution
but a burette is used to measure the citric acid solution

___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________
(2)

(d) The table shows the student’s results.

Titration 1 Titration 2 Titration 3 Titration 4 Titration 5

Volume of
citric acid
13.50 12.10 11.10 12.15 12.15
solution in
cm3

The equation for the reaction is:

C6H8O7 + 3 NaOH ⟶ C6H5O7Na3 + 3 H2O

The concentration of the sodium hydroxide was 0.102 mol / dm 3

Concordant results are those within 0.10 cm 3 of each other.

Calculate the concentration of the citric acid in mol / dm 3

Use only the concordant results from the table in your calculation.
You must show your working.

Page 12 of 15
AQA Chemistry GCSE - Using Concentrations of Solutions in Mol Dm3 PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com

___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________

Concentration = ____________________ mol / dm 3

(5)
(Total 12 marks)

Q6.
Sodium hydroxide neutralises sulfuric acid.

The equation for the reaction is:

2NaOH + H2SO4 → Na2SO4 + 2H2O

(a) Sulfuric acid is a strong acid.

What is meant by a strong acid?

___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________
(2)

(b) Write the ionic equation for this neutralisation reaction. Include state
symbols.

___________________________________________________________
(2)

(c) A student used a pipette to add 25.0 cm3 of sodium hydroxide of unknown
concentration to a conical flask.

The student carried out a titration to find out the volume of 0.100 mol / dm3
sulfuric acid needed to neutralise the sodium hydroxide.

Describe how the student would complete the titration.

You should name a suitable indicator and give the colour change that
would be seen.

___________________________________________________________

Page 13 of 15
AQA Chemistry GCSE - Using Concentrations of Solutions in Mol Dm3 PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com

___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________
(4)

(d) The student carried out five titrations. Her results are shown in the table
below.

Titration 1 Titration 2 Titration 3 Titration 4 Titration 5

Volume of
0.100 mol / 27.40 28.15 27.05 27.15 27.15
dm3 sulfuric
acid in cm3

Concordant results are within 0.10 cm3 of each other.

Use the student’s concordant results to work out the mean volume of 0.100
mol / dm3 sulfuric acid added.

___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________

Mean volume = _____________________________ cm3

(2)

(e) The equation for the reaction is:

2NaOH + H2SO4 → Na2SO4 + 2H2O

Calculate the concentration of the sodium hydroxide.

Give your answer to three significant figures.

___________________________________________________________

Page 14 of 15
AQA Chemistry GCSE - Using Concentrations of Solutions in Mol Dm3 PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com

___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________

Concentration = _______________________ mol / dm3

(4)

(f) The student did another experiment using 20 cm3 of sodium hydroxide
solution with a concentration of 0.18 mol / dm3.

Relative formula mass (Mr) of NaOH = 40

Calculate the mass of sodium hydroxide in 20 cm3 of this solution.

___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________

Mass = ________________ g
(2)
(Total 16 marks)

Page 15 of 15