New Document 1

The concentration of dilute hydrochloric acid can be found by titration using a standard solution
1. of barium hydroxide.
(a) Calculate the mass, in g, of solid barium hydroxide (Mr = 171.3) needed to prepare 250 cm3
of 0.100 mol dm–3 barium hydroxide solution.
Mass ____________________ g
(1)
(b) The mass of barium hydroxide from part (a) is dissolved in a beaker containing 150 cm3 of
distilled water.
Describe how this solution is used to make 250 cm3 of the

0.100 mol dm–3 barium hydroxide solution.
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(3)
(c) Before the first titration, the 25 cm3 pipette is rinsed with a small volume of the 0.100 mol
dm–3 barium hydroxide solution.
State why it is good practice to rinse the pipette in this way.
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(1)
Heath Park Page 1 of 111

(d) Hydrochloric acid is added to the burette using a funnel.
State why it is good practice to remove the funnel from the burette before the titration.
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(1)
(e) In a different experiment, 0.952 g of solid barium hydroxide is used to make 250 cm3 of
standard barium hydroxide solution.
25.0 cm3 of this barium hydroxide solution reacts with exactly

24.50 cm3 of hydrochloric acid.
Calculate the concentration of the hydrochloric acid.
Concentration ____________________ mol dm–3

(3)
(f) The uncertainty in the 25.0 cm3 of solution from the pipette is ±0.05 cm3
The total uncertainty in the 24.50 cm3 of solution from the burette is ±0.15 cm3
Calculate the total percentage error in using the pipette and burette.
Percentage error ____________________

(1)
(Total 10 marks)

A gas syringe that does not have any graduations is calibrated using a known mass of
2. propanone (boiling point = 56.2 °C).
The sealed gas syringe contains 0.146 g of propanone (Mr = 58.0) at a temperature of 95 °C and
a pressure of 103 kPa
(a) Calculate the volume, in cm3, of propanone in the gas syringe.
The gas constant, R = 8.31 J K−1 mol−1
Volume of propanone ____________________ cm3

(4)
(b) The gas syringe is then cooled to 75 °C, without changing the pressure.
Calculate the decrease in volume.
(If you were unable to calculate the volume in part (a), you should use the volume 89 cm3.
This is not the correct answer.)
Decrease in volume ____________________ cm3

(2)

(c) The total uncertainty in using the balance to measure the mass of propanone in part (a) is
±0.001 g
Calculate the uncertainty that this causes in the volume, in cm3, of propanone calculated in
part (a).
(If you were unable to calculate the volume in part (a), you should use the volume 89 cm3.
This is not the correct answer.)
Uncertainty ____________________ cm3

(2)
(d) A 600 cm3 sample of propanone is mixed with 2800 cm3 of oxygen in a container at 60 °C
and 100 kPa. The mixture is ignited.
When the reaction is complete, the remaining mixture of gases is cooled to 60 °C at 100
kPa
CH3COCH3(g) + 4 O2(g) → 3 CO2(g) + 3 H2O(l)
Calculate the total volume of the remaining gas mixture.
Volume ____________________ cm3

(2)
(Total 10 marks)

Ethyl ethanoate can be made by reacting ethanol with ethanoic acid in the presence of
3. concentrated sulfuric acid.
Method
1. A mixture of ethanol, ethanoic acid, and concentrated sulfuric acid, with anti-bumping
granules, is heated under reflux for 10 minutes.
2. The apparatus is rearranged for distillation.
3. The mixture is heated to collect the liquid that distils between 70 and 85 °C
4. The distillate is placed in a separating funnel. Aqueous sodium carbonate is added,
and a stopper is placed in the funnel. The mixture is shaken, releasing pressure as
necessary.
5. The lower aqueous layer is removed and the upper organic layer is placed in a small
conical flask.
6. Anhydrous calcium chloride is added to the sample in the conical flask. The flask is
shaken well and left for a few minutes.
7. The liquid from the flask is redistilled and the distillate is collected between 74 and
79 °C
(a) State the role of concentrated sulfuric acid in this reaction.
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(1)
(b) The reaction mixture is flammable.
Suggest how the reaction mixture should be heated in step 1.
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(1)

(c) The figure below shows how a student set up the apparatus for reflux in step 1.
You should assume that the apparatus is clamped correctly.
Identify two mistakes the student made in setting up the apparatus.
State the problem caused by each mistake.
Mistake 1 __________________________________________________________
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Problem caused _____________________________________________________
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Mistake 2 __________________________________________________________
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Problem caused _____________________________________________________
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(4)

(d) State why sodium carbonate is added to the distillate in step 4.
Explain why there is a build-up of pressure in the separating funnel.
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(2)
(e) Give a reason why two layers form in the separating funnel.
Suggest why ethyl ethanoate forms the upper layer.
Reason ____________________________________________________________
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Suggestion _________________________________________________________
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(2)
(f) State why anhydrous calcium chloride is added in step 6.
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(1)

(g) A student uses the method to prepare some ethyl ethanoate.
The student adds 10.0 cm3 of ethanol (Mr = 46.0) to 5.25 g of ethanoic acid (Mr = 60.0) and
obtains 5.47 g of ethyl ethanoate (Mr = 88.0).
For ethanol, density = 0.790 g cm–3
Determine the limiting reagent.
Calculate the percentage yield of ethyl ethanoate.
Limiting reagent ____________________
Percentage yield ____________________

(5)
(h) Suggest a reason why the percentage yield is not 100%.
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(1)
(Total 17 marks)

The molar enthalpy of vaporisation (∆Hvap) of a liquid is the enthalpy change when one mole of
4. liquid is converted to vapour at the boiling point of the liquid.
A student does an experiment to determine ∆Hvap for water.
The student:
• places a large beaker on a balance

• pours 500 cm3 of water into the beaker
• uses a 2.4 kW heater to raise the temperature of the water to 100 °C
• records the mass of the beaker and hot water
• uses the 2.4 kW heater to boil the water for 100 s
• records the mass of the beaker and remaining water.
The loss in mass is 103 g
(a) Calculate ∆Hvap for water.
[1 kW = 1 kJ s–1]
∆Hvap ____________________ kJ mol–1

(3)
The table below shows some data about three compounds that all contain the same number of
electrons.
Compound CH3CH2OH CH3CH2NH2 CH3OCH3
Boiling point / K 352 290 248

(b) All three compounds in the table above are polar.
Ethanol is the most polar and ethylamine is the least polar.
Explain why all three molecules are polar and why ethylamine is the least polar.
In your answer refer to the shapes around, and relative electronegativities of, the most
electronegative atoms.
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(4)
(c) Explain the trend in the boiling points of the three compounds.
Refer to the intermolecular forces in all three compounds in your answer.
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(3)
(Total 10 marks)
Calcium hydroxide is almost insoluble in water, but it reacts with dilute hydrochloric acid.
5.
Ca(OH)2(s) + 2 HCl(aq) → CaCl2(aq) + 2 H2O(l)
A student adds 100 cm3 of 0.100 mol dm–3 hydrochloric acid to

0.600 g of solid calcium hydroxide.

(a) Show, by calculation, that the calcium hydroxide is in excess.
(2)
(b) The final mixture contains a saturated solution of Ca(OH)2 at 293 K
At 293 K
• the solubility of Ca(OH)2 in this solution is 0.400 g dm–3

• Kw = 6.80 × 10–15 mol2 dm–6
Calculate the pH of this solution.

Give your answer to two decimal places.
pH ____________________
(5)
(Total 7 marks)

What is the relative molecular mass (Mr) of benzene-1,4-dicarboxylic acid?
6.
A 164.0
B 166.0
C 168.0
D 170.0
(Total 1 mark)
The equation for the complete combustion of butane is

7.
C4H10 + 6 O2 → 4 CO2 + 5 H2O
What is the mole fraction of butane in a mixture of butane and oxygen with the minimum amount
of oxygen needed for complete combustion?
A 0.133
B 0.153
C 0.167
D 0.200
(Total 1 mark)
This question is about hydrogen peroxide, H2O2

8.
The half-equation for the oxidation of hydrogen peroxide is
H2O2 → O2 + 2 H+ + 2e–
Hair bleach solution contains hydrogen peroxide.
A sample of hair bleach solution is diluted with water.

The concentration of hydrogen peroxide in the diluted solution is 5.00% of that in the original
solution.
A 25.0 cm3 sample of the diluted hair bleach solution is acidified with dilute sulfuric acid.
This acidified sample is titrated with 0.0200 mol dm−3 potassium manganate(VII) solution.
The reaction is complete when 35.85 cm3 of the potassium manganate(VII) solution are added.

(a) Give an ionic equation for the reaction between potassium manganate(VII) and acidified
hydrogen peroxide.
Calculate the concentration, in mol dm–3, of hydrogen peroxide in the original hair bleach
solution.
(If you were unable to write an equation for the reaction you may assume that the mole
ratio of potassium manganate(VII) to hydrogen peroxide is 3:4
This is not the correct mole ratio.)

(5)
(b) State why an indicator is not added in this titration.
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(1)
(c) Give the oxidation state of oxygen in hydrogen peroxide.
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(1)

(d) Hydrogen peroxide decomposes to form water and oxygen.
Give an equation for this reaction.
Calculate the amount, in moles, of hydrogen peroxide that would be needed to produce
185 cm3 of oxygen gas at 100 kPa and 298 K
Equation
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Amount ____________________ mol

(5)

(e) Hydrazine (N2H4) is used as a rocket fuel that is oxidised by hydrogen peroxide. The
equation for this reaction in the gas phase is
The enthalpy change for this reaction, ∆H = –789 kJ mol−1
The table below shows some mean bond enthalpy values.
N–H N–N N≡N O–H
Mean bond enthalpy / kJ

388 163 944 463
mol−1
Define the term mean bond enthalpy.
Use the equation and the data in the table above to calculate a value for the O–O bond
enthalpy in hydrogen peroxide.
Definition __________________________________________________________
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Bond enthalpy _______________ kJ mol–1

(5)
(Total 17 marks)

This question is about olive oil.
9.
A sample of olive oil is mainly the unsaturated fat Y mixed with a small amount of inert impurity.
The structure of Y in the olive oil is shown.

Y has the molecular formula C57H100O6 (Mr = 880).
The amount of Y is found by measuring how much bromine water is decolourised by a sample of
oil, using this method.
• Transfer a weighed sample of oil to a 250 cm3 volumetric flask and make up to the mark
with an inert organic solvent.
• Titrate 25.0 cm3 samples of the olive oil solution with 0.025 mol dm−3 Br2(aq).
(a) A suitable target titre for the titration is 30.0 cm3 of 0.025 mol dm−3 Br2(aq).
Justify why a much smaller target titre would not be appropriate.
Calculate the amount, in moles, of bromine in the target titre.
Justification ________________________________________________________
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Amount of bromine ____________________ mol

(2)

(b) Calculate a suitable mass of olive oil to transfer to the volumetric flask using your answer to
part (a) and the structure of Y.
Assume that the olive oil contains 85% of Y by mass.
(If you were unable to calculate the amount of bromine in the target titre, you should
assume it is 6.25 ×10−4 mol. This is not the correct amount.)
Mass of olive oil _______________ g

(5)
The olive oil solution can be prepared using this method.
• Place a weighing bottle on a balance and record the mass, in g, to 2 decimal places.
• Add olive oil to the weighing bottle until a suitable mass has been added.
• Record the mass of the weighing bottle and olive oil.
• Pour the olive oil into a 250 cm3 volumetric flask.
• Add organic solvent to the volumetric flask until it is made up to the mark.
• Place a stopper in the flask and invert the flask several times.

(c) Suggest an extra step to ensure that the mass of olive oil in the solution is recorded
accurately.
Justify your suggestion.
Extra step __________________________________________________________
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Justification ________________________________________________________
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(2)
(d) State the reason for inverting the flask several times.
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(1)

(e) A sample of the olive oil was dissolved in methanol and placed in a
mass spectrometer. The sample was ionised using electrospray ionisation.
Each molecule gained a hydrogen ion (H+) during ionisation.
The spectrum showed a peak for an ion with = 345 formed from an impurity in the olive
oil.
The ion with = 345 was formed from a compound with the empirical formula C5H10O
Deduce the molecular formula of this compound.
Show your working.
Molecular formula _________________________________

(2)
(Total 12 marks)

Tschermigite is a hydrated, water-soluble mineral, with relative formula mass of 453.2
10.
The formula of tschermigite can be represented as M.xH2O, where M represents all the ions
present.
The table below shows its composition by mass.
Element % by mass
N 3.09
H 6.18
Al 5.96
S 14.16
O 70.61
In an analysis, it is found that the mineral contains the ions NH4+, Al3+ and SO42−
Calculate the empirical formula of tschermigite and the value of x in M.xH2O
Describe the tests, with their results, including ionic equations, that would confirm the identities of
the ions present.
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(Total 6 marks)

Complete combustion of 0.0100 mol of an organic acid produced 0.0200 mol of carbon dioxide.
11.
The same amount of the acid required 20 cm3 of 1.00 mol dm–3 NaOH (aq) for neutralisation.
Which could be the formula of the acid?
A HCOOH
B CH3COOH
C HOOCCOOH
D HOOCCH2COOH
(Total 1 mark)
The reaction between vanadium(IV) ions and manganate(VII) ions in acidic solution can be
12. represented by the equation
5 V4+ + MnO4− + 8 H+ → 5 V5+ + Mn2+ + 4 H2O
What volume, in dm3, of 0.020 mol dm−3 KMnO4 is needed to oxidise 0.10 mol of vanadium(IV)
ions completely?
A 0.10
B 0.50
C 1.0
D 5.0
(Total 1 mark)
This question is about iron and its ions.

13.

(a) Discuss the role of iron as a heterogeneous catalyst in the Haber process.
3 H2 + N2 ⇌ 2 NH3
Your answer should include:
• the meaning of the term heterogeneous catalyst

• how iron acts as a heterogeneous catalyst
• the factors that affect the efficiency and lifetime of the catalyst.
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(6)

(b) Fe2+ ions catalyse the reaction between peroxodisulfate(VI) ions and iodide ions in
aqueous solution.
S2O82–(aq) + 2 I–(aq) → 2 SO42–(aq) + I2(aq)
Explain why this reaction is slow before the catalyst is added.

Give two equations to show how Fe2+ ions catalyse this reaction.
Why reaction is slow before catalyst added ________________________________
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Equation 1
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Equation 2
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(4)
(c) Give a reason why Zn2+ ions do not catalyse the reaction in part (b).
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(1)

(d) Iron reacts with dilute hydrochloric acid to form iron(II) chloride and hydrogen.
Fe(s) + 2 HCl(aq) → FeCl2(aq) + H2(g)
A 0.998 g sample of pure iron is added to 30.0 cm3 of 1.00 mol dm–3 hydrochloric acid.
One of these reagents is in excess and the other reagent limits the amount of hydrogen
produced in the reaction.
Calculate the maximum volume, in m3, of hydrogen gas produced at 30 oC and 100 kPa.
Give your answer to 3 significant figures.
In your answer you should identify the limiting reagent in the reaction.
Volume of hydrogen _______________ m3

(6)
The figure below shows some reactions of iron ions in aqueous solution.
(e) Identify A and state its colour.
Identity ____________________________________________________________
Colour _____________________________________________________________
(2)

(f) Give the formula of B and state its colour.
Give an ionic equation for the reaction of [Fe(H2O)6]3+ with aqueous Na2CO3 to form B.
Formula ____________________________________________________________
Colour _____________________________________________________________
Ionic equation
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(3)
(g) Explain why an aqueous solution containing [Fe(H2O)6]3+ ions has a lower pH than an
aqueous solution containing [Fe(H2O)6]2+ ions.
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(3)
(Total 25 marks)
Coconut oil contains a triester with three identical R groups.

14. This triester reacts with potassium hydroxide.

(a) Complete the equation by drawing the structure of the other product of this reaction in the
box.
Name the type of compound shown by the formula RCOOK
Give one use for this type of compound.
Type of compound ___________________________________________________
Use _______________________________________________________________
(3)
(b) The triester in coconut oil has a relative molecular mass, Mr = 638.0
In the equation shown at the start of this question, R represents an alkyl group that can be
written as CH3(CH2)n
Deduce the value of n in CH3(CH2)n

Show your working.
n _______________
(3)

(c) A 1.450 g sample of coconut oil is heated with 0.421 g of KOH in aqueous ethanol until all
of the triester is hydrolysed.
The mixture is cooled.
The remaining KOH is neutralised by exactly 15.65 cm3 of 0.100 mol dm–3 HCl
Calculate the percentage by mass of the triester (Mr = 638.0) in the coconut oil.
Percentage by mass _______________

(6)
(d) Suggest why aqueous ethanol is a suitable solvent when heating the coconut oil with KOH.
Give a safety precaution used when heating the mixture.

Justify your choice.
Reason ____________________________________________________________
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Safety precaution _____________________________________________________
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Justification _________________________________________________________
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(3)
(Total 15 marks)

What is the mole fraction of 1.0 g of a compound of relative molecular mass 100.0 dissolved in
15. 30.0 g of a solvent of relative molecular mass 50.0?
A 6.0 × 10−3
B 1.6 × 10−2
C 1.7 × 10−2
D 3.0 × 10−2
(Total 1 mark)
Which compound needs the greatest amount of oxygen for the complete combustion of 1 mol of
16. the compound?
A ethanal
B ethanol
C ethane-1,2-diol
D methanol
(Total 1 mark)
Nitration of 1.70 g of methyl benzoate (Mr = 136.0) produces methyl 3-nitrobenzoate (Mr =
17. 181.0). The percentage yield is 65.0%
What mass, in g, of methyl 3-nitrobenzoate is produced?
A 0.830
B 1.10
C 1.47
D 2.26
(Total 1 mark)

A student does an experiment to determine the percentage by mass of sodium chlorate(I),
18. NaClO, in a sample of bleach solution.
Method:
• Dilute a 10.0 cm 3 sample of bleach solution to 100 cm3 with distilled water.
• Transfer 25.0 cm 3 of the diluted bleach solution to a conical flask and acidify using sulfuric
acid.
• Add excess potassium iodide to the conical flask to form a brown solution containing l 2(aq).
• Add 0.100 mol dm –3 sodium thiosulfate solution (Na2S2O3) to the conical flask from a
burette until the brown solution containing l2(aq) becomes a colourless solution containing
l–(aq).
The student uses 33.50 cm3 of sodium thiosulfate solution.
The density of the original bleach solution is 1.20 g cm–3
The equations for the reactions in this experiment are
ClO–(aq) + 2 H+(aq) + 2 l–(aq) → Cl–(aq) + H2O(l) + l2(aq)
2 S2O32–(aq) + l2(aq) → 2 l–(aq) + S4O62–(aq)
(a) Use all the information given to calculate the percentage by mass of NaClO in the original
bleach solution.
Percentage by mass _______________

(7)

(b) The total uncertainty from two readings and an end point error in using a burette is
± 0.15 cm3
What is the total percentage uncertainty in using the burette in this experiment?
✓) one box.
Tick (✓
0.45%
0.90%
1.34%
(1)
(Total 8 marks)
Aspirin can be produced by reacting salicylic acid with ethanoic anhydride.

19. An incomplete method to determine the yield of aspirin is shown.
1. Add about 6 g of salicylic acid to a weighing boat.

2. Place the weighing boat on a 2 decimal place balance and record the mass.
3. Tip the salicylic acid into a 100 cm3 conical flask.
4. ______________________________________________
5. Add 10 cm3 of ethanoic anhydride to the conical flask and swirl.
6. Add 5 drops of concentrated phosphoric acid.
7. Warm the flask for 20 minutes.
8. Add ice-cold water to the reaction mixture and place the flask in an ice bath.
9. Filter off the crude aspirin from the mixture and leave it to dry.
10. Weigh the crude aspirin and calculate the yield.
(a) Describe the instruction that is missing from step 4 of the method.
Justify why this step is necessary.
Instruction ________________________________________________________
Justification _______________________________________________________
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(2)
(b) Suggest a suitable piece of apparatus to measure out the ethanoic anhydride in step 5.
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(1)

(c) Identify a hazard of using concentrated phosphoric acid in step 6.
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(1)
(d) Complete the equation for the reaction of salicylic acid with ethanoic anhydride to produce
aspirin.
(1)
(e) A 6.01 g sample of salicylic acid (Mr = 138.0) is reacted with

10.5 cm3 of ethanoic anhydride (Mr = 102.0).
In the reaction the yield of aspirin is 84.1%
The density of ethanoic anhydride is 1.08 g cm–3
Show by calculation which reagent is in excess.
Calculate the mass, in g, of aspirin (Mr = 180.0) produced.
Reagent in excess _______________
Mass of aspirin __________ g

(5)

(f) Suggest two ways in which the melting point of the crude aspirin collected in step 9 would
differ from the melting point of pure aspirin.
Difference 1 _________________________________________________________
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Difference 2 _________________________________________________________
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(2)
(g) The crude aspirin can be purified by recrystallisation using hot ethanol
(boiling point = 78 °C) as the solvent.
Describe two important precautions when heating the mixture of ethanol and crude aspirin.
Precaution 1 ________________________________________________________
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Precaution 2 ________________________________________________________
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(2)
(h) The pure aspirin is filtered under reduced pressure.

A small amount of cold ethanol is then poured through the Buchner funnel.
Explain the purpose of adding a small amount of cold ethanol.
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(1)
(i) A sample of the crude aspirin is kept to compare with the purified aspirin.
Describe one difference in appearance you would expect to see between these two solid
samples.
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(1)
(Total 16 marks)

This question is about citric acid, a hydrated tricarboxylic acid. Its formula can be represented as
20.
H3Y.xH2O
(a) A 1.50 g sample of H3Y.xH2O contains 0.913 g of oxygen by mass.

The sample burns completely in air to form 1.89 g of CO2 and 0.643 g of H2O
Show that the empirical formula of citric acid is C3H5O4
(5)
(b) A 3.00 g sample of H3Y.xH2O (Mr = 210.0) is heated to constant mass. The anhydrous H3Y
that remains has a mass of 2.74 g
Show, using these data, that the value of x = 1
(2)

The figure shows the structure of H3Y
(c) Complete this IUPAC name for H3Y
____________________ propane-1, 2, 3-tricarboxylic acid
(1)
(d) State the number of peaks you would expect in the 13C NMR spectrum for H3Y
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(1)
(Total 9 marks)
(a) Explain why complexes formed from transition metal ions are coloured.
21.
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(3)

The iron content of iron tablets can be determined by colorimetry.
Method:
• Dissolve a tablet in sulfuric acid.
• Oxidise all the iron from the tablet to Fe 3+(aq).
• Convert the Fe 3+(aq) into a complex that absorbs light of wavelength 490 nm
• Make the solution up to 250 cm 3
• Measure the absorbance of light at 490 nm with a colorimeter.
• Use a calibration graph to find the concentration of the iron(III) complex.
(b) Calculate the energy, in J, gained by each excited electron in the absorption at 490 nm
Speed of light, c = 3.00 x 108 m s–1

Planck constant, h = 6.63 x 10–34 J s
Energy gained by each electron _______________ J

(3)
(c) Describe how a calibration graph is produced and used to find the concentration of the
iron(III) complex.
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(3)

(d) The concentration of iron(III) in the solution is 4.66 x 10–3 mol dm–3
Calculate the mass, in mg, of iron in the tablet used to make the 250 cm3 of solution.
Mass of iron in the tablet ____________________ mg

(2)
(Total 11 marks)
Cisplatin, [Pt(NH3)2Cl2], is used as an anti-cancer drug.

22.
(a) Cisplatin works by causing the death of rapidly dividing cells.
Name the process that is prevented by cisplatin during cell division.
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(1)
After cisplatin enters a cell, one of the chloride ligands is replaced by a water molecule to form a
complex ion, B.
(b) Give the equation for this reaction.
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(2)

(c) When the complex ion B reacts with DNA, the water molecule is replaced as a bond forms
between platinum and a nitrogen atom in a guanine nucleotide.
The remaining chloride ligand is also replaced as a bond forms between platinum and a
nitrogen atom in another guanine nucleotide.
Figure 1 represents two adjacent guanine nucleotides in DNA.
Complete figure 1 to show how the platinum complex forms a cross-link between the
guanine nucleotides.
Figure 1
(2)
An experiment is done to investigate the rate of reaction in part (b).
(d) During the experiment the concentration of cisplatin is measured at one-minute intervals.
Explain how graphical methods can be used to process the measured results, to confirm
that the reaction is first order.
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(3)

In another experiment, the effect of temperature on the rate of the reaction in part (b) is
investigated.
The table shows the results.
Temperature Rate constant

ln k
T/K k / s –1
293 0.00341 1.97 × 10−8 −17.7
303 0.00330 8.61 × 10−8 −16.3
313 0.00319 3.43 × 10−7 −14.9
318 6.63 × 10−7
323 0.00310 1.26 × 10−6 −13.6
(e) Complete the table above.

(2)

(f) The Arrhenius equation can be written in the form
Use the data in the table above to plot a graph of ln k against on the grid in Figure 2.
Calculate the activation energy, Ea, in kJ mol−1
Figure 2
Ea _______________ kJ mol−1
(5)

(Total 15 marks)
Time of flight (TOF) mass spectrometry can be used to analyse large molecules such as the
23. pentapeptide, leucine encephalin (P).
P is ionised by electrospray ionisation and its mass spectrum is shown in the diagram.
(a) Describe the process of electrospray ionisation.
Give an equation to represent the ionisation of P in this process.
Description ________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
Equation
___________________________________________________________________
(4)

(b) What is the relative molecular mass of P?
✓) one one box.
Tick (✓
555 556 557
(1)
(c) A molecule Q is ionised by electron impact in a TOF mass spectrometer.

The Q+ ion has a kinetic energy of 2.09 x 10–15 J
This ion takes 1.23 x 10–5s to reach the detector.
The length of the flight tube is 1.50 m
Calculate the relative molecular mass of Q.
where m = mass (kg) and v = speed (m s –1)

The Avogadro constant, L = 6.022 x 1023 mol–1
Relative molecular mass _______________________________

(5)
(Total 10 marks)

This question is about periodicity, the Period 4 elements and their compounds.
24.
(a) State the meaning of the term periodicity.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
(1)
(b) Identify the element in Period 4 with the highest electronegativity value.
___________________________________________________________________
(1)
(c) Identify the element in Period 4 with the largest atomic radius.
Explain your answer.
Element ____________________________________________________________
Explanation _________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
(3)
(d) The equations for two reactions of arsenic(III) oxide are shown.
As2O3 + 6 HCl → 2 AsCl3 + 3 H2O
As2O3 + 6 NaOH → 2 Na3AsO3 + 3 H2O
Name the property of arsenic(III) oxide that describes its ability to react in these two ways.
___________________________________________________________________
(1)
(e) Complete the equation for the formation of arsenic hydride.
As2O3 + Zn + HNO3 → AsH3 + Zn(NO3)2 + H 2O

(1)
(Total 7 marks)

A student does an experiment to determine the percentage of copper in an alloy.
25.
The student
• reacts 985 mg of the alloy with concentrated nitric acid to form a solution (all of the copper
in the alloy reacts to form aqueous copper(II) ions)
• pours the solution into a volumetric flask and makes the volume up to 250 cm3 with distilled
water
• shakes the flask thoroughly
• transfers 25.0 cm3 of the solution into a conical flask and adds an excess of potassium
iodide
• uses exactly 9.00 cm3 of 0.0800 mol dm–3 sodium thiosulfate (Na2S2O3) solution to react
with all the iodine produced.
The equations for the reactions are
2 Cu2+ + 4 I– → 2 CuI + I2
2 S2O32– + I2 → 2 I– + S4O62–
(a) Calculate the percentage of copper by mass in the alloy.
Give your answer to the appropriate number of significant figures.
% copper _____________________________
(6)

(b) Suggest two ways that the student could reduce the percentage uncertainty in the
measurement of the volume of sodium thiosulfate solution, using the same apparatus as
this experiment.
1 _________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
2 _________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
3 _________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
(2)
(c) State the role of iodine in the reaction with sodium thiosulfate.
___________________________________________________________________
(1)
(d) Give the full electron configuration of a copper(II) ion.
___________________________________________________________________
(1)
(e) Copper(I) iodide is a white solid.
Explain why copper(I) iodide is white.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
(2)

(f) Iodine vaporises easily.
Calculate the volume, in cm3, that 5.00 g of iodine vapour occupies at 185 °C and 100 kPa
The gas constant R = 8.31 J K–1 mol–1
Volume _______________________________ cm3

(4)
(Total 16 marks)

Sulfur trioxide decomposes on heating to form an equilibrium mixture containing sulfur dioxide
26. and oxygen.
2 SO3(g) ⇌ 2 SO2(g) + O2(g)
(a) A sample of sulfur trioxide was heated and allowed to reach equilibrium at a given
temperature.
The equilibrium mixture contained 6.08 g of sulfur dioxide.
Calculate the mass, in g, of oxygen gas in the equilibrium mixture.
Mass ___________________________ g
(2)

(b) A different mass of sulfur trioxide was heated and allowed to reach equilibrium at 1050 K
2 SO3(g) ⇌ 2 SO2(g) + O2(g)
The amounts of each substance in the equilibrium mixture are shown in the table.
Substance Amount at equilibrium / mol
sulfur trioxide 0.320
sulfur dioxide 1.20
oxygen 0.600
For this reaction at 1050 K the equilibrium constant, Kp = 7.62 x 105 Pa
Calculate the mole fraction of each substance at equilibrium.

Give the expression for the equilibrium constant, Kp
Calculate the total pressure, in Pa, of this equilibrium mixture.
Mole fraction SO3 _________________________
Mole fraction SO2 _________________________
Mole fraction O2 _________________________
Kp
Total pressure _________________________ Pa

(4)

(c) For this reaction at 1050 K the equilibrium constant, Kp = 7.62 x 105 Pa
For this reaction at 500 K the equilibrium constant, Kp = 3.94 x 104 Pa
Explain how this information can be used to deduce that the forward reaction is
endothermic.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
(2)
(d) Use data from part (c) to calculate the value of Kp, at 500 K, for the equilibrium represented
by this equation.
Deduce the units of Kp
Kp _________________________
Units _________________________
(2)
(Total 10 marks)

A student prepared cyclohexene by heating cyclohexanol with concentrated phosphoric acid. The
27. cyclohexene produced was distilled off from the reaction mixture.
(a) Complete the diagram of the apparatus used to distil the cyclohexene from the reaction
mixture at 83 °C.
(2)
(b) The distillate was shaken with saturated sodium chloride solution. The cyclohexene was
separated from the aqueous solution using a separating funnel.
State why cyclohexene can be separated from the aqueous solution using the separating
funnel.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(c) The cyclohexene separated in part (b) was obtained as a cloudy liquid.
The student dried this cyclohexene by adding a few lumps of anhydrous calcium chloride
and allowing the mixture to stand.
Give one observation that the student made to confirm that the cyclohexene was dry.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
(1)
(d) In this preparation, the student added an excess of concentrated phosphoric acid to 14.4 g
of cyclohexanol (Mr = 100.0).
The student obtained 4.15 cm3 of cyclohexene (Mr = 82.0).
Density of cyclohexene = 0.810 g cm–3
Calculate the percentage yield of cyclohexene obtained.

% yield _________________________
(5)

(e) Cyclohexene reacts with bromine.
Complete the mechanism for this reaction.
(3)
(Total 12 marks)

The outer layers of some golf balls are made from a polymer called polyisoprene.
28. The isoprene monomer is a non-cyclic branched hydrocarbon that contains 88.2 % carbon by
mass.
The empirical formula of isoprene is the same as its molecular formula.
(a) Deduce the molecular formula of isoprene and suggest a possible structure.
Molecular formula ____________________________________________________
Structure
(4)

(b) The insides of some golf balls are made from a mixture of three other polymers.
The repeating unit for one of these polymers is shown.
Draw the skeletal formula of the monomer used to make this polymer.
Give the IUPAC name of the monomer.
Skeletal formula of monomer
IUPAC name ________________________________________________________

(2)

(c) A second polymer in the mixture has a repeating unit with the structure shown.
The third polymer in the mixture is a stereoisomer of this polymer.
Draw the structure of the repeating unit of the third polymer.
Give a reason why this type of stereoisomerism arises.
Repeating unit
Reason ____________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
(2)
(d) Golf balls recovered from lakes and ponds can be used again even after being in water for
several years.
Explain why these golf balls do not biodegrade.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
(1)
(Total 9 marks)

Paracetamol is a medicine commonly used to relieve mild pain.
29.
Traditionally, paracetamol has been made industrially in a three-step synthesis from phenol.
(a) Name the mechanism of the reaction in Step 1.
___________________________________________________________________
(1)
(b) Complete the equation for the reaction in Step 2.
(1)

(c) In theory, either ethanoyl chloride or ethanoic anhydride could be used in Step 3.
Complete the mechanism for the reaction of 4-aminophenol with ethanoyl chloride.
RNH2 is used to represent 4-aminophenol in this mechanism.
(2)
(d) In practice, ethanoic anhydride is used in the industrial synthesis rather than ethanoyl
chloride.
Give one reason why ethanoyl chloride is not used in the industrial synthesis.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
(1)
(e) In Step 3 other aromatic products are formed as well as paracetamol.
Draw the structure of one of these other aromatic products.
(1)

(f) Chemists have recently developed a two-step process to produce paracetamol from
phenol.
In the first step, phenol is oxidised to hydroquinone.
In the second step, hydroquinone reacts with ammonium ethanoate to form paracetamol.
Complete the equation for this second step.
(1)
(g) Calculate the mass, in kg, of hydroquinone (Mr = 110.0) needed to produce 250 kg of
paracetamol.
Mass _________________________ kg
(3)
(Total 10 marks)

Some compounds with different molecular formulas have the same relative molecular mass to
30. the nearest whole number.
(a) A dicarboxylic acid has a relative molecular mass of 118, to the nearest whole number.
Deduce the molecular formula of the acid.
Molecular formula ________________________________________

(3)
(b) A student dissolved some of the dicarboxylic acid from part (a) in water and made up the
solution to 250 cm3 in a volumetric flask.
In a titration, a 25.0 cm3 sample of the acid solution needed 21.60 cm3 of 0.109 mol dm–3
sodium hydroxide solution for neutralisation.
Calculate the mass, in g, of the dicarboxylic acid used.

Mass ________________________ g
(4)

(c) Compounds with molecular formula C6H14O2 also have a relative molecular mass of 118 to
the nearest whole number. These include the diol shown.
Deduce the number of peaks in the 1H NMR spectrum of this diol.
___________________________________________________________________
(1)
(d) Draw the structure of a different diol also with molecular formula C6H14O2 that has a
1H NMR spectrum that consists of two singlet peaks.
(1)
(e) The dicarboxylic acid in part (a) and the isomers of C6H14O2 in parts (c) and (d) all have a
relative molecular mass of 118
State why the dicarboxylic acid can be distinguished from the two diols by high resolution
mass spectrometry using electrospray ionisation.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
(1)
(Total 10 marks)
Sodium thiosulfate reacts with dilute hydrochloric acid as shown.

31.
Na2S2O3(aq) + 2 HCl(aq) → 2 NaCl(aq) + SO2 (g) + S(s) + H2O(l)
(a) Give the simplest ionic equation for this reaction.
___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(b) The gas SO2 is a pollutant.
State the property of SO2 that causes pollution when it enters rivers.
Give an equation to show the reaction of SO2 with water.
Property ___________________________________________________________
Equation __________________________________________________________
(2)
(c) Draw a diagram to show the shape of a molecule of H2O

Include any lone pairs of electrons.
State the H-O-H bond angle.
Explain this shape and bond angle.
Diagram
Bond angle _________________________________________________________
Explanation _________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
(4)

(d) The initial rate of the reaction between sodium thiosulfate and hydrochloric acid can be
monitored by measuring the time taken for a fixed amount of sulfur to be produced.
Describe an experiment to investigate the effect of temperature on the initial rate of this
reaction.
Include
• a brief outline of your method

• how you will measure the time taken for a fixed amount of sulfur to be formed
• how you will present your results in graphical form
• a sketch of the graph that you would expect.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
(6)
(Total 13 marks)
The percentage by mass of iron in a steel wire is determined by a student.

32.
The student
• reacts 680 mg of the wire with an excess of sulfuric acid, so that all of the iron in the wire
forms Fe2+(aq)
• makes up the volume of the Fe2+(aq) solution to exactly 100 cm3
• takes 25.0 cm3 portions of the Fe2+(aq) solution
• titrates each portion with 0.0200 mol dm–3 potassium manganate(VII) solution.
(a) Give the equation for the reaction between iron and sulfuric acid.
___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(b) The titration results are shown in the table.
1 2 3
Final volume / cm3 22.90 45.60 22.60
Initial volume / cm3 0.00 22.90 0.00
Titre / cm3 22.90 22.70 22.60
Calculate the mean titre.
Mean titre _________________________ cm3

(1)
(c) Give the overall ionic equation for the oxidation of Fe2+ by manganate(VII) ions, in acidic
conditions.
___________________________________________________________________
(1)
(d) State the colour change seen at the end point of the titration.
___________________________________________________________________
(1)
(e) Name the piece of apparatus used for these stages of the method.
Taking the 25.0 cm3 portions _________________________________
Adding the
potassium manganate(VII) solution _________________________________
(1)

(f) The balance used to weigh the 680 mg of iron wire has an uncertainty of ±0.005 g
A container was weighed and its mass was subtracted from the total mass of the container
and wire.
Calculate the percentage uncertainty in using the balance.
% uncertainty _______________________
(1)
(Total 6 marks)
Which amount of sodium hydroxide would react exactly with 7.5 g of a diprotic acid, H2A
33. (Mr = 150)?
A 50 cm3 of 0.05 mol dm–3 NaOH(aq)
B 100 cm3 of 0.50 mol dm–3 NaOH(aq)
C 100 cm3 of 1.0 mol dm–3 NaOH(aq)
D 100 cm3 of 2.0 mol dm–3 NaOH(aq)
(Total 1 mark)
Lead(II) nitrate and potassium iodide react according to the equation

34.
Pb(NO3)2(aq) + 2 KI(aq) → PbI2(s) + 2 KNO3(aq)
In an experiment, 25.0 cm3 of a 0.100 mol dm–3 solution of each compound are mixed together.
Which amount, in mol, of lead(II) iodide is formed?
A 1.25 × 10–3
B 2.50 × 10–3
C 1.25 × 10–2
D 2.50 × 10–2
(Total 1 mark)

This question is about s-block metals.
35.
(a) Give the full electron configuration for the calcium ion, Ca2+
___________________________________________________________________
(1)
(b) Explain why the second ionisation energy of calcium is lower than the second ionisation
energy of potassium.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
(2)
(c) Identify the s-block metal that has the highest first ionisation energy.
___________________________________________________________________
(1)
(d) Give the formula of the hydroxide of the element in Group 2, from Mg to Ba, that is least
soluble in water.
___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(e) A student added 6 cm3 of 0.25 mol dm–3 barium chloride solution to 8 cm3 of 0.15 mol dm–3
sodium sulfate solution.
The student filtered off the precipitate and collected the filtrate.
Give an ionic equation for the formation of the precipitate.

Show by calculation which reagent is in excess.
Calculate the total volume of the other reagent which should be used by the student so that
the filtrate contains only one solute.
Ionic equation _______________________________________________________
Reagent in excess ___________________________________________________
Total volume of other reagent ___________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
(3)

(f) A sample of strontium has a relative atomic mass of 87.7 and consists of three isotopes,
86Sr, 87Srand 88Sr
In this sample, the ratio of abundances of the isotopes 86Sr :87Sr is 1:1
State why the isotopes of strontium have identical chemical properties.

Calculate the percentage abundance of the 88Sr isotope in this sample.
Why isotopes of strontium have identical chemical properties
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
Percentage abundance of 88Sr ____________________ %

(4)
(g) A time of flight (TOF) mass spectrum was obtained for a sample of barium that contains the
isotopes 136Ba, 137Ba and 138Ba
The sample of barium was ionised by electron impact.
Identify the ion with the longest time of flight.
___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(h) A 137Ba+ ion travels through the flight tube of a TOF mass spectrometer with a kinetic
energy of 3.65 × 10–16 J
This ion takes 2.71 × 10–5 s to reach the detector.
KE = mv2 where m = mass (kg) and v = speed (m s–1)
The Avogadro constant, L = 6.022 × 1023 mol–1
Calculate the length of the flight tube in metres.
Length of flight tube ____________________ m

(5)
(Total 18 marks)
This question is about sodium and some of its compounds.

36.
(a) Use your knowledge of structure and bonding to explain why sodium bromide has a melting
point that is higher than that of sodium, and higher than that of sodium iodide.
(6)

(b) When 250 mg of sodium were added to 500 cm3 of water at 25 °C a gas was produced.
Give an equation for the reaction that occurs.

Calculate the volume, in cm3, of the gas formed at 101 kPa
The gas constant, R = 8.31 J K–1 mol–1
Equation ___________________________________________________________
Volume ____________________ cm3

(6)
(c) Calculate the concentration, in mol dm–3, of sodium ions in the solution produced in the
reaction in part (b).

(1)

(d) Sodium reacts with ammonia to form the compound NaNH2 that contains the NH2– ion.
Draw the shape of the NH2– ion.

Include any lone pairs of electrons that influence the shape.
Predict the bond angle.

Justify your prediction.
Shape
Bond angle ____________________
Justification _________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
(4)
(Total 17 marks)

A student added 627 mg of hydrated sodium carbonate (Na2CO3.xH2O) to 200 cm3 of 0.250 mol
37.
dm–3 hydrochloric acid in a beaker and stirred the mixture.
After the reaction was complete, the resulting solution was transferred to a volumetric flask,
made up to 250 cm3 with deionised water and mixed thoroughly.
Several 25.0 cm3 portions of the resulting solution were titrated with 0.150 mol dm–3 aqueous
sodium hydroxide. The mean titre was 26.60 cm3 of aqueous sodium hydroxide.
Calculate the value of x in Na2CO3.xH2O

Show your working.
Give your answer as an integer.
Value of x ____________________
(Total 7 marks)

Compounds A and B react together to form an equilibrium mixture containing compounds C and
38. D according to the equation
2A + B ⇌ 3C + D
(a) A beaker contained 40 cm3 of a 0.16 mol dm–3 aqueous solution of A.

9.5 × 10–3 mol of B and 2.8 × 10–2 mol of C were added to the beaker and the mixture was
left to reach equilibrium.
The equilibrium mixture formed contained 3.9 × 10–3 mol of A.
Calculate the amounts, in moles, of B, C and D in the equilibrium mixture.
Amount of B ____________________ mol
Amount of C ____________________ mol
Amount of D ____________________ mol

(5)
(b) Give the expression for the equilibrium constant (Kc) for this equilibrium and its units.
Kc
Units ____________________
(2)

(c) A different equilibrium mixture of these four compounds, at a different temperature,
contained 0.21 mol of B, 1.05 mol of C and 0.076 mol of D in a total volume of
5.00 × 102 cm3 of solution.
At this temperature the numerical value of Kc was 116
Calculate the concentration of A, in mol dm–3, in this equilibrium mixture.

Concentration of A ____________________ mol dm–3

(3)
(d) Justify the statement that adding more water to the equilibrium mixture in part (c) will lower
the amount of A in the mixture.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
(3)
(Total 13 marks)

Cyclohexene (boiling point = 83 °C) can be prepared by the dehydration of cyclohexanol (boiling
39. point = 161 °C) using concentrated phosphoric acid.
A student prepared cyclohexene by placing 10 cm3 of cyclohexanol (density = 0.96 g cm–3) into a
round-bottomed flask.
3 cm3 of concentrated phosphoric acid were then carefully added to the flask.
The student added a few anti-bumping granules and set up the apparatus shown in the diagram.
• The student heated the mixture and collected the liquid that distilled at temperatures below
100 °C
• The distillate was poured into a separating funnel and washed by shaking with sodium
carbonate solution.
• Periodically, the separating funnel was inverted and the tap opened.
• The aqueous layer was discarded and the final organic product was dried using anhydrous
calcium chloride.
• After the product was dried, the drying agent was removed by filtration under reduced
pressure.

(a) The student collected 5.97 g of cyclohexene in the experiment.
Calculate the percentage yield of cyclohexene.
Percentage yield ____________________ %

(3)
(b) Describe a test-tube reaction, on the product, to show that the cyclohexanol had been
dehydrated.
State what you would observe. __________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
(2)
(c) Suggest why sodium carbonate solution was used to wash the distillate.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
(1)
(d) Explain why it is important to open the tap of the separating funnel periodically.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
(1)
(e) Give a property of anhydrous calcium chloride, other than its ability to absorb water, that
makes it suitable as a drying agent in this preparation.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
(1)
(f) Describe the apparatus used to remove the drying agent by filtration under reduced
pressure. Your description of the apparatus can be either a labelled diagram or a
description in words.
(2)
(g) A sample of cyclohexene has been contaminated with cyclohexanol. The cyclohexene can
be separated from the cyclohexanol by column chromatography.
Silica gel is used as the stationary phase and hexane as the mobile phase.
Explain why cyclohexene has a shorter retention time than cyclohexanol.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
(2)
(h) Explain how an infrared spectrum would confirm that the cyclohexene obtained from the
chromatography column did not contain any cyclohexanol.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
(1)
(Total 13 marks)

Some 1.0 mol dm–3 solutions were mixed using equal volumes of each solution.
40.
Which pair of solutions would give the greatest mass of solid?
A Ba(OH)2 and MgCl2
B Ba(OH)2 and MgSO4
C Ba(OH)2 and NaCl
D Ba(OH)2 and Na2SO4
(Total 1 mark)

This question is about compounds containing ethanedioate ions.
41.
(a) A white solid is a mixture of sodium ethanedioate (Na2C2O4), ethanedioic acid dihydrate
(H2C2O4.2H2O) and an inert solid. A volumetric flask contained 1.90 g of this solid mixture
in 250 cm3 of aqueous solution.
Two different titrations were carried out using this solution.
In the first titration 25.0 cm3 of the solution were added to an excess of sulfuric acid in a
conical flask. The flask and contents were heated to 60 °C and then titrated with a
0.0200 mol dm−3 solution of potassium manganate(VII). When 26.50 cm3 of potassium
manganate(VII) had been added the solution changed colour.
The equation for this reaction is
2MnO4− + 5C2O42− + 16H+ → 2Mn2+ + 8H2O + 10CO2
In the second titration 25.0 cm3 of the solution were titrated with a 0.100 mol dm−3 solution
of sodium hydroxide using phenolphthalein as an indicator. The indicator changed colour
after the addition of 10.45 cm3 of sodium hydroxide solution.
The equation for this reaction is
H2C2O4 + 2OH− → C2O42− + 2H2O
Calculate the percentage by mass of sodium ethanedioate in the white solid.
Show your working.
Percentage by mass of sodium ethanedioate ____________________ %

(8)

(b) Ethanedioate ions react with aqueous iron(III) ions in a ligand substitution reaction.
Write an equation for this reaction.
Suggest why the value of the enthalpy change for this reaction is close to zero.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
(2)
(c) Draw the displayed formula of the iron complex produced in the reaction in part (b)
Indicate the value of the O—Fe—O bond angle.
State the type of isomerism shown by the iron complex.
Bond angle _________________________________________________________
Type of isomerism ____________________________________________________

(3)
(d) Ethanedioate ions are poisonous because they react with iron ions in the body.
Ethanedioate ions are present in foods such as broccoli and spinach.
Suggest one reason why people who eat these foods do not suffer from poisoning.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
(1)
(Total 14 marks)

The diagram shows some compounds made from a halogenoalkane.
42.
(a) Draw the displayed formula of compound J.
(1)
(b) Name the mechanism for Reaction 2 and give an essential condition used to ensure that
CH3CH2CH2NH2 is the major product.
Name of mechanism __________________________________________________
Condition ___________________________________________________________
(2)
(c) Calculate the mass, in grams, of CH3CH2CH2NH2 produced from 25.2 g of CH3CH2CH2Br
in Reaction 2 assuming a 75.0% yield.
Mass ____________________ g
(3)

(d) When Reaction 2 is carried out under different conditions, a compound with molecular
formula C9H21N is produced.
Draw the skeletal formula of the compound.
Identify the functional group in the compound including its classification.
Skeletal formula
Functional group including classification ____________________

(2)
(e) Identify the reagent and conditions used in Reaction 3.
___________________________________________________________________
(1)
(f) Name and outline a mechanism for Reaction 3.
Mechanism
(4)
(Total 13 marks)

43. A 0.100 mol dm−3 solution of sodium hydroxide was gradually added to 25.0 cm3 of a solution of
a weak acid, HX, in the presence of a suitable indicator.
A graph was plotted of pH against the volume of sodium hydroxide solution, as shown in the
figure below.
The first pH reading was taken after 20.0 cm3 of sodium hydroxide solution had been added.
The acid dissociation constant of HX, Ka, = 2.62 × 10−5 mol dm−3
(a) The pH range of an indicator is the range over which it changes colour.
Suggest the pH range of a suitable indicator for this titration.
___________________________________________________________________
(1)
(b) Give the expression for the acid dissociation constant of HX.
Ka =
(1)

(c) Calculate the concentration of HX in the original solution.
Concentration ____________________ mol dm−3

(2)
(d) Calculate the pH of the solution of HX before the addition of any sodium hydroxide.
(If you were unable to calculate a value for the concentration of HX in part (c) you should
use a value of 0.600 mol dm−3 in this calculation. This is not the correct value.)
pH of HX ____________________
(2)
(e) Calculate the pH of the solution when half of the acid has reacted.
pH of solution ____________________
(1)
(f) Plot your answers to part (d) and part (e) on the grid in the figure above.
Use these points to sketch the missing part of the curve between 0 and 20 cm3 of NaOH
solution added.
(2)
(Total 9 marks)

44. What is the mass, in mg, of carbon formed when 3.0 × 10−3 mol of propene undergoes
incomplete combustion?
2C3H6 + 3O2 ⟶ 6C + 6H2O
A 9.0 × 10−3
B 3.6 × 10−2
C 1.08 × 102
D 2.16 × 102
(Total 1 mark)
The equation for the reaction between zinc and hydrochloric acid is
45.
Zn + 2HCl ⟶ ZnCl2 + H2
What is the minimum mass, in mg, of zinc (Ar = 65.4) needed to react with 50.0 cm3 of
1.68 mol dm−3 hydrochloric acid?
A 2.75
B 5.49
C 2.75 × 103
D 5.49 × 103
(Total 1 mark)
A solution of lead(ll) chloride (Mr = 278.2) contains 1.08 g of PbCl2 in 100 cm3 of solution. In this
46.
solution, the lead(ll) chloride is fully dissociated into ions.
What is the concentration of chloride ions in this solution?
A 3.88 × 10−3 mol dm−3
B 7.76 × 10−3 mol dm−3
C 3.88 × 10−2 mol dm−3
D 7.76 × 10−2 mol dm−3
(Total 1 mark)

47. A 385 cm3 sample of carbon dioxide at 100 kPa and 25 °C was mixed with 2.89 × 10−2 mol of
argon. The gas constant, R = 8.31 J K−1 mol−1
What is the mole fraction of carbon dioxide in the mixture?
A 0.35
B 0.46
C 0.54
D 0.65
(Total 1 mark)
48. A student is provided with 5.00 cm3 of 1.00 mol dm−3 ammonia solution. The student was asked
to prepare an ammonia solution with a concentration of 0.050 mol dm−3
What volume of water should the student add?
A 45.0 cm3
B 95.0 cm3
C 100 cm3
D 995 cm3
(Total 1 mark)

Phenylethanone can be prepared by the reaction between ethanoyl chloride and benzene.
49.
In a preparation, with an excess of benzene, the mass of ethanoyl chloride (Mr = 78.5) used was
5.7 × 10−2 kg.
The percentage yield of phenylethanone was 62%.
What mass, in grams, of phenylethanone was produced?
A 35 g
B 54 g
C 87 g
D 102 g
(Total 1 mark)
130 cm3 of oxygen and 40 cm3 of nitrogen, each at 298 K and 100 kPa, were placed into an
50.
evacuated flask of volume 0.50 dm3.
What is the pressure of the gas mixture in the flask at 298 K?
A 294 kPa
B 68.0 kPa
C 34.0 kPa
D 13.7 kPa
(Total 1 mark)

This question is about sodium fluoride.
51.
(a) Complete the Born–Haber cycle for sodium fluoride by adding the missing species on the
lines.
(2)

(b) Use the data in the table and your completed Born–Haber cycle from part (a) to calculate
the enthalpy of lattice formation of sodium fluoride.
ΔHθ / kJ mol−1
Na(s) ⟶ Na(g) +109
Na(g) ⟶ Na+(g) + e− +494
F2(g) ⟶ 2F(g) +158
F(g) + e− ⟶ F−(g) −348
Na(s) + F2(g) ⟶ NaF(s) −569
Enthalpy of lattice formation ____________ kJ mol−1

(2)
(c) Suggest how the enthalpy of lattice formation of NaCl compares with that of NaF
Justify your answer.
How enthalpies of formation compare ____________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
Justification _________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
(3)

(d) Calculate the volume, in cm3, of fluorine gas at 298 K and 100 kPa required to produce 1.00
g of sodium fluoride by reaction with an excess of sodium.
The gas constant R = 8.31 J −1 mol−1
Volume ___________________ cm3

(4)
(Total 11 marks)
This question is about halogenoalkanes.

52.
(a) Chlorine atoms are formed in the upper atmosphere when ultraviolet radiation causes C–Cl
bonds in chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) to break.
Write two equations to show how chlorine atoms catalyse the decomposition of ozone.
1. _________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
2. _________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
(2)
(b) Chloroethane reacts with potassium hydroxide in the presence of propan-1-ol to form
ethene.
State the role of potassium hydroxide and the role of propan-1-ol in the reaction.
Role of potassium hydroxide ___________________________________________
Role of propan-1-ol ___________________________________________________

(2)

(c) Name and outline a mechanism for the reaction in part (b) between chloroethane and
potassium hydroxide to produce ethene.
Mechanism
(4)
(d) The structure of polymer A is shown.
Draw the structure of the monomer used to form polymer A.

(1)

(e) Chemical analysis shows that a chlorofluoroalkane, B, contains by mass 51.6% fluorine,
32.1% chlorine and no hydrogen.
Chlorine exists as two isotopes, 35Cl and 337Cl, in the ratio 3:1
Fluorine only exists as one isotope, 19F.
A mass spectrum of B is obtained using electron impact ionisation. The mass spectrum
shows three molecular ion peaks at m/z = 220, 222 and 224.
Determine the formula of each of the three molecular ions of B.
Predict and explain the ratio of the relative abundancies of each of the three molecular ion
peaks at m/z = 220, 222 and 224.
To gain full marks you must show all your working.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
(6)
(Total 15 marks)

Chemists design synthetic routes to convert one organic compound into another.
53.
Buta-1,3-diene, C, is converted into compound F as shown in the diagram below.
(a) State the IUPAC name of compound F.
___________________________________________________________________
(1)
(b) Deduce the structure of compound D.
For each of the conversions in steps 1 and 2, suggest a reagent for the conversion and
name the mechanism.
Suggest the type of reaction occurring in step 3.
Structure of D
Step 1 _____________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
Step 2 _____________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
Type of reaction in Step 3 ______________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
(6)

(c) Compound F can also be made from compound G.
State a reagent (or combination of reagents) that can be used in a test-tube reaction to
distinguish between F and G.
Describe what you would observe when the reagent is added to each compound and the
test tube is shaken.
Reagent(s) _________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
Observation with F ___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
Observation with G ___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
(3)
(d) Compounds F and G react to form a polymer.
Draw the repeating unit of the polymer.
(2)

(e) In an experiment, 0.930 kg of purified F were obtained from 1.11 dm3 of G
(density 1.04 g cm−3).
Calculate the percentage yield.
Percentage yield _____________ %

(4)
(f) One reason for a yield of less than 100% in part (e) is that G reacts to form a number of
other compounds.
The other compounds are all liquids at room temperature.
Name the technique that should be used to separate and collect each of these other
compounds from the reaction mixture.
Include in your answer a description of the apparatus.
Your description of the apparatus can be either a description in words or a labelled sketch.
Name of technique ___________________________________________________
Apparatus
(4)
(Total 20 marks)

EDTA is a useful laboratory chemical and is found in a wide variety of commercial products
54.
including detergents. It is very soluble in water and is often used in its ionic form EDTA4− as
shown in the diagram below.
(a) EDTA4− can act as a multidentate ligand.
Explain the meanings of the terms multidentate and ligand with reference to the reaction
of EDTA4− with [Cu(H2O)62+](aq) ions to form a complex ion.
Draw on the diagram above a separate circle around each atom that bonds to the Cu2+ ion
in this complex ion.
Multidentate ________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
Ligand _____________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
(3)

(b) Copper(II) compounds may be used as fungicides in vineyards. When used in this way,
copper(II) ions can enter the water supply and cause problems because they are toxic in
high concentrations.
The water supply near a vineyard can be tested for copper(II) ions by forming a blue
aqueous complex with EDTA4− ions. The concentration of this complex can be determined
using a colorimeter.
Outline the practical steps that you would follow, using colorimetry, to determine the
concentration of this complex in a sample of water.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
(3)

(c) The concentration of copper(II) ions, in the sample of water, determined by colorimetry was
7.56 × 10−5 mol dm−3.
This result was checked by titrating a sample of the water with a solution containing
EDTA4−(aq) ions.
The EDTA4−(aq) used in the titration had a concentration of 1.00 × 10−3 mol dm−3.
Write an equation for the reaction between [Cu(H2O)6]2+ and EDTA4− ions.
Calculate the volume of the EDTA4− solution needed to react with a 25.0 cm3 sample of the
water.
Justify whether this titration will give an accurate value for the concentration of copper(II)
ions. If necessary, suggest a practical step that would improve the accuracy.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
(5)
(Total 11 marks)

Iodine reacts slowly with propanone in the presence of an acid catalyst according to the equation
55.
CH3COCH3 + l2 ⟶ CH3COCH2l + Hl
The rate of this reaction can be followed by preparing mixtures in which only the initial
concentration of propanone is varied. At suitable time intervals, a small sample of the
mixture is removed and titrated with sodium thiosulfate solution. This allows determination
of the concentration of iodine remaining at that time.The rate of this reaction can be
followed by preparing mixtures in which only the initial concentration of propanone is
varied. At suitable time intervals, a small sample of the mixture is removed and titrated with
sodium thiosulfate solution. This allows determination of the concentration of iodine
remaining at that time.
Five mixtures, A, B, C, D and E, are prepared as shown in Table 1.
Table 1
Mixture A B C D E
Volume of 0.0200 mol dm−3 I2(aq)/cm3 40.0 40.0 40.0 40.0 40.0
Volume of 0.100 mol dm−3 H2SO4(aq)/cm3 25.0 25.0 25.0 25.0 25.0
Volume of 1.00 mol dm−3 CH3COCH3(aq)/cm3 25.0 20.0 15.0 10.0 6.5
Volume of distilled water/cm3 0.0 5.0 10.0 15.0 18.5
(a) Calculate the initial concentration, in mol dm−3, of the propanone in mixture A.
Concentration = _________ mol dm−3

(2)
(b) State and explain why different volumes of water are added to mixtures B, C, D and E.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
(2)

(c) Calculate the volume of 0.0100 mol dm−3 sodium thiosulfate solution required to react with
all of the iodine in a 10.0 cm3 sample of mixture E, before the iodine reacts with propanone.
The equation for the reaction in the titration is
2Na2S2O3(aq) + I2(aq) ⟶ Na2S4O6(aq) + 2Nal(aq)
Volume = __________________ cm3

(4)

(d) The results for mixture E are shown in Table 2.
V is the volume of 0.0100 mol dm−3 sodium thiosulfate solution needed, at different times,
t, to react with the iodine in a 10.0 cm3 sample of E.
Table 2
t/min 5 10 20 30
V/cm3 17.5 17.2 16.6 16.0
Use these data and your answer to part (c) to plot a graph of V (y-axis) against t (x-axis)
for mixture E.
Draw a best-fit straight line through your points and calculate the gradient of this line.
gradient = _____________ cm3 min−1

(5)
(e) The gradients for similar graphs produced by mixtures A, B, C and D are shown
in Table 3.
Each gradient is a measure of the rate of the reaction between iodine and propanone.
Table 3
Mixture A B C D
Gradient / cm3
−0.24 −0.20 −0.15 −0.10
min−1
Use information from Table 1 and Table 3 to deduce the order with respect to propanone.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
(2)
(f) Each sample taken from the reaction mixtures is immediately added to an excess of
sodium hydrogencarbonate solution before being titrated with sodium thiosulfate solution.
Suggest the purpose of this addition.

___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
(2)
(Total 17 marks)

1,4-diaminobenzene is an important intermediate in the production of polymers such as Kevlar
56. and also of polyurethanes, used in making foam seating.
A possible synthesis of 1,4-diaminobenzene from phenylamine is shown in the following figure.
(a) A suitable reagent for step 1 is CH3COCl
Name and draw a mechanism for the reaction in step 1.
Mechanism
(5)

(b) The product of step 1 was purified by recrystallisation as follows.
The crude product was dissolved in the minimum quantity of hot water and the hot
solution was filtered through a hot filter funnel into a conical flask. This filtration removed
any insoluble impurities. The flask was left to cool to room temperature.
The crystals formed were filtered off using a Buchner funnel and a clean cork was used to
compress the crystals in the funnel. A little cold water was then poured through the
crystals.
After a few minutes, the crystals were removed from the funnel and weighed.
A small sample was then used to find the melting point.
Give reasons for each of the following practical steps.
The minimum quantity of hot water was used
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
The flask was cooled to room temperature before the crystals were filtered off
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
The crystals were compressed in the funnel
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
A little cold water was poured through the crystals
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
(4)

(c) The melting point of the sample in part (b) was found to be slightly lower than a data-book
value.
Suggest the most likely impurity to have caused this low value and an improvement to the
method so that a more accurate value for the melting point would be obtained.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
(2)
The figure above is repeated here to help you answer the following questions.

(d) In an experiment starting with 5.05 g of phenylamine, 4.82 g of purified product were
obtained in step 1.
Calculate the percentage yield in this reaction.

Percentage yield = _______________%

(3)
(e) A reagent for step 2 is a mixture of concentrated nitric acid and concentrated sulfuric acid,
which react together to form a reactive intermediate.
Write an equation for the reaction of this intermediate in step 2.
___________________________________________________________________
(1)
(f) Name a mechanism for the reaction in step 2.
___________________________________________________________________
(1)
(g) Suggest the type of reaction occurring in step 3.
___________________________________________________________________
(1)
(h) Identify the reagents used in step 4.
___________________________________________________________________
(1)
(Total 18 marks)

Ethanedioic acid is a weak acid.
57. Ethanedioic acid acts, initially, as a monoprotic acid.
(a) Use the concept of electronegativity to justify why the acid strengths of ethanedioic acid
and ethanoic acid are different.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
(6)
(b) A buffer solution is made by adding 6.00 × 10–2 mol of sodium hydroxide to a solution
containing 1.00 × 10–1 mol of ethanedioic acid (H2C2O4).
Assume that the sodium hydroxide reacts as shown in the following equation and that in
this buffer solution, the ethanedioic acid behaves as a monoprotic acid.
H2C2O4(aq) + OH–(aq) HC2O4−(aq) + H2O(l)
The dissociation constant Ka for ethanedioic acid is 5.89 × 10–2 mol dm–3.
Calculate a value for the pH of the buffer solution.

pH = ____________________
(5)

(c) In a titration, the end point was reached when 25.0 cm3 of an acidified solution containing
ethanedioic acid reacted with 20.20 cm3 of 2.00 ×10–2 mol dm–3 potassium manganate(VII)
solution.
Deduce an equation for the reaction that occurs and use it to calculate the original
concentration of the ethanedioic acid solution.
Equation ___________________________________________________________
Calculation
Original concentration = ____________________ mol dm-3

(4)
(Total 15 marks)
Sodium bromate(V) is a primary standard. This means that its solution can be used to check the
58. concentration of other solutions.
(a) The half-equations for the reaction between bromate(V) ions and thiosulfate ions in the
presence of acid are
2S2O32– → S4O62– + 2e–
BrO3– + 6H+ + 6e– → Br– + 3H2O
Use these half-equations to deduce an overall equation for this reaction.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(b) A laboratory technician decided to use a 5.00 × 10–3 mol dm–3 solution of sodium
bromate(V) to check the concentration of a sodium thiosulfate solution that was labelled as
1.00 × 10–3 mol dm–3. The sodium bromate(V) solution was placed in the burette and 25.0
cm3 of the sodium thiosulfate solution was pipetted into a conical flask.
Use the concentration of the sodium thiosulfate solution to calculate the expected titre
value in this experiment.
Show your working.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
(2)
(c) Consider the titre value that you have calculated in part (b).
Suggest one change to the experimental procedure in part (b) that would enable you to
calculate a more accurate value for the concentration of the sodium thiosulfate solution.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
(1)
(Total 4 marks)
Compound R contains 61.0% carbon and 11.9% hydrogen by mass. The remainder is oxygen.
59. The mass spectrum of R contains a molecular ion peak at m/z = 118.
(a) Use these data to show that the molecular formula of R is C6H14O2.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
(3)

(b) The infrared spectrum of R (C6H14O2) is shown below.
The proton n.m.r. spectrum of R contains five peaks. The chemical shift values, integration
ratios and splitting patterns of these peaks are given in the table.
Chemical shift/ppm 3.8 3.2 3.1 1.4 1.1
Integration ratio 2 3 1 2 6
Splitting patterns triplet singlet singlet triplet singlet

When R is warmed with acidified potassium dichromate(VI) a green solution is formed.
Use Table A and Table B on the data sheet and all of the data provided in the question to
deduce the structure of R.
In your answer, explain how you have used the data provided in the question.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
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(9)
(Total 12 marks)

A green solution, X, is thought to contain [Fe(H2O)6]2+ ions.
60.
(a) The presence of these ions can be confirmed by reacting separate samples of solution X
with aqueous ammonia and with aqueous sodium carbonate.
Write equations for each of these reactions and describe what you would observe.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
(4)
(b) A 50.0 cm3 sample of solution X was added to 50 cm3 of dilute sulfuric acid and made up to
250 cm3 of solution in a volumetric flask.
A 25.0 cm3 sample of this solution from the volumetric flask was titrated with a 0.0205 mol
dm−3 solution of KMnO4
At the end point of the reaction, the volume of KMnO4 solution added was 18.70 cm3.
(i) State the colour change that occurs at the end point of this titration and give a reason
for the colour change.
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
(2)

(ii) Write an equation for the reaction between iron(II) ions and manganate(VII) ions.
Use this equation and the information given to calculate the concentration of iron(II)
ions in the original solution X.
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
(5)
(Total 11 marks)

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The concentration of dilute hydrochloric acid can be found by titration using a standard solution

Describe how this solution is used to make 250 cm3 of the

State why it is good practice to rinse the pipette in this way.

Heath Park Page 1 of 111

25.0 cm3 of this barium hydroxide solution reacts with exactly

Calculate the concentration of the hydrochloric acid.

Concentration ____________________ mol dm–3

Percentage error ____________________

Heath Park Page 2 of 111

(a) Calculate the volume, in cm3, of propanone in the gas syringe.

The gas constant, R = 8.31 J K−1 mol−1

Volume of propanone ____________________ cm3

Calculate the decrease in volume.

Decrease in volume ____________________ cm3

Heath Park Page 3 of 111

Uncertainty ____________________ cm3

CH3COCH3(g) + 4 O2(g) → 3 CO2(g) + 3 H2O(l)

Calculate the total volume of the remaining gas mixture.

Volume ____________________ cm3

Heath Park Page 4 of 111

(a) State the role of concentrated sulfuric acid in this reaction.

(b) The reaction mixture is flammable.

Suggest how the reaction mixture should be heated in step 1.

Heath Park Page 5 of 111

Identify two mistakes the student made in setting up the apparatus.

State the problem caused by each mistake.

Problem caused _____________________________________________________

Problem caused _____________________________________________________

Heath Park Page 6 of 111

Explain why there is a build-up of pressure in the separating funnel.

Suggest why ethyl ethanoate forms the upper layer.

(f) State why anhydrous calcium chloride is added in step 6.

Heath Park Page 7 of 111

For ethanol, density = 0.790 g cm–3

Determine the limiting reagent.

Calculate the percentage yield of ethyl ethanoate.

Limiting reagent ____________________

Percentage yield ____________________

(h) Suggest a reason why the percentage yield is not 100%.

Heath Park Page 8 of 111

A student does an experiment to determine ∆Hvap for water.

• places a large beaker on a balance

The loss in mass is 103 g

(a) Calculate ∆Hvap for water.

∆Hvap ____________________ kJ mol–1

Compound CH3CH2OH CH3CH2NH2 CH3OCH3

Boiling point / K 352 290 248

Heath Park Page 9 of 111

A student adds 100 cm3 of 0.100 mol dm–3 hydrochloric acid to

Heath Park Page 10 of 111

(b) The final mixture contains a saturated solution of Ca(OH)2 at 293 K

• the solubility of Ca(OH)2 in this solution is 0.400 g dm–3

Calculate the pH of this solution.

Heath Park Page 11 of 111

The equation for the complete combustion of butane is

This question is about hydrogen peroxide, H2O2

A sample of hair bleach solution is diluted with water.

Heath Park Page 12 of 111

Concentration ____________________ mol dm–3