PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF COARSE

AGGREGATE WITH COCONUT SHELL AND

CEMENT WITH RHA

Submitted by
Vivek Kumar Kashyap
Registration no:- 11609447

In partial fulfillment for the award of the degree of

MASTERS OF TECHNOLOGY

IN

STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING

Under the guidance of

Mr. Ashfaq Malik

Assistant Professor

School of Civil Engineering

LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY

Phagwara–144411, Punjab
 CERTIFICATE

Certified that this project report entitled “PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF

COARSE AGGREGATE WITH COCONUT SHELL AND CEMENT WITH
RHA ” submitted individually by student of School of Civil Engineering, Lovely
Professional University, Phagwara , carried out the work under my
supervision for the Award of Degree. This report has not been submitted to
any other university or institution for the award of any degree.

Signature of Supervisor

Mr. Ashfaq malik

Assistant Professor
 DECLARATION

I, Vivek kumar kashyap (Regd. No.11609447 ), hereby declare that this thesis
report entitled “PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF COARSE AGGREGATE
WITH COCONUT SHELL AND CEMENT WITH RHA” submitted in the
partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of degree of Master of
Civil Engineering, in the School of Civil Engineering, Lovely Professional
University, Phagwara, is my own work. This matter embodied in this report has
not been submitted in part or full to any other university or institute for the
award of any degree.

Date: Vivek Kumar

kashyap

Place:
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I have taken efforts in this project. However, it would not have been
possible without the kind support and help of many individuals and
organizations. I would like to extend my sincere thanks to all of them.

I am highly indebted to Mr. Ashfaq Malik for their guidance and

constant supervision as well as for providing necessary information
regarding the project & also for their support in completing the project.
I would like to express my gratitude towards my parents& member of
Lovely Professional University, Phagwara (Punjab) for their
kind co-operation and encouragement which help me in completion of
this project.
My thanks and appreciations also go to my colleague in developing the
project and people who have willingly helped me out with their abilities
 Table Of contents

S.no. CONTENT Page No.

1. Abstract 6
2. Introduction 7-12
3. Scope of the study 13
4. Objectives 14
5. Literature review 15-27
6. Research Methodology 28
7. Result and discussion 29-33
8. References 34
CHAPTER-1

ABSTRACT

This emp0wer the utilizati0n 0f these 'apparently' squander items as

devel0pment materials in minimal eff0rt l0dging. It is additi0nally anticipated
that w0uld effectively encourage lodging designers in putting these materials in
house development. Furthermore, in another hand coconut shell substitute for
the coarse totals, the transfer of coconut squander is a major issue for condition
,so by utilizing of RHA and coconut shell we can uses the loss and in addition.
Chapter- 2
Introduction
Concrete is the main building material utilized as a part of structural designing
structures which can form into any shape and size. Planning of crude materials
of cement isn't just making the expansion of materials yet additionally driving
incredible air contamination by their production, Fine and Coarse total are two
primary fixings utilized for the creation of cement and has no option in the
common development industry, It is unavoidable either to scan for another
material or somewhat supplant them by some different materials, look for any
such materials, which can be utilized as an option or as a supplementary for
coarse total should prompt worldwide manageable advancement and most
minimal conceivable natural effect, To conquer this impact numerous analysts
have made endeavours to utilize squander material which lessens the transfer
issue, barometrical contamination and enhance the mechanical properties of
concrete, Here are a portion of the waste materials that can be utilized as a
part of making cement, for example, coconut shells powder, coconut shell and
so on, Use of coconut shells powder in the solid to incompletely supplant Fine
totals separately is received which will empower the solid development
industry to maintain, Hence these can be utilized as sparing building total
materials diminishing the issues of ecological contamination and transfer of
waste .

1.1 Concrete:
Yearly generation speaks to one ton for each individual on the planet. It is
unimaginably flexible, and is utilized as a part of all real development ventures.
Totals are utilized as a part of cement for certain reasons. Totals ordinarily
make up around 60 % to 75 % of the volume of a solid blend, and as they are
the minimum costly of the materials utilized as a part of cement, the financial
effect is note worthy.

ADVANTAGES OF RHA
• RHA gives high compressive quality to the solid.
• RHA gives long sturdiness to the solid.
• It additionally helps in chopping down the contamination in condition.
• RHA can be utilized as an incomplete substitute for Portland bond in
indistinct frame and as an admixture in elite cements and high quality.
• It additionally forces the cost of cement.
Fig1: Coconut shells

Fig. Rice husk ash

CHAPTER-3
Scope:-

➢ Use for improve work abilities of concrete.

➢ The natural aggregates are limited and hence costly so it
can be replaced for them.
➢ Waste way to utilizes the waste of agriculture’s and solve
the disposal problem of waste
Chapter- 4

Research Objectives
• Economical concrete.
• Light weight concrete.
• Waste absorption from environment.
CHAPTER- 5
Literature Review
1.Harshit Varshney “Utilization of Rice Husk Ash in concrete as cement
replacement”
In this work diverse tests were executed as droop test, compaction factor,
pressure test and split ductile test to locate the reasonable rate substitution of
concrete by RHA. Pressure and split tests were performed for 7days and 28 days
of curing and result demonstrates some variety in the two tests in each extent. In
the wake of performing tests, the outcomes propose that up to 15% trade of
RHA for bond is reasonable for making concrete. The workability of cement
made with 5% RHA has observed to be diminished with expanded w/c
proportion when contrasted with typical cement and compacting factor
additionally discovered diminished with expanded w/c bond proportion when
contrasted with ordinary cement. The compressive quality of cement expanded
with increment the level of RHA up to 15% following 7 and 28 days curing and
discovered diminished after 15% of RHA.
2.Parag S. Kambli, Sandhya R. Mathapati

In this examination, three diverse cement blends to be specific M20, M35 and
M50 review with various mix of normal material CS content in the extent 0%,
10%, 20%, 30% and 40% will be supplanted. Six examples will be set up for
each solid blend. The parameters will be tried are compressive quality conduct
of 3D shape examples for 7 and 28 days. The principle objective is to empower
the utilization of these „seemingly‟ squander items as development materials in
minimal effort lodging. It is additionally anticipated that would effectively
encourage lodging designers in putting these materials in house development.
In this Research consider the conclusions were utilizing the coconut shell as
total in cement can lessen the material cost in development on account of the
ease and plentiful horticultural waste. Coconut Shell Concrete can be utilized as
a part of rustic territories and spots where coconut is rich and may likewise be
utilized where the traditional totals are exorbitant. Coconut shell concrete is
additionally delegated auxiliary lightweight cement. Attempting to supplant
total by coconut shell mostly to make solid structure more monetary alongside
great quality criteria. From one block count mass measure of shell substitution
can be assessed and lessens over all development cost. This can be helpful for
development of minimal effort lodging society.
3.B.Damodhara Reddy, S.Aruna Jyothy, Fawaz Shaik “Experimental
Analysis of the Use of Coconut Shell as Coarse Aggregate”
The task paper goes for investigating flexural and compressive quality attributes
of with halfway substitution utilizing M30 review concrete. The venture
additionally expects to demonstrate that Coconut shell total is a potential
development material and all the while lessens the earth issue of solid..Beams
are threw, tried and their physical and mechanical properties are resolved. The
principle objective is to support the utilization of these „seemingly‟ squander
items as development materials in minimal effort lodging.

In this investigation, they supplanted coarse total with coconut shell, by volume.
Examples were thrown by supplanting 25%,50%,75% and 100% of coarse total
with coconut shells. Tests were directed on the thrown examples following 28
days as said in the IS code. Tests for workability, flexure, pressure and split
elasticity were directed and comes about were acquired. Coconut shell concrete
has better workability in light of the smooth surface on one side of the shells
and the littler size of coconut shells. So they could utilize coconut shell concrete
in cements where high workability is attractive. The flexural quality of CSC is
around 5.36N/mm2, 4.32N/mm2, and 2.4N/mm2 for examples supplanting
25%,50%,100%, obviously total individually. In any case, if there should be an
occurrence of 100% substitution of coarse total flexural quality was not gotten
as the example flopped under its self weight. Its relating compressive qualities
were gotten as 24N/mm2,22.62N/mm2,14.93N/mm2 and 5.48N/mm2. The part
rigidity of CSC was acquired as 2.48N/mm22.22N/mm2,1.27N/mm2 and
0.495N/mm2 individually. From the above outcomes they can see that in CSC
where 25% of the coarse total is supplanted, indicates properties like the
ostensible blend and half supplanted CSC demonstrates properties like light
weight solid which can be utilized as filler materials in confined structures,
flooring tiles, warm protecting cement and so on.
4.Parag S. Kambli, Sandhya R. Mathapati (March 2014)
This has required research into elective materials of development. The task
paper goes for examining compressive quality attributes of cement created
utilizing squashed, granular coconut as substitutes for traditional coarse total
with fractional substitution. The principle objective is to support the utilization
of these 'apparently' squander items as development materials in minimal effort
lodging. It is additionally anticipated that would effectively encourage lodging
designers in putting these materials in house development.

From the exploratory outcomes and exchange, the coconut shell has potential as
lightweight total in concrete. Additionally, utilizing the coconut shell as total in
cement can lessen the material cost in development in light of the ease and
plenteous rural waste. Coconut Shell Concrete can be utilized as a part of rustic
ranges and places where coconut is copious and may likewise be utilized where
the ordinary totals are exorbitant. Coconut shell concrete is likewise named
basic lightweight cement.

5.Amarnath Yerramala, Ramachandrudu C “Properties of Concrete with

Coconut Shells as Aggregate Replacement”
Increment in CS rate diminished densities of the cements. With CS rate
increment the 7 day quality pick up likewise expanded with comparing 28 day
curing quality. In any case, the general quality diminished with CS substitution
when contrasted with control concrete. Moreover, fly powder as bond
substitution had negative impact when contrasted with comparing CS concrete
and fly fiery remains as total substitution had comparative execution as that of
relating CS supplanted concrete. Like compressive quality, the split elasticity
likewise diminished with increment in CS substitution. Moreover, for 28 days
of curing expansion of fly fiery remains as bond substitution diminished general
split rigidity of CS concrete and fly slag expansion as total supplanting
demonstrated no significant contrast with comparing CS supplanted concrete
(M4). The outcomes showed that, regardless of CS rate substitution there was
great connection between compressive quality and split rigidity. The condition
proposed by Raphael, 1984 for ordinary cement was over anticipating at bring
down qualities for CS cements. Increment in CS substitution porous voids
additionally expanded. With 10% CS substitution the porous were 30 percent
higher than control concrete. So also, the penetrable voids were 88 percent
higher than control concrete for 20% CS substitution. Expansion of fly fiery
debris as bond supplanting expanded porous voids with comparing CS concrete
(M4). Be that as it may, expansion of fly fiery remains as total substitution
diminished porous voids. The retention attributes demonstrate that the
underlying 30 min assimilation esteems for every one of the cements were
lower than limits usually connected with great quality cement. The greatest
assimilation was 2.3% for the solid having 20% CS and 25% fly slag as bond
substitution. Fly slag as bond substitution expanded water ingestion and fly
fiery debris as total substitution did not demonstrate any stamped distinction
with relating CS supplanted concrete. Retention of the cements was higher than
control concrete for all CS cements. The most extreme sorption was
0.18mm/s0.5 for the solid having 20% CS and 25% fly slag as bond
substitution. Like assimilation, fly fiery remains as bond substitution expanded
sorption and fly cinder as total substitution did not demonstrate any checked
contrast with relating CS supplanted concrete.

6. Sudisht Mishra “Effect of Rice Husk Ash on Cement Mortar and

Concrete”
In this work distinctive tests were executed as droop test, compaction factor,
pressure test and split ductile test to locate the appropriate rate substitution of
bond by RHA. In ostensible blend M20 review concrete and 1:4 bond mortar
RHA was included as an admixture from 7.50% to 17.50% with a uniform
variety of 2.5%. Amid damaging test, compressive quality of mortar 3D squares
and bounce back mallet quality of solid specimens discovered expanded with
most extreme variety of 67.85% and 39.65% for 10% RHA. Greatest varieties
of versatile modulus were 55.87% trailed by 27.94% for 12.50% and 10% RHA
blended specimens. Compressive quality of solid specimens indicated most
extreme increment 3.08% between RHA 7.50% to 10.00% which diminished
further for higher level of RHA. Lessening in water ingestion, from comes
about acquired from 6 tests cement and 3 tests on mortar tests, it is watched that
up to 10% RHA with cement and mortar improves all properties (Figures 2a to
c) and it is watched that 12.5% of Rice Husk Ash by mass of bond as the ideal
measurements to be included solid creation of M20 especially when the husk is
singed under field condition to use the effortlessly accessible and ease assets for
advancement of solid structure regarding economy, sturdiness and quality. So
best appropriate level of rice husk fiery remains according to handle condition
10.00% for ideal quality and sturdiness.
7.Sourav Ghosal, S. Moulik

The successful lodging strategies manage lessening in cost of development and

also giving quality to structures. Fundamentally rock, sand and bond are utilized
as a part of the readiness of ordinary cement. While the utilization of
horticultural result i.e. rice husk as an incomplete supplanting with the
traditional fine totals is relied upon to effectively encourage lodging designers
in building development. Rice husk is created in around 100 million tons for
every annum in India. Twenty kg of rice husk are gotten from 100 kg of rice. It
contains natural substances and 20% inorganic material. Cinder from rice is
acquired because of burning of rice husk at reasonable temperature. Appropriate
use of it intends to spare nature, urges the Government to discover arrangements
with respect to transfer to landfills of waste materials, and gives new learning to
the temporary workers and designers on the most proficient method to enhance
the development business by utilizing rice husk, to maintain great item
execution and to meet reusing objectives. The rice husk fiery remains solid
expects to get ready light weight auxiliary solid which may diminish
impressively the self heap of structures and allows vast precast units to be dealt
with. The fundamental target is consequently to empower the utilization of these
'apparently' squander items as development materials in minimal effort lodging.
The different essential properties of rice husk concrete are checked on in this
paper.

, it can be all around inferred that RHA can be utilized as bond in lightweight
auxiliary solid planning. Manageable use would protect regular materials for
future. To pick green development, RHA is a correct decision, as it doesn't
deliver natural contamination and quickens speed of development.
8.Sourav Ghosal and S.C.Moulik

The utilization of a horticultural result i.e. coconut shell as a halfway

supplanting with ordinary coarse totals is relied upon to effectively encourage
lodging engineers in building development. Natural effect can likewise be
decreased by making practical utilization of this waste. The coconut shell
expects to plan light weight solid which may decrease impressively the self-
heap of a structure and allows extensive precast units to be dealt with. The
coconut shell is more impervious to acidic, salty and soluble assault. The
trademark properties of cement, for example, compressive quality, split
elasticity, flexural quality, affect protection, bond quality utilizing the blend
made by supplanting coarse totals with coconut shell were investigated in this
paper.

From the survey of the above research work embraced by the different
specialists, it can be reasoned that coconut shell can be utilized as coarse totals
in light weight solid planning. Practical use of this horticultural result would
save the regular totals for future. India is the third most noteworthy maker of
coconut after Philippines and Sri Lanka. Consequently this waste ought not to
be dumped all over; rather it ought to be used in a legitimate way in order to
destroy ecological perils and a compelling substitute of solid total. To decide on
green development, utilization of coconut shell as coarse totals is a correct
decision, since coconut shell plans to deliver light weight concrete and would
help in expanding the speed of development. Till now, just the investigation
seeing coconut shell as total in concrete is examined. Yet, inquire about with
respect to the utilization of green coconut (delicate coconut) shell and
developed coconut husk as fine or coarse totals in solid planning ought to be
done as such as to use these huge and under-used farming squanders in mass
development in infrastructural division. It is along these lines, in light of the fact
that after the utilization of sweet water, the green coconut shells are basically
tossed and dumped all over causing good conditions for methane outflows, the
most strong green house gasses for the climate. Compelling use these rural
squanders won't just take care of their transfer issue yet additionally ensures the
neighborhood condition. Henceforth, there is the need to examine the
plausibility of green coconut shells and developed coconut fiber as the totals for
solid arrangement later on inquire about customized.
9.Apeksha Kanojia1, S.K. Jain2
For maintainable advancement, these materials ought to be utilized admirably
and option materials should be lookedto supplant customary total. In the
meantime because of quick industrialization, generation of waste material is
expanding step by step. Its transfer has turned out to be genuine issue.

10.OBILADE, I.O.

From the examinations completed, the accompanying conclusions can be

made:

The ideal expansion of RHA as halfway swap for concrete is in the range 0-
20%.

The compacting factor estimations of the solid lessened as the level of RHA
expanded.

The Bulk Densities of cement lessened as the rate RHA substitution

expanded.
 The Compressive Strengths of cement lessened as the rate RHA substitution
expanded
11.Akogu Elijah Abalaka, Obumneme Godwin Okoli,

Concrete at water-bond (w/c) proportion of 0.30 and 0.35 containing rice husk
fiery debris (RHA) at a low particular surface presoaked with break even with
weight of water was cured in water and surrounding air (uncured). The RHA
was presoaked in measure up to mass of water before blending to diminish
water request in new cement for the most part connected with concrete
containing RHA. The point was to decide the ideal customary Portland bond
(OPC) supplanting with RHA coming about because of the reactivity of
presoaked RHA and the impacts of presoaked RHA on strength properties
(coefficient of water ingestion and sorptivity) of cement at 90 years old days. At
w/c proportion of 0.30, OPC supplanting with 20% RHA brought about higher
compressive quality contrasted with control for both water cured and uncured
solid shapes. Changes in sturdiness properties of cement coming about because
of the utilization of presoaked RHA were recorded.

The outcomes have demonstrated that presoaked RHA isn't just responsive in
concrete, yet that 20% of bond can be supplanted by the presoaked RHA at low
particular surface. The ideal rate OPC supplanting with presoaked RHA
recorded in this investigation by and large concurs with different examinations
utilizing dry RHA. It likewise demonstrates that the rate RHA substitution
content without quality misfortune is additionally reliant on the w/c proportion
of the solid blend. The outcomes have likewise demonstrated that the droop of
new cement can be expanded without an expansion in plasticizer content by
utilizing presoaked RHA. Moreover, the outcomes have shown that the standard
decrease of droop of new cement related with the utilization of RHA in cement
can be definitely diminished by presoaking RHA in approach mass of water
before blending. Enhancements in toughness properties of cement at 5% RHA
content have additionally been appeared.
Chapter- 6
Research methodology
Chapter- 7

Result and Conclusion

SIEVE AANALYSIS OF COARSE AGGREGATE

Select sample = 5 kg
Used apparatus-sieve sets ,tray, weight machine, sample of CA
SIEVE WEIGHT %WEIGT %WEIGHT CUMMELATIVE
RETAIND IN RETAINED PASSING WEIGHT
SIZE GRMS RETAINED

20 20 0.4 99.6 0.4

16 2990 59.8 39.8 60.2

12.5 1630 32.6 7.6 92.8

10 260 5.2 2 98

6.3 90 1.8 99.8 99.8

4.75 10 0.2 0.2 100

PAN 0 0 0 100

Result-After compare this table with IS-383 table I found the aggregate corropond 20mm single size.

SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF COARSE AGGREGATE

Select sample(W1) =500 grms.
Weight of pycnometer +water (W2)=1516grms.
Weight of pycnometer + sample + water(W3) =1813grms.
Weight of water in pycnometer with CA (W4=W3-W2) = 297grms.
Weight of oven dry sample (W5)=495grms.

Formula:-
Specific gravity = W5/(W5-W4).
Result:-
Specific gravity = 2.5

WATER ABSORPTION TEST OF COARSE AGGREGATE

Select sample(W1) =500 grms.

Weight of pycnometer +water (W2)=1516grms.
Weight of pycnometer + sample + water(W3) =1813grms.
Weight of water in pycnometer with CA (W4=W3-W2) = 297grms.
Weight of oven dry sample (W5)=495grms.

Formula:-
Water absorption = (W1-W5)/W5%

Result:-

Water absorption= 1.01%

AGGREGATES IMPACT VALUE TEST OF CA

Initial sample weight (w1)= 500 grms.

Number of stock applied for each layer = 25 stocks

Weight retainrd on 2.36 mm seive (W2)= 58.5 grms

Formula:-
Impact value =W2/W1%

Results:-

Impact value= 11.7%

LOSS ANGELS ABRASSION TESTOF CA

Weight of sample selected (W1)= 5000 grms

Weight retained from 1.7 mm sieve (W2)= 4420 grms

Number of rotation applied with 15 ball = 500 rotation

Formula:-

Loss angels abrassions= W1-W2/W1

Results:-

Loss angels abrassions= 11.6 %

AGGREGATE CRUSHING VALUE TEST

Weight of semple (W1)= 3000grms

Each 1/3layer filled in cilynder with number of blows =25
Load applied = 40 T
Weight retained on 10 mm after load applying (W2)=480 grms

Formula:-

Aggregate crushing value = W2/W1%

Result:-

Aggregate crushing value = 16 %

SIEVE ANALYSIS OF FINE AGGREGATES

Selected semple weight = 2000 grm

Sieve size Weight retained % weight % Passing weight %cummelative

retained weight
4.75 32 1.6 98.4 1.6

2.36 308 15.4 83 17

1.18 540 27 56 44
0.60 338 16.9 27.1 60.9
0.30 266 13.3 14.8 74.2
0.15 504 25.2 2 99.4
0.075 10 0.5 1 99.9
Pan 2 0.1 0 100

Results:-

After compareing this table with IS -383 ,I founded the sample laid in zone 3rd.

SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF FINE AGGREGATE

Select semple(W1) =500 grms.
Weight of pycnometer +water (W2)=1516grms.
Weight of pycnometer + sample + water(W3) =1815grms.
Weight of water +pycnometer (W4) = 1516grms.
Weight of oven dry sample (W5)=496grms.

Formula:-
 Specific gravity = W5/W1-(1815-1516).
Result:-
Specific gravity = 2.30

WATER ABSORPTION TEST OF FINE AGGREGATE

Select semple(W1) =500 grms.

Weight of pycnometer +water (W2)=1516grms.
Weight of pycnometer + sample + water(W3) =1810grms.
Weight of water+pycnometer= 1516grms.
Weight of oven dry sample (W5)=480grms.

Formula:-
Water absorption = (W1-W5)/W5%

Result:-

Water absorption= 4.16%

NORMAL CONSISTENCY OF CEMENT

S.NO %Water Initial reading Final reading Height not

penetrated(mm)
1 20 40 38 2
2 24 40 37 3
3 28 40 10 30
4 30 40 5 35

Stand
ard consistency of cement =30%

SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF CEMENT

Description Ttial1 Trial2

1.Mass of empty bottel W1 gm. 67 67

2.Mass of bottle +Water W2 gm. 161 164

3.Mass of bottle +kerosene W3 gm. 144 137

4.Mass of cement W4 gm. 50 50

5.Mass of bottle +cement+kerosene W5 gm 181 175

6.S.G of cement
S= W4(W3-W1)/(W4+W3-W5)(W2-W1)
3.15 3.00

• As per the studies coconut shell helps in formation of light weight

concrete.
• Successfully RHA can partially replace cement without much effect on its
properties.
• Disposal of waste materials can be solved by utilizing it in the concrete
mix.
• It helps in production of economic concrete.