Module code: CAPE205001

Module Title: Engineering Science 2 © UNIVERSITY OF LEEDS

School of Chemical & Process Engineering August 2021/22

Academic Integrity:
 You are undertaking this assessment individually and you are expected to work
independently.
 If you are in any doubt about the University’s expectations for academic integrity, you
should review these on the University website: Cheating and Plagiarism.
 You should also be aware of the University’s policy on proof reading.
 Evidence of collusion, similarities between different students' work, copying text, images
or any other content from another source without proper acknowledgement, etc, will be
fully investigated.
 You should remember that including an edited version of work obtained from another
source without proper acknowledgement is still considered to be a form of plagiarism.
 Please be aware that every submission is automatically checked for similarity to every
other submission, internet resources and a repository of all previously submitted work.
 You may not communicate with academic staff or other students about the assessment
during this online assessment period.

Online Assessment information:

 You are expected to make reasonable assumptions about any data not provided in the
questions. In such cases, any assumed information must be stated clearly in the
answers provided.
 There are 4 pages to this online assessment.
 This task should take students 2 hours to complete. To allow for collation of your
submission and upload to Minerva, students will be given a total of 2 hours 30 minutes
to complete the assessment task. Students eligible for extra time have had an allowance
added as necessary. Late submissions will not be marked.
 You should attempt three questions.
 This exam is worth 35% of the overall module mark.
 All questions are worth equal marks.
 All marks are provided in square brackets.

Online Assessment submission:

 Your work should be typed where possible with photographs of diagrams or formula
inserted within the file where necessary.
 Please ensure that you submit your answers in one file to the designated submission box
on Minerva before the deadline, no late submissions will be allowed.
 You are advised to submit in advance of the deadline, and if you encounter problems to
contact the University IT support and to email SCAPEassessment@leeds.ac.uk. We will
respond to you as quickly as possible within normal working hours UK time (9:00-17:00
hours, Monday-Friday).
 The file name that you upload should clearly state your ID number and the module code.
Please ensure that your ID number is also included on the work that you submit.

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Module code: CAPE205001

SECTION A
 There are two sections to this online assessment: Section A and Section B.
 You should attempt three questions.

1 Most petrochemical sites have a surplus of propane (used as a fuel and propellant),
whereas propene (C3H6) is a valuable feedstock (e.g. for polypropylene, propylene
glycol, etc.). The task is to develop the mass balance for the process of
dehydrogenation of propane to form propene and hydrogen assuming the following:

- The fresh propane contains 0.5 % v/v butane which is assumed not to react.
- 45% of the propane fed to the catalytic reactor is converted to propene and hydrogen.
- The reactor effluent is separated into a stream containing all the hydrogen (100%) and
into a stream fed to a distillation column which produces essentially 100% pure
propene as the top product.
- The bottom product contains all the unreacted propane, 10% of the propene and the
butane.
- 10% of this stream is purged to prevent the build-up of butane.

(a) Write the equation of the reaction. [1 mark]

(b) Draw the block diagram for the process, with annotation of the streams.
[4 marks]

(c) On the basis of 100 kmol h-1 fresh feed, calculate the compositions of all streams.
[12 marks]

(d) Convert the input and output flows to kg h-1 and show that the overall mass
balance is satisfied. [3 marks]

2 A gas containing methane (CH4) and nitrogen only is burnt with air yielding a flue gas
that has got an Orsat analysis of CO2 8.7% v/v; CO 1% v/v; O2 3.8% v/v; N2 86.5% v/v.

(a) Write the equations of the reaction. [2 marks]

(b) Draw a block diagram of the process showing the inlet and outlet streams with
their components. [2 marks]

(c) What type of analysis is named Orsat? [1 mark]

(d) Will the percent excess air always be the same as the percent excess oxygen?
Explain your answer. [2 marks]

(e) Using a basis of 100 kmol dry gas and assuming all fuel burns, determine:

(i) The theoretical air and oxygen. [4 marks]

(ii) The percent excess air used in combustion. [6 marks]
(iii) Composition of CH4-N2 mixture. [3 marks]

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Module code: CAPE205001

SECTION B
 There are two sections to this online assessment: Section A and Section B.
 You should attempt three questions.

3 A shale gas containing methane (80 mol%), ethane (16 mol%) and propane (4 mol%) is
burned with 50% excess air in a boiler furnace. The fuel gas is preheated to 100C, and
the air enters the furnace at 25C. Assuming complete combustion of the fuel, the results
from mass balance calculations in terms of 100 mol shale gas are given in the flowchart
below.

80 mol CH4(g)
16 mol C2H6(g) 124 mol CO2(g)
4 mol C3H8(g) 100C 224 mol H2O(g)
Furnace
118 mol O2(g)
354 mol O2(g) 1332 mol N2(g) TC
1332 mol N2(g) 25C

The polynomial heat capacity formulas (T is in C) for the fuel gas components are given
below:

cp, CH4(g) = 34.31103  5.469105T  0.3661108T2  11.01012T3 kJ/molC

cp, C2H6(g) = 49.37103  13.92105T  5.816108T2 + 7.2801012T3 kJ/molC
cp, C3H8(g) = 68.032103  22.59105T  13.11108T2 + 31.711012T3 kJ/molC

Whilst the heat capacities of the stack gas components are assumed to have the
following constant values: cp (J/molC)  50.0 for CO2(g), 38.5 for H2O(g), 33.1 for O2(g)
and 31.3 for N2(g). The atomic weights of H, C, N and O are, respectively, 1, 12, 14 and
16.

The standard heats of combustion for hydrocarbons in the fuel and heat of vaporisation
of water at 25C are given below:

̂ co [CH4(g)] =  890.36 kJ/mol

H ̂ co [C2H6(g)] =  1559.9
H kJ/mol
̂ co [C3H8(g)] =  2220.0 kJ/mol
H ̂ vo [H2O(g)] = 44.013
H kJ/mol

(a) Calculate the Higher Heating Value, HHV, and Lower Heating Value, LHV, of the
fuel gas in kJ/kg. [7 marks]

(b) Determine the adiabatic flame temperature. [9 marks]

(c) List three factors that will have significant effect on the adiabatic flame
temperature and briefly discuss your answers. [4 marks]

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Module code: CAPE205001

4 Styrene (C8H8) is an important chemical compound used to make latex, synthetic rubber
and polystyrene resins. The vast majority of styrene is produced in the vapour phase
over an iron-oxide based catalyst by direct dehydrogenation of ethylbenzene (C8H10)
using steam at 580 to 630C.

C8H10(g) → C8H8(g) + H2(g)

The heats of following combustion reactions for C8H8(l), C8H10(l) and H2(g) at 25C and 1
atm are given below:

C8H8(l) + 10 O2(g) → 8 CO2(g) + 4 H2O(l)  4390.0 kJ/mol

C8H10(l) + 21/2 O2(g) → 8 CO2(g) + 5 H2O(g)  4792.6 kJ/mol
2 H2(g) + O2(g) → H2O(l)  571.68 kJ/mol

The heat capacities (T is in C) at constant pressure for H2O, H2, C8H8 and C8H10 can be
estimated as follows:

cp, H2O (l) = 75.4103 kJ/molC

cp, H2O (g) = 33.46103  0.6880105T  0.7604108T2  3.5931012T3 kJ/molC
cp, H2 (g) = 28.84103  0.00765105T  0.3288108T2  0.86981012T3 kJ/molC
cp, C8H8 (l) = 209.0103 kJ/molC
cp, C8H8 (g) = 115.0103 + 27.0105T kJ/molC
cp, C8H10 (l) = 182.0103 kJ/molC
cp, C8H10 (g) = 182.0103 + 30.0105T kJ/molC

The standard heats of vaporisation for C8H8, C8H10 and H2O are, respectively, 37.1
kJ/mol at 145C, 36.0 kJ/mol at 136C and 40.656 kJ/mol at 100C. The atomic weights
of H, C and O are, respectively, 1, 12 and 16.

(a) Calculate the standard heats of combustion for C8H8(g) and C8H10(g). [9 marks]

(b) Calculate the standard heat of dehydrogenation reaction of ethylbenzene (C8H10)

to produce styrene. [5 marks]

(c) For 1 mol of C8H10(g) feed, assuming both reactant and products are at 600C and
the extent of reaction is 60%, estimate the quantity of heat in kJ that must be
transferred to maintain the reactor temperature at 600C. [6 marks]

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