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    App 2

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    APPENDIX B

    Physical Properties of
    Selected Gases and
    Composition of Air

    Table B-1
    Molecular weight, specific weight, and density of gases found in water at
    standard conditions (0◦ C, 1 atm)
    Gas Formula Molecular Weight, g/mol Density, g/L
    Air — 28.97a 1.2928
    Ammonia NH3 17.03 0.7708
    Carbon dioxide CO2 44.00 1.9768
    Carbon monoxide CO 28.00 1.2501
    Hydrogen H2 2.016 0.0898
    Hydrogen sulfide H2 S 34.08 1.5392
    Methane CH4 16.03 0.7167
    Nitrogen N2 28.02 1.2507
    Oxygen O2 32.00 1.4289

    Source: Adapted from R. H. Perry, D. W. Green, and J. O. Maloney (1984) Chemical Engineers’
    Handbook, 6th ed., McGraw-Hill, New York.
    a Value reported in the literature vary depending on the standard conditions. Note: (0.7803 ×

    28.02) + (0.2099 × 32.00) + (0.0094 × 39.95) + (0.0003 × 44.00) = 28.97.

    MWH’s Water Treatment: Principles and Design, Third Edition 1857


    John C. Crittenden, R. Rhodes Trussell, David W. Hand, Kerry J. Howe and George Tchobanoglous
    Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    1858 Appendix B Physical Properties of Selected Gases and Composition of Air

    Table B-2
    Composition of dry air at 0◦ C and 1.0 atm
    Percent Percent
    Gas Formula by Volumea by Weight
    Nitrogen N2 78.03 75.47
    Oxygen O2 20.99 23.18
    Argon Ar 0.94 1.30
    Carbon dioxide CO2 0.039 0.05
    Otherd — 0.01 —
    a Adapted from North American Combustion Handbook, 2nd ed., North American Mfg.,

    Cleveland, OH.
    b Hydrogen, neon, helium, krypton, xenon.

    Table B-3
    Density and viscosity of air (SI units)
    Dynamic Kinematic
    Temperature Density Viscositya,b Viscosity
    T ρ μ ν
    (◦ C) (kg/m3 ) (× 10−5 kg/m · s) (× 10−5 m2 /s)
    0 1.293 1.736 1.343
    5 1.269 1.762 1.388
    10 1.247 1.787 1.433
    15 1.225 1.812 1.479
    20 1.204 1.837 1.525
    25 1.184 1.862 1.572
    30 1.165 1.886 1.619
    35 1.146 1.910 1.667
    40 1.127 1.934 1.716
    45 1.110 1.958 1.765
    50 1.093 1.982 1.814
    60 1.060 2.029 1.915
    70 1.029 2.075 2.017
    80 1.000 2.121 2.121
    90 0.972 2.166 2.228
    100 0.946 2.210 2.336
    a Dynamic viscosity can also be expressed in units of N · s/m2 .
    b Dynamic viscosity calculated at <http://www.lmnoeng.com/Flow/GasViscosity.htm>
    B-2 Change in Atmospheric Pressure with Elevation 1859

    B-1 Density of Air at Other Temperatures


    The following relationship can be used to compute the density of air, ρa , at
    other temperatures at atmospheric pressure:
    PM
    ρa =
    RT

    where ρa = density of air, g/m3


    P = atmospheric pressure, 1.01325 × 105 N/m2
    M = molecular weight of air (see Table B-1), 28.97 g/mol
    R = universal gas constant, 8.314 N · m/(mol · K)
    T = temperature, K (273.15 + ◦ C)

    For example, at 20◦ C, the density of air is


    (1.01325 × 105 N/m2 )(28.97 g/mol)
    ρa,20◦ C =
    [8.314 N · m/(mol · K)][(273.15 + 20)K]

    = 1204 g/m3 = 1.204 kg/m3

    B-2 Change in Atmospheric Pressure with Elevation


    The following relationship can be used to compute the change in atmo-
    spheric pressure with elevation:
     
    Pb gM (zb − za )
    = exp −
    Pa RT

    where P b = pressure at elevation z b , N/m2


    P a = atmospheric pressure at sea level, 1.01325 × 105 N/m2
    g = acceleration due to gravity, 9.81 m/s2
    M = molecular weight of air (see Table B-1), 28.97 g/mol
    z = elevation, m
    R = universal gas constant, 8.314 N · m/(mol · K)
    T = temperature, K (273.15 + ◦ C)

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